Gweld cod am Colomen

Nid oes gennych ganiatâd i olygu'r dudalen hon, am y rheswm canlynol:
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis.
The block was made by ‪EPIC‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected.
Start of block: 08:48, 2 Gorffennaf 2024
Expiry of block: 08:48, 2 Gorffennaf 2025
Your current IP address is 206.189.44.186. The blocked range is 206.189.32.0/20.
Cofiwch gynnwys yr holl fanylion uchod mewn unrhyw ymholiadau a wnewch. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy.
Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.
Cewch weld a chopïo côd y dudalen:
{{Blwch tacson
| enw = Colomennod
| delwedd = Woodpigeoncloseup.jpg
| maint_delwedd = 250px
| neges_delwedd = [[Ysguthan]] (''Columba palumbus'')
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = '''Columbiformes'''
| awdurdod_ordo = [[John Latham (adaregwr)|Latham]], 1790
| familia = '''Columbidae'''
| awdurdod_familia = [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1811
| rhengoedd_israniadau = [[Genws|Genera]]
| israniad = Gweler y rhestr
}}

[[Teulu (bioleg)|Teulu]] o '''golomennod''' yw'r Columbidae, sy'n cynnwys y [[sguthan]], y golomen wyllt a'r [[Turtur|durtur]]. Dyma'r unig deulu yn [[Urdd (bioleg)|urdd]] y '''Columbiformes'''. Mae'r rhain yn adar cryf eu corff gyda gwddf byr a phigau main, byr. Fel y twrci, y dylluan a'r parot mae gan rhai o aelodau'r teulu yma gwyrbilen ar waelod eu pigau. Gan fwyaf, mae'r golomen yn bwydo ar hadau, ffrwythau a phlanhigion. Mae'r teulu i'w gael ledled y byd, ond mae'r amrywiaeth fwyaf yn y byd yn Indomalayan (ar draws y rhan fwyaf o Dde a De-ddwyrain Asia ac i rannau deheuol Dwyrain Asia) ac [[deyrnas Awstralasia|Awstralasia]]. Mae'r teulu'n cynnwys tua 335 o rywogaethau.<ref>World Bird Names (2013) ''[http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-sandgrouse.html Sandgrouse & pigeons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015193304/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/n-sandgrouse.html |date=2013-10-15 }}'', Fersiwn 3.5.</ref> Maen nhw'n codi [[nyth]] syml o ffyn, lle maen nhw'n dodwy un neu ddau [[ŵy]] gwyn. Mae'r rhieni'n cynhyrchu math o "laeth" ar gyfer eu [[cyw]]ion nhw.

Hadau a ffrwyth yw bwyd y rhan fwyaf o golomenod a gellir rhannu'r teulu'n ddau. Gall un math o golomenod sy'n perthyn i'r ''Colomennod Ffrwyth Atol'' fwyta pryfaid a phryfaid genwair a [[gwybedyn|gwybed]].<ref name="HBW">Baptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W. & Horblit, H. M. (1997): Family Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons). ''In:'' del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors): ''Handbook of birds of the world, Cyfrol 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos''. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9</ref>

Mae'n symbol rhyngwladol a Christnogol o heddwch ac o ran geirdarddiad, mae'n fenthyciad o'r Lladin ''columba'' gair a ddaeth i ynysoedd Prydain gan y [[Cyfnod y Rhufeiniaid yng Nghymru|Rhufeiniaid]], fwy na thebyg.

Mae'r teulu wedi'u rhannu'n 50 [[Genws|genera]] gyda 13 rhywogaeth wedi [[Difodiant|difodi]].<ref name="ioc">{{Cite web|editor-last=Gill|editor-first=Frank|editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist)|editor2-last=Donsker|editor2-first=David|editor3-last=Rasmussen|editor3-first=Pamela|editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen|year=2020|title=Pigeons|website=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pigeons/|publisher=International Ornithologists' Union|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref>

Yn [[Saesneg]], mae'r rhywogaethau llai yn dueddol o gael eu galw'n "doves" a'r rhai mwy yn "pidgeons".<ref name="floss">{{Cite web|last=McDonald|first=Hannah|title=What's the Difference Between Pigeons and Doves?|website=Big Questions|publisher=Mental Floss|date=17 August 2008|url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/554182/what-is-difference-between-pigeons-and-doves}}</ref> Fodd bynnag, nid yw'r gwahaniaeth yn gyson,<ref name="floss" /> ac nid yw'n bodoli mewn unrhyw iaith arall, gan gynnwys y Gymraeg. Yr aderyn y cyfeirir ato amlaf fel "colomen" yw'r golomen ddof (''Columba livia domestica''), istrywogaeth, a'r aderyn cyntaf i gael ei dofi a'i chadw er mwyn ei chig a'i hwyau, ac sy'n cael ei hadnabod mewn llawer o ddinasoedd fel y golomen wyllt (hefyd ''Columba livia domestica''). Ond mae [[colomen wyllt]] hefyd yn enw ar rywogaeth o golomennod, sef y (''Columba oenas'').

Nyth digon tila mae'r golomen yn ei hadeiladu fel arfer, yn aml gan ddefnyddio ffyn a malurion eraill, y gellir eu gosod ar ganghennau coed, ar silff o ryw fath, neu ar y ddaear, yn dibynnu ar y rhywogaeth. Maent yn dodwy un neu (fel arfer) ddau wy gwyn ar y tro, ac mae'r ddau riant yn gofalu am y cywion, sy'n gadael y nyth ar ôl 25-32 diwrnod. Gall colomennod hedfan erbyn y maent yn 5 wythnos oed. Mae an y cywion hyn, leisiau gwichlyd anaeddfed ond yn wahanol i'r rhan fwyaf o adar, gall colomennod o'r ddau ryw gynhyrchu "llaeth cropa" i'w fwydo i'w cywion, wedi'i secretu gan lif o gelloedd llawn hylif o leinin y cropa (neu ''crombil'').

== Tarddiad ac esblygiad ==
{{Cladogram|caption=Phylogentic relationship of Columbiformes in the Neoaves clade<ref name=kuhl2020>H Kuhl, C Frankl-Vilches, A Bakker, G Mayr, G Nikolaus, S T Boerno, S Klages, B Timmermann, M Gahr (2020) [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msaa191/5891114 An unbiased molecular approach using 3’UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life]. ''Molecular Biology and Evolution''. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa191</ref>|clades={{clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:80%
|label1=
|1={{clade
 |label1=
 |1={{clade
  |1='''Columbiformes'''
  |2=[[Cuculiformes]]
  }}
 |label2=
 |2={{clade
  |1=[[Pterocliformes]]
  |2=[[Mesitornithiformes]]
  }}
  }}
}}}}
Columbiformes yw un o'r cladau mwyaf amrywiol o [[Neoaves|neoafiaid]], ac mae ei wreiddiau yn y cyfnod [[Cretasaidd]]<ref>Pereira, S.L. ''et al''. (2007) Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences support a Cretaceous origin of Columbiformes and a dispersal-driven radiation in the Paleocene. </ref> ac yn ganlyniad arallgyfeirio cyflym ar ddiwedd ffin K-Pg.<ref>Soares, A.E.R. ''et al''. (2016) Complete mitochondrial genomes of living and extinct pigeons revise the timing of the columbiform radiation. </ref> Dadansoddwyd y genom cyfan yn y 2010au, a darganfyddwyd bod gan y  columbiformes gysylltiad agos â'r gog ([[Cogau|Cuculiformes]]), gan ffurfio grŵp sy'n chwaer [[Cytras|gytras]] i grŵp y grugieir (Pterocliformes) a'r mesitiaid ([[Mesitornithiformes]]).<ref name="Jarvis2014">{{Cite journal|last=Jarvis|first=E.D.|year=2014|title=Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds|journal=Science|volume=346|issue=6215|pages=1320–1331|doi=10.1126/science.1253451|pmid=25504713|pmc=4405904|bibcode=2014Sci...346.1320J}}</ref><ref name="Prum2015">{{Cite journal|last=Prum|first=R.O.|year=2015|title=A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing|journal=Nature|volume=526|issue=7574|pages=569–573|bibcode=2015Natur.526..569P|doi=10.1038/nature15697|pmid=26444237}}</ref> 

== Tacsonomeg a systemateg ==
Cyflwynwyd yr enw 'Columbidae' i'r [[Teulu (bioleg)|teulu]] gan y sŵolegydd o Loegr William Elford Leach mewn canllaw i gynnwys yr [[Yr Amgueddfa Brydeinig|Amgueddfa Brydeinig]] a gyhoeddwyd yn 1820.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leach|first=William Elford|author-link=William Elford Leach|year=1820|chapter=Eleventh Room|title=Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum|volume=17|location=London|publisher=British Museum|edition=17th|page=68|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55257929}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bock|first=Walter J.|year=1994|title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names|series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume=Number 222|publisher=American Museum of Natural History|location=New York|page=139}}</ref> Columbidae yw'r unig deulu byw yn y drefn Columbiformes. Roedd y grugieir tywod (Pteroclidae) yn cael eu gosod yma gynt, ond fe'u symudwyd i urdd ar wahân, sef Pterocliformes, oherwydd gwahaniaethau anatomegol sylfaenol (fel yr anallu i yfed trwy "sugno" neu "bwmpio").<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=4082983|title=Drinking Behavior of Sandgrouse in the Namib and Kalahari Deserts, Africa|journal=The Auk|volume=83|issue=1|year=1966|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v083n01/p0124-p0126.pdf|last=Cade, Tom J.|last2=Willoughby, Ernest J.|last3=MacLean, Gordon L.|pages=124–126|doi=10.2307/4082983}}</ref>

Rhennir y Columbidae fel arfer yn bum is-deulu, yn anghywir yn ôl pob tebyg.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLvMdtxHMC4C&pg=PA200|title=Pigeon|last=Allen|first=Barbara|date=2009|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-711-4}}</ref> Er enghraifft, mae'r colomennod daear a sofliar Americanaidd (''Geotrygon''), sydd fel arfer yn cael eu gosod yn y Columbinae, yn ymddangos mewn dau is-deulu ar wahân. Mae'r drefn a gyflwynir yma yn dilyn Baptista et al. (1997),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of birds of the world|editor-last=del Hoyo|editor-last3=Sargatal|editor-first2=A.|editor-last2=Elliott|chapter=Family Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons)|location=Barcelona|volume=4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos|editor-first=J.|isbn=978-84-87334-22-1|last=Baptista|year=1997|publisher=Lynx Edicions|first3=H. M.|last3=Horblit|first2=P. W.|last2=Trail|first=L. F.|editor-first3=J.}}</ref> gydag ambell ddiweddariad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson, Kevin P.|last2=Clayton, Dale H.|year=2000|title=Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes Contain Similar Phylogenetic. Signal for Pigeons and Doves (Aves: Columbiformes)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=14|issue=1|pages=141–151|url=http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~kjohnson/kpj_pdfs/MPE.Johnson.Clayton.2000.pdf|doi=10.1006/mpev.1999.0682|pmid=10631048}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|last7=Clayton|jstor=4089839|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/p00874-p00887.pdf|pages=874–887|issue=4|volume=118|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|title=A molecular phylogeny of the dove genera ''Streptopelia'' and ''Columba''|year=2001|first7=Dale H.|first6=C. M.|first=Kevin P.|last6=Lessells|first5=Carel|last5=ten Cate|first4=A. C.|last4=Mateman|first3=Karen|last3=Dinwoodey|first2=Selvino|last2=de Kort|doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0874:AMPOTD]2.0.CO;2|access-date=2022-05-19|archive-date=2022-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119190231/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/p00874-p00887.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Shapiro">{{Cite journal|last=Shapiro, Beth|last2=Sibthorpe, Dean|last3=Rambaut, Andrew|last4=Austin, Jeremy|last5=Wragg, Graham M.|last6=Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.|last7=Lee, Patricia L. M.|last8=Cooper, Alan|doi=10.1126/science.295.5560.1683|title=Flight of the Dodo|year=2002|journal=Science|volume=295|issue=5560|page=1683|pmid=11872833}}</ref>

Mae trefniant genera ac enwi is-deuluoedd mewn rhai achosion yn amodol oherwydd bod dadansoddiadau o ddilyniannau DNA gwahanol yn rhoi canlyniadau sy'n wahanol, yn aml yn radical, wrth leoli rhai genera (Indo-Awstralia yn bennaf).  Mae'n ymddangos bod yr amwysedd hwn, a achosir yn ôl pob tebyg gan 'atyniad cangen hir', yn cadarnhau bod y colomennod cyntaf wedi datblygu yn [[Awstralasia]], a bod y "Treronidae" a'r ffurfiau perthynol ([[Colomen ffesant|colomennod coronog a'r golomen ffesant]], er enghraifft) yn cynrychioli tarddiad cynharaf y grwp. 

Cyn hynny roedd y teulu Columbidae hefyd yn cynnwys y teulu Raphidae, a oedd yn cynnwys y ''Rodrigues solitaire'' [[Difodiant|diflanedig]] a'r [[dodo]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shapiro, Beth|last2=Sibthorpe, Dean|last3=Rambaut, Andrew|last4=Austin, Jeremy|last5=Wragg, Graham M.|last6=Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.|last7=Lee, Patricia L. M.|last8=Cooper, Alan|doi=10.1126/science.295.5560.1683|title=Flight of the Dodo|year=2002|journal=Science|volume=295|issue=5560|page=1683|pmid=11872833}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShapiro,_BethSibthorpe,_DeanRambaut,_AndrewAustin,_Jeremy2002">Shapiro, Beth; Sibthorpe, Dean; Rambaut, Andrew; Austin, Jeremy; Wragg, Graham M.; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.; Lee, Patricia L. M.; Cooper, Alan (2002). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Janoo, Anwar|year=2005|title=Discovery of isolated dodo bones ''Raphus cucullatus'' (L.), Aves, Columbiformes from Mauritius cave shelters highlights human predation, with a comment on the status of the family Raphidae Wetmore, 1930|doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2004.12.002|journal=Annales de Paléontologie|volume=91|issue=2|page=167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xXSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA297|title=Lost Land of the Dodo: The Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues|last=Cheke|first=Anthony|last2=Hume|first2=Julian P.|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-3305-7}}</ref> Mae'r rhywogaethau hyn yn ôl pob tebyg yn rhan o gangen Indo-Awstralia a gynhyrchodd y tri is-deulu bach a grybwyllir uchod, gyda'r colomennod ffrwythau ee [[colomen Nicobar]]. Felly, cânt eu cynnwys yma fel is-deulu Raphinae, tra'n aros am dystiolaeth berthnasol, well o'u hunion berthynas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klm159tsD-oC&pg=PA68|title=Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds|last=Christidis|first=Les|last2=Boles|first2=Walter E.|date=2008|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-09964-7}}</ref>

Gan waethygu'r materion hyn, nid yw'r columbiaid yn cael eu cynrychioli'n dda yn y [[Ffosil|cofnod ffosil]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fountaine|title=The quality of the fossil record of Mesozoic birds|pmc=1634967|doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2923|pages=289–294|issue=1560|volume=272|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=2005|first=Toby M. R.|first4=Robert L.|last4=Nudds|first3=Gareth J.|last3=Dyke|first2=Michael J.|last2=Benton|pmid=15705554}}</ref> Ni ddaethpwyd o hyd i unrhyw ffurfiau gwirioneddol gyntefig hyd yn hyn. Mae'r genws ''Gerandia'' wedi'i ddisgrifio o ddyddodion [[Mïosen]] Cynnar yn Ffrainc, ond er y credid ers tro ei fod yn golomen,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Olson|first=Storrs L.|editor-last=Farmer|editor-first=Donald S.|editor-last2=King|editor-first2=James R.|editor-last3=Parkes|editor-first3=Kenneth C.|title=Avian Biology, Vol. VIII|date=1985|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-249408-6|pages=79–238|chapter=The fossil record of birds|quote=The earliest dove yet known, from the early Miocene (Aquitanian) of France, was a small species named Columba calcaria by Milne-Edwards (1867–1871) from a single humerus, for which Lambrecht (1933) later created the genus Gerandia}}</ref> fe'i hystyrir bellach yn grugiar dywod (y Pteroclidae).<ref name="auk">{{Cite journal|last=Worthy|title=A large fruit pigeon (Columbidae) from the Early Miocene of New Zealand|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_auk_2009-07_126_3/page/649|doi=10.1525/auk.2009.08244|pages=649–656|issue=3|volume=126|date=2009|journal=The Auk|first5=R. Paul|first=Trevor H.|last5=Scofield|first4=Alan J. D.|last4=Tennyson|first3=Jennifer P.|last3=Worthy|first2=Suzanne J.|last2=Hand|quote=Because Columba calcaria Milne-Edwards, 1867–1871, from the Lower Miocene at Saint-Gérand-le-Puy in France, is now also considered a sandgrouse, as Gerandia calcaria (Mlíkovský 2002), there is no pre-Pliocene columbid record in Europe.}}</ref> Darganfuwyd rhanau o golomennod "ptilinopine" y cyfnod [[Mïosen]] Cynnar mae'n debyg yn  Ffurfiant Bannockburn yn [[Seland Newydd]] ac fe'i disgrifiwyd fel ''Rupephaps.''<ref name="auk" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=referenceInfo&reference_no=50415|title=Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database|website=fossilworks.org|access-date=2022-05-19|archive-date=2023-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124085345/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=referenceInfo&reference_no=50415|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_TB72RBLLMC&pg=PA110|title=Paleogene Fossil Birds|last=Mayr|first=Gerald|date=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-89628-9}}</ref>
[[Delwedd:Rock_dove_-_natures_pics.jpg|bawd|[[Colomen graig|Colomen y graig]] (''Columba livia'' ) yn hedfan]]
[[Delwedd:Rock_Pigeon_Courting_02.JPG|bawd|Dwy golomen y graig yn paru]]

== Disgrifiad ==

=== Maint ac ymddangosiad ===
Mae colomennod yn amrywio'n sylweddol o ran maint, yn amrywio o ran hyd, sef rhwng15 a 75 cm (5.9 i 29.5 mod), ac mewn pwysau o 30 gm i dros 2,000 gm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Columbidae/|title=Columbidae (doves and pigeons)|website=Animal Diversity Web}}</ref> Y rhywogaeth fwyaf yw'r golomen goronog o [[Gini Newydd]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arkive.org/victoria-crowned-pigeon/goura-victoria/|title=Victoria crowned-pigeon videos, photos and facts – Goura victoria|website=Arkive|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424015104/http://www.arkive.org/victoria-crowned-pigeon/goura-victoria/|archivedate=24 April 2017|access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> sydd bron yr un maint a [[Twrci (aderyn)|thwrci]], ac yn pwyso 2-4 km (4.4-8.8 pwys).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arkive.org/southern-crowned-pigeon/goura-scheepmakeri/|title=Southern crowned-pigeon videos, photos and facts – Goura scheepmakeri|website=Arkive|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424015544/http://www.arkive.org/southern-crowned-pigeon/goura-scheepmakeri/|archivedate=24 April 2017|access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> Y lleiaf o'r colomennod yw colomen ddaear y Byd Newydd o'r genws ''Columbina'', sydd yr un maint ag [[Aderyn y To|aderyn y to]], ac yn pwyso cyn lleied â 22 gram (0.049 pwys).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of birds of the world|editor-last=del Hoyo|editor-last3=Sargatal|editor-first2=A.|editor-last2=Elliott|chapter=Family Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons)|location=Barcelona|volume=4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos|editor-first=J.|isbn=978-84-87334-22-1|last=Baptista|year=1997|publisher=Lynx Edicions|first3=H. M.|last3=Horblit|first2=P. W.|last2=Trail|first=L. F.|editor-first3=J.}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBaptistaTrailHorblit1997">Baptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W.; Horblit, H. M. (1997).</cite></ref> Y [[turtur ffrwythau fechan]], a all fesur cyn lleied â 13 cm yw'r lleiaf o'r teulu hwn. Mae un o'r rhywogaethau goed mwyaf, cosef colomen Ynys Nukuhiva, yn brwydro yn erbyn difodiant ar hyn o bryd.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Thorsen, M., Blanvillain, C., & Sulpice, R. (2002). Reasons for decline, conservation needs, and a translocation of the critically endangered upe (Marquesas imperial pigeon, Ducula galeata), French Polynesia. Department of Conservation.}}</ref>

=== Anatomeg a ffisioleg ===
Yn gyffredinol, nodweddir anatomeg aelodau o'r teulu Columbidae gan goesau byr, pigau byr gyda chwyrbilen (cere), a phennau bach ar gyrff gymharol fawr.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.faunaparaguay.com/columbidae.html|title=COLUMBIDAE Pigeons and Doves FAUNA PARAGUAY|last=Smith|first=Paul|website=www.faunaparaguay.com}}</ref> Fel rhai adar eraill, nid oes gan y Columbidae [[Coden fustl|goden fustl]].<ref name="Hagey">{{Cite journal|last=Hagey|first=LR|last2=Schteingart|first2=CD|last3=Ton-Nu|first3=HT|last4=Hofmann|first4=AF|year=1994|title=Biliary bile acids of fruit pigeons and doves (Columbiformes)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-lipid-research_1994-11_35_11/page/2041|journal=Journal of Lipid Research|volume=35|issue=11|pages=2041–8|doi=10.1016/S0022-2275(20)39950-8|pmid=7868982}}</ref> Daeth rhai naturiaethwyr canoloesol i’r casgliadfod hyn yn egluro natur felys cig y golomen.<ref name="Isidore">{{Cite web|url=http://bestiary.ca/beasts/beast253.htm|title=Doves|website=The Medieval Bestiary|access-date=31 January 2010}}</ref> Mewn gwirionedd, fodd bynnag, mae ganddynt fustl (fel y sylweddolodd [[Aristoteles|Aristotle]] yn gynharach), sy'n cael ei secretu'n uniongyrchol i'r perfedd.<ref name="Browne">{{Cite book|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/pseudodoxia/pseudo33.html|title=Pseudodoxia Epidemica|last=Browne|first=Thomas|publisher=available online at [[University of Chicago]]|year=1646|edition=1672|volume=III.iii|author-link=Thomas Browne|access-date=31 January 2010}}</ref>
[[Delwedd:Touchdown_(pigeon).jpg|bawd| Mae [[Turtur dorchog|t]][[Turtur dorchog|urtur dorchog]] (''Streptopelia decaocto'') yn glanio ac yn arddangos plu hedfan ei hadenydd agored]]
Mae'r adenydd yn fawr, a cheir 11 prif bluen;<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/columbiformes-pigeons-doves-and-dodos|title=Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves, and Dodos) – Dictionary definition of Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves, and Dodos)|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> mae gan golomennod gyhyrau cryf yn eu hadenydd (cyhyrau adenydd yw 31–44% o bwysau eu cyrff <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTj1ao8leWgC&pg=PA42|title=Twirl: A Fresh Spin at Life|last=Clairmont|first=Patsy|date=2014|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-0-8499-2299-2}}</ref>) ac maen nhw ymhlith yr hedfanwyr cryfaf o'r holl adar.<ref name=":1" />

Mewn cyfres o arbrofion yn 1975 gan Dr. Mark B. Friedman, gan ddefnyddio colomennod, dangoswyd bod eu pen yn pendilio lan a lawr oherwydd eu hawydd naturiol i gadw eu golwg ar rywbeth yn gyson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/pigeon.html|title=Why do pigeons bob their heads when they walk? Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> Fe'i dangoswyd eto mewn arbrawf yn 1978 gan Dr. Barrie J. Frost, ar felin redeg, lle sylwyd nad oeddent yn pendilio eu pennau, gan fod eu hamgylchoedd yn gyson.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Necker|first=R|year=2007|title=Head-bobbing of walking birds|url=http://www.reinhold-necker.de/Head%20bobbing%20print.pdf|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A|volume=193|issue=12|pages=1177–83|doi=10.1007/s00359-007-0281-3|pmid=17987297}}</ref>

=== Plu ===
Mae gan aelodau o deulu'r Columbidae [[Pluen|blu]] unigryw ar eu cyrff, gyda'r coesyn yn gyffredinol eang, cryf, a gwastad, yn lleihau'n raddol i bwynt main.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/columbiformes-pigeons-doves-and-dodos|title=Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves, and Dodos) – Dictionary definition of Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves, and Dodos)|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/columbiformes-pigeons-doves-and-dodos "Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves, and Dodos) – Dictionary definition of Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves, and Dodos)"]. ''www.encyclopedia.com''.</cite></ref> Yn gyffredinol, mae'r adbluen (''aftershaft'') yn absennol; fodd bynnag, efallai y ceir rhai bach ar rai plu cynffon ac adain.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lK_tb2TICq8C&pg=PA313|title=Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae)|last=Schodde|first=Richard|last2=Mason|first2=I. J.|date=1997|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-06037-1}}</ref> Mae gan blu'r corff waelodion trwchus iawn, sy'n cysylltu'n rhydd â'r croen ac yn disgyn yn hawdd,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Skutch, A. F.|year=1964|title=Life Histories of Central American Pigeons|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v076n03/p0211-p0247.pdf|journal=Wilson Bulletin|volume=76|issue=3|page=211}}</ref> o bosibl er mwyn osgoi ysglyfaethwyr,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://diversityoflife2012.wikispaces.com/Pigeon|title=DiversityofLife2012 – Pigeon|website=diversityoflife2012.wikispaces.com|access-date=2022-05-19|archive-date=2020-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106102827/http://diversityoflife2012.wikispaces.com/Pigeon|url-status=dead}}</ref> mae niferoedd mawr o blu yn cwympo allan yng ngheg yr ymosodwr os caiff yr aderyn ei gipio, gan ei gwneud yn haws i'r aderyn ddianc. 

Ceir cryn amrywiaeth o fewn plu'r teulu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40mFwoALUFUC&pg=PA316|title=Birds of Venezuela|last=Hilty|first=Steven L.|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3409-9}}</ref> Mae gan rai rhywogaethau blu llachar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of birds of the world|editor-last=del Hoyo|editor-last3=Sargatal|editor-first2=A.|editor-last2=Elliott|chapter=Family Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons)|location=Barcelona|volume=4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos|editor-first=J.|isbn=978-84-87334-22-1|last=Baptista|year=1997|publisher=Lynx Edicions|first3=H. M.|last3=Horblit|first2=P. W.|last2=Trail|first=L. F.|editor-first3=J.}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBaptistaTrailHorblit1997">Baptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W.; Horblit, H. M. (1997). </cite></ref> Y ''Ptilinopus'' (y colomennod ffrwythau ee y [[Turtur ffrwythau benlas]]) yw rhai o'r colomennod mwyaf lliwgar, gyda'r tair rhywogaeth endemig o [[Ffiji|Fiji]] ac ''Alectroenas'' [[Cefnfor India]] y disgleiriaf.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valdez|first=Diego Javier|last2=Benitez-Vieyra|first2=Santiago Miguel|date=2016|title=A Spectrophotometric Study of Plumage Color in the Eared Dove (''Zenaida auriculata''), the Most Abundant South American Columbiforme|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=5|pages=e0155501|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1155501V|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0155501|pmc=4877085|pmid=27213273}}</ref> Yn ogystal mae gan rhai colomennod gribau neu addurniadau eraill.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/pigeons.html|title=Pigeon family Columbidae|website=creagrus.home.montereybay.com}}</ref>

=== Hedfan ===
Dyma deulu o hedfanwyr rhagorol oherwydd y lifft (neu'r codiad) a ddarperir gan eu hadenydd mawr;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oE29KijRlAC&pg=PA253|title=Bird Migration|last=Alerstam|first=Thomas|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44822-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DL4qBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT267|title=Pigeons and Doves in Australia|last=Forshaw|first=Joseph|last2=Cooper|first2=William|date=2015|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-1-4863-0405-9}}</ref> ac mae ganddynt gymhareb agwedd (''aspect ratio'') isel oherwydd lled eu hadenydd, gan ganiatáu iddynt fedru lansio i'w hedfaniad yn gyflym, gan ddianc rhag ysglyfaethwyr, ond am gost ynni uchel.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pap|last8=Vágási|pages=746–757|issue=6|volume=29|language=en|journal=Functional Ecology|title=Interspecific variation in the structural properties of flight feathers in birds indicates adaptation to flight requirements and habitat|editor-first=Tony|editor-last=Williams|year=2015|first8=Csongor I.|first7=Robert L.|first=Péter L.|last7=Nudds|first6=Attila|last6=Marton|first5=Lőrinc|last5=Bărbos|first4=Orsolya|last4=Vincze|first3=Krisztina|last3=Sándor|first2=Gergely|last2=Osváth|doi=10.1111/1365-2435.12419}}</ref>

== Dosbarthiad a chynefin ==
[[Delwedd:Geopelia_striata_NBII.jpg|bawd| Mae'r [[Turtur resog|t]][[Turtur resog|urtur resog]] (y ''Geopelia striata'') wedi'i chyflwyno'n eang ledled y byd.]]
Mae colomennod yn cael eu dosbarthu dros y Ddaear, ac eithrio ardaloedd sychaf [[Sahara|Anialwch y Sahara]], [[Yr Antarctig|Antarctica]] a'r ynysoedd cyfagos, a'r [[Yr Arctig|Arctig]] uchel.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Columbidae/|title=Columbidae (doves and pigeons)|website=Animal Diversity Web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Columbidae/ "Columbidae (doves and pigeons)"]. </cite></ref> Maent wedi gwladychu'r rhan fwyaf o ynysoedd cefnforol y byd, gan gyrraedd dwyrain [[Polynesia]] ac [[Ynysoedd Chatham]] yn y [[Y Cefnfor Tawel|Cefnfor Tawel]], Mauritius, y Seychelles a [[Réunion]] yng Nghefnfor India, a'r [[Azores]] yng [[Cefnfor yr Iwerydd|Nghefnfor yr Iwerydd]].

Mae'r teulu wedi addasu i'r rhan fwyaf o'r cynefinoedd sydd ar gael ar y blaned. Ceir rhywogaethau amrywiol hefyd mewn: safanas, glaswelltiroedd, [[anialwch]], coetir tymherus a choedwigoedd, [[Mangrof|coedwigoedd mangrof]], a hyd yn oed tywod a graean diffrwyth yr [[Atol|atolau]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pigeons-and-doves-columbidae|title=Pigeons and Doves (Columbidae) – Dictionary definition of Pigeons and Doves (Columbidae)|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

Mae gan rai rhywogaethau diriogaethau enfawr, gyda'r [[Turtur glustiog|durtur glustiog yn]] ymestyn ar draws [[De America]] i gyd o Colombia i [[Tierra del Fuego]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Zenaida_auriculata/|title=''Zenaida auriculata'' (eared dove)|website=Animal Diversity Web}}</ref> mae gan y [[Turtur dorchog|d]][[Turtur dorchog|urtur dorchog]] enfawr o ynysoedd [[Prydain Fawr|Prydain]] ar draws [[Ewrop]], y [[Y Dwyrain Canol|Dwyrain Canol]], India, Pacistan a Tsieina,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://natureconservation.in/eurasian-collared-dove-streptopelia-decaocto-complete-detail/|title=Eurasian collared dove (''Streptopelia decaocto'') detail|website=natureconservation.in|date=5 February 2019|access-date=2022-05-19|archive-date=2022-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629151302/http://natureconservation.in/eurasian-collared-dove-streptopelia-decaocto-complete-detail/|url-status=dead}}</ref> a'r [[Turtur chwerthinog|d]][[Turtur chwerthinog|urtur chwerthinog]] ar draws y rhan fwyaf o [[Affrica]] Is-Sahara, yn ogystal ag India, Pacistan, a'r Dwyrain Canol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/photo/laughing-dove-this-bird-is-native-to-sub-high-res-stock-photography/140591245|title=Laughing Dove This Bird Is Native To Subsaharan Africa The Middle East And India Where It Is Known As The Little Brown Dove It Inhabits Scrubland And Feeds On Grass Seeds And Grain Stock Photo|website=www.gettyimages.in|access-date=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425025009/http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/photo/laughing-dove-this-bird-is-native-to-sub-high-res-stock-photography/140591245|archivedate=25 April 2017}}</ref> Mae gan rywogaethau eraill ddosbarthiad bychan, cyfyngedig; mae hyn yn fwyaf cyffredin mewn ynysoedd endemig . Mae'r [[Turtur benfelen|d]][[Turtur benfelen|urtur benfelen]] yn endemig i Ynys fechan Kadavu yn Fiji,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beautyofbirds.com/whistlingdoves.html|title=Whistling Fruit Doves|website=www.beautyofbirds.com}}</ref> cyfyngir [[Turtur ddaear Ynysoedd Truk]] i ddwy ynys, Truk a Pohnpei yn Ynysoedd Caroline,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMGkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406|title=Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World|last=Gibbs|first=David|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-3555-6}}</ref> a chyfyngir [[Turtur Grenada|t]][[Turtur Grenada|urtur Grenada]] i Grenada ei hun, yn y [[Y Caribî|Caribî]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/grenada-dove-leptotila-wellsi/details|title=Grenada Dove (Leptotila wellsi) - BirdLife species factsheet|website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> Mae gan ambell rywogaethau cyfandirol hefyd ddosbarthiad bychain; er enghraifft, cyfyngir y [[Colomen wregysog|g]][[Colomen wregysog|olomen wregysog]] i ardal fechan o [[Tir Arnhem|Dir Arnhem]] yn Awstralia,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lK_tb2TICq8C&pg=PA60|title=Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae)|last=Schodde|first=Richard|last2=Mason|first2=I. J.|date=1997|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-06037-1}}</ref> cyfyngir y [[Colomen Somalia|golomen Somalia]] i ardal fechan iawn yng ngogledd Somalia,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.hbw.com/species/somali-pigeon-columba-oliviae|first5=Peter F. D.|editor4-last=Christie|editor4-first=David|editor3-last=Sargatal|editor3-first=Jordi|editor2-last=Elliott|editor2-first=Andrew|editor-last=Del Hoyo|editor-first=Josep|first6=Ernest|last6=Garcia|last5=Boesman|title=Somali Pigeon (Columba oliviae)|first4=Christopher J.|last4=Sharpe|first3=H. M.|last3=Horblit|first2=Pepper W.|last2=Trail|first=Luis F.|last=Baptista|date=4 March 2020|journal=Birds of the World|doi=10.2173/bow.sompig1.01}}</ref> a chyfyngir [[turtur ddaear lygatfoel]] i'r ardal o gwmpas Salta a Tucuman yng ngogledd Ariannin.<ref name="HBW2">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of birds of the world|editor-last=del Hoyo|editor-last3=Sargatal|editor-first2=A.|editor-last2=Elliott|chapter=Family Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons)|location=Barcelona|volume=4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos|editor-first=J.|isbn=978-84-87334-22-1|last=Baptista|year=1997|publisher=Lynx Edicions|first3=H. M.|last3=Horblit|first2=P. W.|last2=Trail|first=L. F.|editor-first3=J.}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBaptistaTrailHorblit1997">Baptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W.; Horblit, H. M. (1997). </cite></ref>

Y rhywogaeth gyda'r ardal fwyaf (o unrhyw rywogaeth) yw'r [[Colomen graig|golomen graig]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.beautyofbirds.com/rockpigeons.html|title=Rock Pigeons (''Columba livia'') aka Feral or Domestic Pigeons|website=www.beautyofbirds.com}}</ref> Mae ei chynefin yn eang iawn: o ynysoedd Prydain ac Iwerddon i ogledd Affrica, ar draws [[Ewrop]], [[Arabia]], [[Canolbarth Asia]], India, yr [[Himalaya]], i Tsieina a Mongolia.<ref name=":4" /> Daeth y cynnydd hwn drwy ddofi colomennod, a llawer o'r rheiny'n dianc i'r gwyllt, yn enwedig mewn dinasoedd.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":4" /> Ond nid yw'r unig golomen sydd wedi cynyddu ei hardal oherwydd gweithredoedd dyn; mae nifer o rywogaethau eraill wedi ymsefydlu y tu allan i'w cynefin naturiol ar ôl dianc o gaethiwed.<ref name="HBW2"/> Canfu astudiaeth yn 2020 fod Arfordir Dwyreiniol yr Unol Daleithiau yn cynnwys dwy fegaddinas genetig y golomen: Efrog Newydd a Boston, lle nad yw'r adar yn cymysgu â'i gilydd.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sokol|first=Joshua|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/science/pigeons-boston-new-york.html|title=New York and Boston Pigeons Don't Mix|date=2020-04-23|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-27|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Fel bwyd ==
[[Delwedd:Nasi_Timbel_Dara_Goreng.JPG|de|bawd| Pryd o fwyd Sundanaidd, o [[Indonesia|Indonesia:]] colomen wedi'i ffrio gyda ''timbel nasi'' (reis wedi'i lapio â dail banana), tempeh, [[toffw|tofu]], a llysiau.]]
Defnyddir sawl math o golomennod fel bwyd; ac mae pob rhywogaeth yn fwytadwy.<ref>[http://www.eattheweeds.com/eggs-for-survival-and-food-2/ Eggs]. </ref> Defnyddiwyd y mathau dof  fel ffynhonnell bwyd ers sawl mileniwm.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s039PKpc4kC&pg=PA7|title=The Eastman Guide to Birds: Natural History Accounts for 150 North American Species|last=Eastman|first=John|date=2000|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-4552-9}}</ref> Fe'i defnyddiwyd yn helaeth o fewn bwydydd Iddewig, Arabaidd a Ffrengig. Yn ôl y Tanakh, [[kosher]] yw colomennod, a dyma'r unig adar y gellir eu defnyddio ar gyfer ''corban''. Defnyddir colomennod hefyd mewn bwydydd Asiaidd, megis bwydydd Tsieineaidd, Asameg ac Indonesia.

Yn Ewrop, mae [[Ysguthan|sguthanod]] yn cael eu saethu'n gyffredin fel [[Galliformes|aderyn helwriaeth]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/nonpwdpubs/introducing_birds/doves_pigeons/|title=TPWD: Doves and Pigeons – Introducing Birds to Young Naturalists|website=tpwd.texas.gov}}</ref> tra bod colomennod y graig yn cael eu dofi yn wreiddiol er mwyn eu cig.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pigeons-and-doves-columbidae|title=Pigeons and Doves (Columbidae) – Dictionary definition of Pigeons and Doves (Columbidae)|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pigeons-and-doves-columbidae "Pigeons and Doves (Columbidae) – Dictionary definition of Pigeons and Doves (Columbidae)"]. ''www.encyclopedia.com''.</cite></ref> Roedd difodiant colomennod crwydr yng Ngogledd America o leiaf yn rhannol oherwydd iddynt gael eu hela am eu cig.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.audubon.org/magazine/may-june-2014/why-passenger-pigeon-went-extinct|title=Why the Passenger Pigeon Went Extinct|date=17 April 2014|work=Audubon}}</ref> Mae'r llyfr ''[[:en:Mrs_Beeton's_Book_of_Household_Management|Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management]]'' yn ''c''ynnwys ryseitiau ar gyfer colomennod rhost a phastai colomennod, bwyd poblogaidd, rhad yng ngwledydd Prydain yn Oes y Llymru.<ref>[http://www.mrsbeeton.com/40-chapter40.html CHAPTER 40 – DINNERS AND DINING Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429154041/http://mrsbeeton.com/40-chapter40.html |date=2013-04-29 }}.</ref>

== Genera ==
{|
|- valign=top
|
* ''[[Alectroenas]]''
* ''[[Caloenas]]''
* ''[[Chalcophaps]]''
* ''[[Claravis]]''
* ''[[Columba (genws)|Columba]]''
* ''[[Columbina (genws)|Columbina]]''
* ''[[Cryptophaps]]''
* ''[[Didunculus]]''
* ''[[Drepanoptila]]''
* ''[[Ducula]]''
* ''[[Colomen Deithiol|Ectopistes]]'' (diflanedig)
* ''[[Gallicolumba]]''
* ''[[Geopelia]]''
* ''[[Geophaps]]''
* ''[[Geotrygon]]''
* ''[[Goura]]''
* ''[[Gymnophaps]]''
* ''[[Hemiphaga]]''
* ''[[Henicophaps]]''
* ''[[Leptotila]]''
* ''[[Leucosarcia]]''
* ''[[Lopholaimus]]''
* ''[[Macropygia]]''
|
* ''[[Metropelia]]''
* ''[[Microgoura]]'' (diflanedig?)
* ''[[Nesoenas]]''
* ''[[Ocyphaps]]''
* ''[[Oena]]''
* ''[[Otidiphaps]]''
* ''[[Petrophassa]]''
* ''[[Pezophaps]]'' (diflanedig)
* ''[[Phapitreron]]''
* ''[[Phaps]]''
* ''[[Ptilinopus]]''
* ''[[Dodo|Raphus]]'' (diflanedig)
* ''[[Reinwardtoena]]''
* ''[[Scardafella]]''
* ''[[Starnoenas]]''
* ''[[Streptopelia]]''
* ''[[Treron]]''
* ''[[Trugon]]''
* ''[[Turacoena]]''
* ''[[Turtur (genws)|Turtur]]''
* ''[[Uropelia]]''
* ''[[Zenaida]]''
|}

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P105 wd:Q7432 . ?item wdt:P171 ?sub0 . ?sub0 (wdt:P171)* wd:Q10856 }
LIMIT 50
|sort=label
|columns=label:teulu,P225,P18:delwedd
|row_template=Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
|thumb=80
|links=local
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! teulu
! enw tacson
! delwedd
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Colomen Seland Newydd]]
| p225 = Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
| p18 = [[Delwedd:New Zealand pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) Waitakere.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Colomen binc]]
| p225 = Nesoenas mayeri
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Mauritiustaube2016-02 (cropped).jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Colomen ddanheddog]]
| p225 = Didunculus strigirostris
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Didunculus.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Colomen ffesant]]
| p225 = Otidiphaps nobilis
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Green-naped Pheasant Pigeon Otidiphaps nobilis.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Colomen gopog Awstralia]]
| p225 = Lopholaimus antarcticus
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Topknot Pigeon, Central Coast NSW.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur]]
| p225 = Streptopelia turtur
| p18 = [[Delwedd:European Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur).jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur Caledonia Newydd]]
| p225 = Drepanoptila holosericea
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Cloven-feathered Dove 0A2A9792 2.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur chwerthinog|Turtur Chwerthinog]]
| p225 = Spilopelia senegalensis
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Stigmatopelia senegalensis -Gaborone Game Reserve, Botswana-8, crop.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur Madagasgar]]
| p225 = Nesoenas picturatus
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Malagasy Turtle Dove - Streptopelia picturata.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur alarus]]
| p225 = Streptopelia decipiens
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Mourning Collared Dove (Streptopelia decipiens decipiens), Lake Ziway, Ethiopia.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur dorchgoch]]
| p225 = Streptopelia tranquebarica
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Red Collared Dove, Tamil Nadu IMG 4960.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur dorchog]]
| p225 = Streptopelia decaocto
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Streptopelia decaocto, Hărman, România (34881606270).jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur dorchog Affrica]]
| p225 = Streptopelia roseogrisea
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Streptopelia roseogrisea, Waza NP, Cameroon (cropped).jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur dorchog Jafa]]
| p225 = Streptopelia bitorquata
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Streptopelia bitorquata 80949442.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur dorchog adeinwen]]
| p225 = Streptopelia reichenowi
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur dorwridog]]
| p225 = Streptopelia hypopyrrha
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Adamawa Turtle Dove, Fulladu West, Gambia 01.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur dywyll]]
| p225 = Streptopelia lugens
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Dusky Turtle Dove, Kirkos, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur emrallt]]
| p225 = Chalcophaps indica
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Common Emerald Dove.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur emrallt gefnfrown]]
| p225 = Chalcophaps stephani
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Chalcophaps stephani, Bitung, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia 107896358.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur lygatgoch]]
| p225 = Streptopelia semitorquata
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Red-eyed dove (Streptopelia semitorquata).jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur warfrech]]
| p225 = Spilopelia chinensis
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Spilopelia chinensis Zhengzhou 20210607.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur winau]]
| p225 = Streptopelia vinacea
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Vinaceous Dove (Streptopelia vinacea), Fathala Wildlife Reserve, Senegal.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Turtur y Dwyrain]]
| p225 = Streptopelia orientalis
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Oriental Turtle Dove (Streptopelia orientalis) (52502770215).jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|-
{{Zutabe formatoa/Familiak
| label = [[Wonga-wonga]]
| p225 = Leucosarcia melanoleuca
| p18 = [[Delwedd:Wonga Pigeon.jpg|center|80px]]
}}
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}

== Gweler hefyd ==

* [[Colomen Ynys Nukuhiva|Colomen ymerodrol Marquesan]]
* Rheoli colomennod
* Colomennod rhyfel

==Cyfeiriadau==
{{cyfeiriadau}}

== Dolenni allanol ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150906001345/http://www.columbidae.org.uk/ Columbidae.org.uk] Cadwraeth colomennod a cholomennod
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090118213519/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/pigeons-doves-columbidae Fideos colomennod] ar y Casgliad Adar Rhyngrwyd
* [http://www.xeno-canto.org/browse.php?query=columbidae Seiniau colomennod]
* [https://pigeonpedia.com/difference-between-dove-and-pigeon/ Y gwahaniaethau rhwng colomennod a cholomennod]
* [http://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/birds/pigeons/ Taflen Ffeithiau Colomennod] gan Gymdeithas Genedlaethol Rheoli Plâu gyda gwybodaeth am arferion, cynefinoedd a Bygythiadau i iechyd
* [https://pigeonpedia.com/pigeons/ Y Canllaw Cyflawn i Golomennod (Columbidae)]

{{Rheolaeth awdurdod}}
[[Categori:Teuluoedd o adar]]
[[Categori:Colomennod| ]]
Defnyddir y nodiadau hyn ar y dudalen hon:
Dychwelyd at Colomen.
Wedi dod o "https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomen"