Wira va klita ke Urartu

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{{Teliz_toza}}
'''Urartu''' (&nbsp;[[Armenava|armenavon]] Ուրարտու&nbsp;) tir gazaxo tazukaweyeso bak -IX<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda AGJ moe armenafa azekexa aname Van uzda (&nbsp;koe refa ronefa [[Turka]]&nbsp;). Ba pelava isti -VIII<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda, tawavo mo vegungafa patecta dere divlizer : [[Xayastana]] aname Sevan uzda, is valenttalt [[Irana]] aname Urmia uzda, is valent [[Suria]] is [[Iraka]], is dace vage [[Sakartvela]]. ''Urartu'' trogarn va bazera va bata soka koe klitaf suteks ke {{PYW kralgiva|Assur}} kevelapik zanudayar. [[Urartuava]]f kosuteks va Biainili pulvid. Bato gazaxo is inafa araya bak taneafu acku ke -VI<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda griawid, nope megrupena gropa, az iskeson va runda pu armenik.

Urartu kan klitaf suteks male Assur taneon zo grupeyer, i male kevelapafo gazaxo tigiso gee tawavo, mali -X<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda AGJ kali -VIII<sup>-eafa</sup>. Batcoba va debalera va gazikeem ke Urartu ko ugalay ke izva ke savsafa Pokefa Talteka noveyer. Vestara va feliyiso cosxo va dimdrasura va konak kosuteks noveyer. Vertafa joxara is birgotafa kosmara moe jontik debak ke Urartu va lokiewafa grupera va grustara ke bato gazaxo is inafa araya al noved, kore giva ware tid icde exaksara ke ristula is bowes ontinuk. Batcoba va lana soka efe tcalayana gan turestara ke Assur vox dere voneyesa va pof pilkaf kireem razdar, i va kira tulon rabatena ton kolnara va yona glupafa ralma wetce ristulaxo, vox dere tcedera va iyekotnyofara ton katcalafa duga.

== Dimkosmara va Urartu ==
[[File: Sarduri annals found 1915.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Kosmara va ugaldaf atcom ke [[Sarduri I]] gan rossiafa brinuga bak 1916]]
Namira va gazaxo radimi inafa titfira is tela ke Assur kevelik wali tena ke -VII<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda AGJ is toza ke -VI<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda drasuweyer. Ellasaf savsavaf izvopik me miwad, isen Biblia va conyuta ke yolt tazukon gu Ararat anton vider. Rawaks ke yona ralma ke Urartu poke Van uzda gan taltekaf koyasik bak XIX<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda zo tcaluteyed voxe gu Assur gazik don tulon Semiramis gazikya nope suteks ke armenaf mialukugalaf Movses Khorenatsi zo gayad. <ref>R. B. Wartke, ''L'archéologie ourartéenne ou les dangers de la science'', koe Splendeurs Arménie Antique 2007, bu 26-27</ref> Friedrich Eduard Schulz germanaf rawopik va konak gazaf kosuteks ke Urartu zovdayar aze bak 1840 sanegayar. Sin arti abica tanda nope toza ke remsutera va simbakoraf kosuteks ke Assur kelu gu [[Menua]] gazik zo rogayad. Muka ke Urartu va tcilaxe ke [[Istanbul]] azu [[Sankt Peterburg]] az konake ke taltefa Europa kaikion artniyid. Tiyid male birgotafa joxara ise gu Assur loloon grupen ware zo gayad. Yolt ke lentef kevelik koe konak inaf krent awiyir numen pilkomodara va kerelesik va debak ke Van uzda tuaftaweyer. Hormuzd Rassam va [[Toprakkale|Rusahinili]] joxayar voxe va abica muka anton malbureyer. Bak 1888 C- Lehmann-Haupt silukon kobaveyer voxe me loon tcedeyer. Bak 1916 rossiafa brinuga va atcom munestes va sega ke [[Sarduri I]] <ref>Boris Piotrovski, ''Ourartou'', Genève, Nagel, 1969, bu 15-23</ref><ref>Jean-Louis Huot, ''Une archéologie des peuples du Proche-Orient, tome II, Des hommes des Palais aux sujets des premiers empires (IIe-Ier millénaire av. J-C)'', Paris, Errances, 2004, bu 127-129</ref> keve arna ke Van kosmayar. Ba bat mirdig vestara va rawaks ke Urartu va abica seramuca nazbar isen bato gazaxo kan divefa klita ke tulon Assur nelkon wan zo gruper.

Vankedara ke vayara va Urartu tir gan sovietaf rawopik katcalayas mali 1940<sup>-e</sup> sanda va kruldera ke savsavaf debak koe [[Xayastana]]. Taneaf debak mukas vas tsokaf joxas tawuk tir Karmir Blur, i savsavafi [[Teishebani]] divsidayani gadenon gan B- Piotrovski. <ref>Boris Piotrovski, ''Ourartou'', bu 137-195</ref> To Arin Berd debak, i savsavafi [[Erebuni]] ambik ke [[Yerevan]] kadimion tir. <ref>Boris Piotrovski, ''Ourartou'', bu 23-28</ref> Ewava va Assur gazaxo tuelimawer isen sanegaks ke sovietaf rawopik va warzafa abduaneyara plataed. Kosuteks ke gazik ke Urartu lokiewon toz zo vangruped, nope tulon kobavera ke J- Friedrich. <ref>J. Friedrich, ''Einführung ins Urartäische'', Leipzig, 1933, ''Urartäisch'', Altkleinasiatische Sprachen, Leiden-Köln, 1969, bu 31–53</ref> Vas vuestesa piskura gan F- König wali 1955 is 1957 mukad, <ref>F. König, ''Handbuch der chaldischen Inschriften'', Graz, 1955–1957</ref> milugale kosuteks ke Kelishin roz arti tanoya decemda dem justeyesa yovara tere zo remsuter aze zo malurartuavar. <ref>W. C. Benedict, ''The Urartian-Assyrian Inscription of Kelishin'', Journal of the American Oriental Society 81/4, 1961, bu 359-385</ref> Kotcoba va warzafa aneyara dezur. Bal 1960<sup>-e</sup> tanda debak ke Armavir koe Xayastana toz zo grifuner edje turkaf rawopik gaden gan T- Özgüç va [[Altıntepe]] kojoxad, i va debak kosmayan bak 1938 katecton gu vegedura va kelot. <ref>Boris Piotrovski, ''Ourartou'', bu 38-41</ref> Banvielu warzafa pradja koe Turka is Xayastana is Irana va lokiewafa sabera va zolonuca ke Urartu gazaxo al noved miledje warzaf gazaf kosuteks zo kosmayad isen vangrupera va [[Urartuava]] is Hurri kosayafa ava vion abdufid. <ref>Gernot Wilhelm, ''Urartian'', Roger D. Woodard, ''The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor'', Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008, bu 105-123</ref> Ke zolonaf debak divsidayan mali 1970-e sanda, [[Bastam]] koe [[Irana]] is [[Ayanis]] poke Van uzda is dere Horom koe [[Xayastana]] gostragat. <ref>Charles Burney, ''Avant les Arméniens : les Ourartéens, guerriers et bâtisseurs'', Gérard Dédéyan, ''Histoire du peuple arménien'', Toulouse, Privat, 2007, bu 67-99</ref>

== Izva ==
=== Xanta ===
[[File: STS091-714-37.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|Lenttaltuf kreyaf afigasuteks va gola ke Van uzda tisa idja ke Urartu.]]
Sane ke Urartu va ava tisa ke mila avalospa dam tela ke Hurri sane ur, i ke sane bak -II<sup>-eafa</sup> decitda AGJ koe Suria is ticefa Mesopotamia. Inafa xanta co rotir ke araya tigisa koe gola kaike Kavkaza bak -IV<sup>-eafa</sup> ik -III<sup>-eafa</sup> decitda AGJ (&nbsp;araya ke Kura-[[Aras (kuksa)|Aras]] gola&nbsp;) azon malatcesa va geeka. Solparsara ke [[Urartuava]] gu Hurri ava nutir noeltafa is evlafa moni -2000 AGJ. <ref name="Unnamed-20230318191335">Wilhelm 2008, bu 119</ref> Araya ke Urartu azon grupena bak toleafu acku ke -II-<sup>eafa</sup> decitda koe gola ke Van vanblir, voxen abicote rawopafa conyuta trasiyina koe bata gola icde bata rekola mu tuavasa gaderopafa diotera banugale me alutad. Selt ton vartesa daluca volsu deblitafa nuzavzar. <ref>Burney 2007, bu 67-68</ref>

Giva icde tigira ke gaderopafi koeti koe gola ke Van uzda bak -XIII<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda AGJ koe klita ke Assur gazaxo awid, i ke gazaxo feliso va ticefa [[Mesopotamia]] kaiki ikapira va [[Mitanni]] gazaxopo ke Hurri sane. Winugaf kosuteks ke Assur gazik tid nelkafa givasa klita icde izva ke Urartu bak rekoleem. Tigira ke bat gijarotif geef vegungik va gaderopafa vonewera ke Urartu turestason arse dezuyur. Vabdion gazik ke Assur ko gola artlakid ise va yoni axafi gaderopafi koeti tigisi talte Van uzda lalevrotid.

Salmanazar I (&nbsp;-1275--1245 AGJ&nbsp;) tir taneik divrozas va tawuk kev anyustoya patecta ke Urartu. <ref>Burney 2007, bu 69-70</ref> Tukulti-Ninurta I direik (&nbsp;-1244--1208&nbsp;) va mila gola ware lakir ; gola yolton gu ''Nairi patecta'' zo divrozar isen mil trogarn remi konaka direfa decemda di zo slamer. Dile zo trakur da tiyir ara remsutera va Nihriya xoyolt grupen mali -XIX<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda is bazes bak -XIII<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda va gaderopafi koeti zobeyeni gan Tudahaliya IV {{PYW kralgiva|Hatti}} gazik kev Assur gazaxo. Battode Assur gan ina plukepenon zo surter. <ref>T. Bryce, ''The Kingdom of the Hittites'', Oxford, 2005, bu 316-318</ref> Voxen Nihriya loon geeon nutigiyir nume va Nairi meinde co tikiyir. <ref>H. D. Baker, ''Nihriya'', koe T. Bryce & al., ''The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia'', Oxon is New York, 2009, bu 506-507</ref> Betinde Teglath-Phalasar I (&nbsp;-1114--1076&nbsp;) bak inafa bareafa tanda va ''60 gazik ke Nairi'' liker, i va kre okilikinda ke grelt. Ant tel yoltayan tir Sieni ke Daiaeni. <ref>Burney 2007, bu 68-69</ref> Assur-bel-kala va gijarotiuca ke Urartu direik silukon divrozar azen visikorcek ke Assur va lentafa brinuga levsular nume gu giva icde gola ke Van zelar.

Urartu is Nairi bak gazugal ke Adad-Nerari II (&nbsp;-911--891&nbsp;) gire zo divrozad, azen Urartu areldaf trogarn keni Nairi bak tel ke Assurnazirpal II (&nbsp;-883--859&nbsp;) awir. <ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318191335">Garelli 2001, bu 97</ref> Soltrakura va Urartu gu Nairi is sinafa sugdala me tid aftaca kire va gola aname Van uzda lidam lanyoni gaderopafi koeti robazecked. <ref>M. Salvini, Nairi e Ur(u)atri, Rome, 1967</ref><ref>Piotrovski 1969, bu 45-47</ref> Gazik ke Urartu va batyon trogarn koe assuravaf kosuteks kanarid voxen tel urartuavaf va Biaineli sugdalasi vas ''sane ke Bia patecta'' pulvid. <ref name="Unnamed-20230318191335"/>
[[File: Portes de Balawat - franchissement montagne Urartu.jpg|thumb|Milk ke Assur koe meftava ke Urartu, pinta ke tuvel ke Balawat, gazugal ke Salmanazar III. British Museum tcila]]

Vanblira ke Urartu gazaxo bak taneafu acku ke -IX<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda kle kotaskiwer, voxen koe tapedafa gropa dilizer. Diotera bak gazugal ke [[Arame]] nutenuwer, i ke gazik surteyen gan Salmanazar III (&nbsp;-858--824 AGJ&nbsp;) titi dilintaf gazugal. Brinuga ke Assur gan konarira va [[Arzashkun]] kelu ke Arame zo tenuker. Arzashkun nutiyir tel taneaf gaderopaf av ke Urartu. <ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318191335"/><ref>Burney 2007, bu 70-71</ref> Tire laumara ke pofi gaderopafi koeti aname Van uzda tir lana kategira va walpira ke Assur nume laninde tir inaf mekuranaf reduks. <ref>Ayvazian 2012, bu 877-878, ozwas va P- Zimansky.</ref> Tire lok ke izva ke Urartu gan kevluca gu Assur zo tcalar kore turestara ke Assur tir zolonafa ta jontika kira ke inafa grustara is gaderopafa rietova is lomanton araya. <ref>K. Radner, ''Assyrians and Urartians'', koe S. R. Steadman is G. McMahon, ''The Oxford handbook of ancient Anatolia (10,000–323 B.C.E. )'', Oxford, 2011 bu 734-751</ref> Bata soka va yona lizukafa tanuskaca gu turestara ke Assur belcekar, i va tulon ralmaf bolk kalion vanpis giskis snak. Sedme P- Zimansky, gaderopafa vegedura gan gazafi roti tigisi kene Van uzda zo nukoaykar, i gan roti rotir malfiyisi va ara gola (&nbsp;[[Haldi]] cosaf lorik tiyir vey gola ke Musasir&nbsp;) is noelton koirubayasi, gu meurartuavusa lizukafa sanelia. [[Urartuava]] tir ava ke debak tikis vas gazaroti voxe arlize me zo suter numen batcoba co pebur dume keni gazaxo ke Urartu, koe klita laizon di griawir. Nuvopon levaykat da Urartu tiyir dalon gaderopaf vegeduks (&nbsp;Bianili&nbsp;) lodam lane sane meviele meinde tentune koe klita. <ref>P. Zimansky, ''Urartian and the Urartians'', koe S. R. Steadman is G. McMahon, ''The Oxford handbook of ancient Anatolia (10,000–323 B.C.E. )'', Oxford, 2011 bu 555-557.</ref>

=== Tupoawera ===
[[File: Urartu Fort SarduriI 2.jpg|thumb|left|Kosuteks ke [[Sarduri I]], [[Tushpa]]]]
Nekev trelaf gazugal, to [[Sarduri I]] (&nbsp;-834--828 AGJ&nbsp;) nazbeikye ke [[Lutipri]] va omava ke direfa divlizera ke gazaxo aykar ise va kelu ko [[Tushpa]] arburer ise va vema ke Van gola kofelir. Yolton gu ''Seduri urartuik'' koe Assur krent ke gazugal ke Salmanazar III awir, i koe krent miwas va kevaf meld kaatoeyen keve tuvel ke Balawat watson gu tawuk koe Van gola. <ref>Piotrovski 1969, bu 47-50</ref> Turkon Sarduri, koswason gu geef vegungik, va intafo gazaxo kolnar larde to taneaf gazik ke Urartu iskeyes va kimbas krent kan ava ke Assur is grupen kan tevoy tulok gretcayan keve pistok ke Tushpa lize wetce ''gazapik is gijarotif gazik is gazik va tame'' ok lopufon ''gazik ke Nairi'' va int etimar. <ref>Piotrovski 1969, bu 51</ref><ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318191335"/>

[[Ishpuini]] (&nbsp;-828 – -810 AGJ&nbsp;) tir askipisik va divatcera va Urartu gazaxo. Konak inaf urartuavaf kosuteks koe yono amidafo xo ke felino tawavo zo katrasiyid, i kosuteks lize in va semek vas ''gazik ke Bianili'' faver. Moni 820 va [[Menua]] nazbeikye gu uskej gesiar. Va tawavo van iranafa azekexa is kazafa vawa zolonafa ta moortera va taneugot (&nbsp;yanta, aka&nbsp;) tulon ronon divatcer. Gola ke Urmia uzda (&nbsp;tulon Parsua vema&nbsp;) zo levrotir. Vilara va IV<sup>-e</sup> bada ke nelkaf debak (&nbsp;Hasanlu rotir savsavon yoltkirafu gu Meshta&nbsp;) vagee bata gola tir evlafa gu to bane sare. Tela ara izvaxa ke inaf gazugal tir levrotira va vageeon Musasir gola. Inaf gazik gan Urartu zo tuvonkar. Musasir tir zolonafa tumtafa widava ke gola is sokexo ke [[Haldi]] lorik vanpitis nafalaf gazik ke gazaxo inde kosuteks ke Meher Kapisi poke [[Tushpa]] dere divnedir, i kosuteks pimtas va firviks ke [[Ishpuini]] is [[Menua]] pu lorapik ke patecta don taneon Haldi. Kosuteks ke atcom ke Kaleshin katrasiyin keve roz ke Zagros rodega moe savsafa vawa wale Tushpa is Musasir va migafa koyara ke toloy koredik van tumtafa widava kimbar, liz konoles sersik di zo kouskejar. Grustara ke gazaxo aname batmanyona ralma isu virutsaxo ke milk is moortexo is emaxopo banugale galted. Sedme tan kosuteks, Ishpuini va 100 eda is 10000 okollakisik is 23000 nugasayakik bam zo rotixar : Urartu vanpir zolonafa sayakafa gijarotiaca. Gazik ke Assur va konak tawuk van iranafa azekexa stad, ape gabeteson va inafa turestara vox tineson. <ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318191335">Garelli 2001, bu 98</ref><ref>Salvini 1995, bu 137. Huot 2004, bu 130-131</ref> Trigayafa soka wale Urartu is Assur don tulon Musasir mali bane sare gan walafa kevluca zo narid. Bata kevluca va sinafi gaderopafi bali tcalapar nume va tazdara ke konaka sina di nekitir. <ref>K. Radner, ''Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Musasir, Kumme, Ukku and Šubria: The Buffer States between Assyria and Urartu'', koe Kroll & al., 2012, bu 243-264</ref>

Menua mali -810 AGJ kali -786 ant gazar ise va gazaxo wan divatcer. Inaf kosuteks moe tawavo glupafo loon dam gazon gu gadik di zo katrasiyid. Va turestara talton divatcer larde va konako gazaxo koe vaticefo kuksaxo ke [[Eufratos (kuksa)|Eufratos]] bostap kofelir, don Alzi is Melid (&nbsp;rekeon Malatya&nbsp;). Loon lenteon va Murat Su krant koilkar ise va gijarotiuca ke Urartu koe kulaf krant ke [[Aras (kuksa)|Aras]] kuksa lenton koaykar. <ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318191335"/> Gazara ke [[Ishpuini]] az [[Menua]] va betarapa ke Urartu vanpisu gijarotifo gazaxo tcalad. Banugale lorikaf bolk ke gazaxo galter. Nafalik va pradjapa dere bokad. Tana lokatcalafa pradja tir narilt ke Menua ware kruldes is stas va lava geu vema ke Van uzda kal [[Tushpa]] reme soluma vas loon 50 km-. Menua tir kolnapasik ise va ralma vegedur ike dimempar ise va yona dopewa tulistar. <ref>Piotrovski 1969, bu 67-82</ref>

=== Pelava ===
[[File: Urartian inscription for granaries.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Urartuavaf kosuteks ke [[Sarduri II]], tcila ke [[Erebuni]]]]
[[File: Urartu extension.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|'''Orike''' : vanpokefa divlizera ke Urartu bak -VIII<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda is taneafu acku ke -VII<sup>-eafa</sup>.<br>'''Afte''' : vanpokefa divlizera ke gola felina gan Urartu moni -750 AGJ.]]

[[Argishti I]] (&nbsp;-786 – -764 AGJ&nbsp;) dere nijur crakef sayakaf okilik ise va intyona sega koe ugaldakoraf krent munester milinde gazik ke Assur askid voxe kev pistok ke Van volmiv gretcar. Va lentafa divatcera van [[Kavkaza]] dakir nume va kulaf krant ke [[Aras (kuksa)|Aras kuksa]] vangir lize va [[Erebuni]] ralma zabdur. Va aryona widava zabdur, i va widava zanudatasa va kazaf ledung wal gola kulafa gu kawa valente Anatola is wid ke Van uzda. Van Meliddu az Tabal talton dere kevalier lize va turestara ke Assur gu tela intafa ikaplekur. Konakar tawuk ko gola ke Urmia kev Manna is Parsua va ini stad. Bat tawuk nutid fikaf kiren ugalda ke Argishti va vilara is elakera is rezgalera va sanelia di munested :

{{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1|
|ozwaks = « Argishti pulvir : va wema ke Kikhuni wid tigis kene uzda vilayá. Va Alishtu wid artlakiyí ; va ayikye is ayikya divnariyí. Ta aliuca ke [[Haldi]], Argishti nazbeikye ke Menua pulvir : va Erebuni wid ta gijarotiuca ke Bianili patecta is diliara va volnafa patecta kolnayá. Vema tiyir govitafa, mek vegeduks abdion tiyir. [...] va 660 gejik ke Hatti patecta is Tsupani inkeyé. »
|askisik = Ugalda ke Argishti. <ref>A. T. Smith, ''The political landscape : constellations of authority in early complex polities'', Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, 2003, bu 168.</ref>}}

Tevoy faspas tawuk gan Shamshi-ilu jadiwik ke Assur zo stad neken bolera ke Urartu va ronon gola ke Arrapha vols idja ke Assur kulmed. <ref>Garelli 2001, bu 99</ref>

Urartu gazon gu Sarduri II (&nbsp;-764 – -735 AGJ&nbsp;) wan divatcer. Vexala dem olgalicuks ke gazugal bazecker da ini va Qulhi gola (&nbsp;rotir direfi Kolkheti&nbsp;) levrotiyir, nedison va lentafa divatcera kal Tcerna Bira. Voxen brinuga ta vannarira va gola tigisa valentrone Suria is koe vaticef krant ke Eufratos lokiewon zo gruped, i va gola tisa vonkafa gu Assur. Ini va Meliddu is Kummuhu levrotir ise puon culiekar numen batcoba va vawa stasa va yanta mal Taurus kal Assur gaber. Inafa turestara kale Karkemish tis goles avap wal Anatola is Suria is Assur rotir kruldeyer. Ini remi yona taneafa tanda ke gazugal, va illaumara ke gijarotiuca ke Assur tuaxayana gan yona kevmadara belundar. Konaka ervoliama ke Assur bal likerama zo surted. Likerapa ke Sarduri II kev milk ke Assur-nefari V bak -753 sokiyir ise gan Urartu zo war. Bane sare tir pelava ke gijarotiuca ke Urartu. <ref>Garelli 2001, bu 102-103. Huot 2004, bu 131</ref>

=== Ilwara kev Assur ===
[[File: Urartu 715 713-en.svg|thumb|right|Urartu gazon gu Rusa I]]
[[File: Topzawa Stele or Topzawa Rock. It describes Urartian clashes with Assyrians. The stele belonged to the kingdom of Musasir at Sidekan village, Erbil Governorate, Iraq Erbil Civilization Museum, Iraqi Kurdistan.jpg|thumb|160px|left|{{PJustify|Tolavaf kosuteks ke [[Rusa I]] kan Urartuava is Assurava, divsidayan koe Topzawa (&nbsp;Iraka&nbsp;) is kimbas va inafa zobera va Urzana gazik ke Musasir kev Assur. Seltayafa tcila ke Erbil, Iraka.}}]]

Voxen sanoya ironokafa tanda ke gazugal ke Sarduri II vas artfira ke Tegalth-Phalasar III (&nbsp;-747-728 AGJ&nbsp;) koe Assur dotegalad, i ke gazik ilsulas va gijarotiuca ke dilintafa patecta kan cenera va Urartu vanpiyisu wupesirsis kevlik. Inafa tegira kev suriaf vangluyanik ke Sarduri nelkon zo vodjur. In va dotanara wal milk ke bantan is telyon ke gazik ke Arpad (&nbsp;Bit Agusi&nbsp;) is Meliddu is Gurgum is Kummuhu is Karkemish is Kwe to bak -743 mone Samosata surter. Bana sokama tantanon azon zo levrotid isen Arpad dace zo tunotrar. Teglath-Phalasar va tawuk koe Zagros gola kev lizuk ke Urartu dere star aze moni -735 va milk ko idja ke volnafo gazaxo star. [[Tushpa]] zo artlakiyir voxe me zo nuvolgalicuyur. 

[[Rusa I]] (&nbsp;-735-714 AGJ&nbsp;) va Sargon II ke Assur lentegir. Savseluxaxa katrasiyina koe inafu Dur-Sharrukin kelu vas konak munesteks ke bowesik ke jowaxo sueno gan folkamaf gort ik vonkik ik toidesik ruldad. Sina gan bazaxo ke Sennacherib konoles sersik zo suled, i ke sersik givas va gadik icde towara ke gaderopafa debala ke volnafo gazaxo. Wori Rusa va konak koef zvak dum kevmadara ke vonkik vox moekote lentronufa artlakira ke {{PYW kralgiva|Kimmeroy}} warzaf kevelik nuve goliker. Rusa va milk tixar voxe astirbon zo surter larde va konak bowesik co drasuyur nume gonodimavlar. <ref>P. Villard, ''Le deuxième bureau assyrien'', koe ''Khorsabad, Capitale de Sargon II'', Les Dossiers d'archéologie Hors-Série 4, 1994, bu 28-31. Piotrovski 1969, bu 86-88 az 109-110. Salvini 1995, bu 143-144</ref>

{{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1|
|ozwaks = ~ Urzana pu jin al suter : «&nbsp;Milk ke gazik ke Urartu bal brinuga kev Kimmeroy zo surteyed. Bowesik ke Waisi zo aytayar. Va pintakirafa giva men dadí voxe vieli gití pune va varaf munesteks di stakseté.&nbsp;»<br>~ Assur-resh-uwa pu jin al suter : «&nbsp;Daref munesteks stakseyen icde Urartu patectik miwayar da ban sin eafton al zo surteyed. Re patecta gin tir vumeltafa numen kot strabik ko intafa winka al dimlakiyir. Kakkadanu okilajadiwik zo gralomeyer ; gazik ke Urartu koe Wazaun winka tigir.&nbsp;»<br>~ Pu suesik ke jowaf folk icde gazik ke Urartu al suté azen sin dulzeyed : «&nbsp;Inaf milk bal brinuga kev Kimmeroy zo seluyud. Baroy inaf strabapik do konak milk zo aytayad. Mil gazik al yater voxen inafa ervolia men al dimlanir.&nbsp;»
|askisik = Divokseks ke munesteks stakseyen gan Sennacherib konoles sersik pu Sargon II icde surtera ke Urartu kev Kimmeroy. <ref>S. Parpola, ''The Correspondance of Sargon II, Part I, Letters from Assyria and the West'', SAA 1, Helsinki, 1997, bu 31-32.</ref>}}

[[File: 8th campaign Sargon Louvre AO5372.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Vapey munestes va anyusteaf tawuk ke Sargon&nbsp;II, Louvre tcila koe Paris, Franca]]

Sargon ware levrotiyis va Suria to ape nope batyon warzot koe gola ke Urmia uzda djukudilfur lize arge do Urartu avplekuweyed. Ugalda ke bat nafalik icde -719-715 tandeem tire nedid da bato toloyo gijaxopo kan walplekun vonkik va sint liked, i kan tulon sersik ke {{PYW kralgiva|Manna}}, numen nendanik ke Assur kev Uishdish vonkik ke Urartu isu Zikirtu konakviele zo ilmadad. <ref>Salvini 1995, bu 139-140</ref>
[[File: Khorsabad Salle XIII. Bas-relief 4 - sac de Musasir.jpg|thumb|Kaatoeks va guinera va dopewa ke Haldi koe Musasir, sedme re griawiyisa seyta ke Assur koe Khorsabad]]

To warzafa faspara ke Rusa ape jupar da gazik ke Assur va anyusteaf tawuk ke -714 AGJ ko gola star, i va tawuk munesteyen koe krentap stakseyen gan gazik pu Assur lorik. <ref>F. Thureau-Dangin, ''Une relation de la huitième campagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-C.)'', Paris, 1912</ref> Gan yon sersik ke coyunta talte Van uzda zo brudir ise va konak intropik gruider aze va milk ke Urartu cener. Azon va bati ervoliaki ko vo dimstakser voxe va bani van Musasir vodjur, i van aro sersaxo klabuso wal toloyo gazaxo is gadeno gan Urzana okilik yaneyes va zobera ke Rusa. Va ino vangir, parmon solplatison gu Urartu is akenon kaipason. Berma va moava vas loon tanoy decitor is dilgava vas aluboy decitor kum tciamafa muka co bildeyer, isen dopewa ke [[Haldi]] va ervo vas woesa tokoda (&nbsp;tulon lo bar-vuntoy iyekotaf dug sedme krent&nbsp;):

{{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1|
|ozwaks = «&nbsp;Kiren Urzana sinaf gazik gu ewa ke Assur va int me al plukeyer ise va miremba ke jinafa nafaluca al botceyer ise va jinafi roti vliguyur, pune va sanelia ke bata widava djukugralomeyé ise kobenplekuyú da Haldi va zobera ke Urartu di buluyur. [...] Va Musasir sokexo ke Haldi ton felisik kolakiyí. Ko berma ke Urzana jiomaik va int inkeyé. Inafa mawa tiyid kotrafa gu flavayana jwa ; va kueca empayá : ke moava vas 34 ''talent'' tokoda isu 18 ''mine'', is dilgava vas 2 ''mine'' is acku, is karaf iyekot is dig is zogaba is priga ikz-, is data aka isu wulafa oku vaptafa peya, is sutc dem nubayotsa foltenafa gu moava is dilgava, ikz-.&nbsp;»
|askisik = Munesteks va anyusteaf tawuk ke Sargon II. <ref>F. Thureau-Dangin, ixam ozw-, bu 53</ref>}}

Bata guinera dere tiyir kaatoeyena keve seyta ke berma ke Sargon koe Khorsabad (&nbsp;darekeon Dur-Sharrukin&nbsp;) griawiyisa tit [[Tigris (kuksa)|Tigirs]] bost bak 1855 viele tota remburesa van Franca bopelaweyer. Zovdaks ke Eugène Flandrin anton wan krulded, i zovdaks tulon yunkes va olgalicura va dopewapa ke Haldi. Sedme bifa munesteyena gan Sargon, Rusa givanon gu bat warzot co kseyer. Kottode inafa awalkera nutir moi batcoba. <ref>M. Guichard, ''La huitième campagne de Sargon'', koe ''Khorsabad, Capitale de Sargon II'', Les Dossiers d'archéologie, 1994, bu 38-44. Piotrovski 1969, bu 110-116 az 125-127. Salvini 1995, bu 144-145. Garelli 2001, bu 117-118.</ref>

=== Tuwarzara ? ===
[[File: Bastam01.jpg|thumb|right|Rawaks ke [[Bastam]] ralma kolnayana gazon gu [[Rusa II]], koe refa iranafa Azera]]
Radimi tawuk ke Sargon II num drasura va geef vonkik ke Urartu, klita ke Assur riwe tid memiwasa va lentef vegungik. Bata ra gu sugda ke vantenura ke Urartu kaiki surtera ke -714 AGJ zo roremtrakur, i ke surtera zinena gu abdufira ke Kimmeroy divlizes van ronefa Anatola az artlakira ke Skutoy. Wori Assur milk va idja ke lentefo gazaxo me artlaniyid numen ino defreson di videweyer ise va stujera va pakap ke tawavo di kevsuyur. [[Argishti II]] (&nbsp;-714 – -680 AGJ&nbsp;) direik ke Rusa I va [[Altıntepe]] ralma koe ronefa Anatola poke ref Erzincan tulon volmiv vegedur milugale inaf kosuteks katrasiyin koe volsafa gola ke iranafa ronefa Azera vane Kaspa bira (&nbsp;Razliq is Nashteban&nbsp;) is vagerone [[Xayastana]] (Sisian) tid loronefa conyuta ke felira ke Urartu. Gazugal ke Rusa II (&nbsp;-680 – -639 AGJ&nbsp;) gan skura va ralmapa dum [[Rusahinili]] moe Toprakkale debak is [[Ayanis]] poke Van is [[Teishebani]] koe krant ke [[Aras (kuksa)|Aras kuksa]] radimi jovlera va [[Erebuni]] is dere [[Bastam]] koe refa taltefa iranafa Azera zo tcalar. Bate sare nutiyir tuwarzara va gijarotiuca ke Urartu is dace pelava vile ugaf skuks sedme P- Zimansky. Ristura va gazaxo zo nutugodjar isen towara icde alka dere dilized. Bata rekola va tuprantasa kuranira va gazaxo litesir. <ref>P. Zimansky, ''An Urartian Ozymandias'', koe The Biblical Archaeologist 58/2, 1995, bu 94-100 ; Ayvazian 2012, bu 884-885.</ref> Voxen lan aptacik loeke iltrakud : bata « malblira » va tuaxawera ke dreeem ke gazaxo rotir preyutar. <ref>A. T. Smith, ''The Making of an Urartian Landscape in Southern Transcaucasia: A Study of Political Architectonics'', koe American Journal of Archaeology 103/1, 1999, bu 70</ref>

=== Tapedafa tena ===
Bifeem ke toleafu acku ke -VII<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda vugeke zo gruped ise gan izvopik sedme amidapaf trakuray zo atatced. Konak krent ke Urartu ok Assur bazecked da [[Rusa II]] va konak direik co dikiyir : [[Sarduri IV]] nazbeik ke [[Sarduri III]] az [[Rusa III]] nazbeik ke [[Erimena]] isti mon decemda, voxen vura tir melanafa. <ref>Piotrovski 1969, bu 197-199 ; Ayvazian 2012, bu 885</ref><ref>Salvini 1997, bu 321. Burney 2007, bu 93 ; P. Zimansky, ''A Note on Urartian Chronology'', koe T. Bryce & al., ''The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia'', Oxon & New York, 2009, bu 801-802</ref> Grupera en tir xestapafa nume va meka lanaca icde ironokaf gazikeem ke Urartu. Grupet da [[Assurbanipal]] va staksenik ke Rusa bak -655 az ke Sarduri bak -640 koe Ninuwa emudeyer nume ton sugda ke gruidenuca narur. Batcoba tir ironokafa lanafa conyuta ke kruldera ke Urartu gazaxo.

Wali -612 is -609 Assur gazaxo gan babilimik is {{PYW kralgiva|Mada}} saneik zo vilar. Nabopolassar (&nbsp;-626 -605 AGJ&nbsp;) gazik ke Babilim va brinuga van Urartu (&nbsp;yolton gu ''Urashtu'' koe ugalda&nbsp;) star voxen meka arcoba icdeon zo gruper. Tena ke Urartu gazaxo gu direfa rekola gimbon zo evlar. Ino yolton gu [[Ararat]] koe Neva ke Jeremias icde toza ke -VI<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda az koe direfa decemda koe krent ke Dariyus I (&nbsp;-522-486 AGJ&nbsp;) {{PYW kralgiva|Haxāmanišiya}} persaf gazik az Dariyus II (&nbsp;-432-404 AGJ&nbsp;) ton tano levrotiyino tawavo rotir awir. ''Urartu'' yolt ape tir vanyoltaca ke ''Armena''. Kottode batcoba en tir ironokaf slameks va Urartu yolt banvielu kotviele ikaplekun gan ''Armena''. <ref>Piotrovski 1969, bu 199-202. R. B. Wartke, ''Le royaume d'Ourartou : sources et légendes'', koe ''Splendeurs Arménie Antique'', 2007, bu 97-99.</ref>

Urartu gazaxo wali toza ke -VI<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda isu idja kle griawir. Grupet da Skutoy saneik va gola guined abdida Mada sane valenttalte [[Irana]] anamsteger. Batdume bate sane oku bane gu kasik ta parmafa vilara va Urartu gazaxo zo torigid. Ralma ke Urartu bal bana rekola kotote zo vilad voxen bifafa lazava wan tir melanafa. Ede Urartu moni -590-585 wan co kruldeyer, pune kre to Uvakshtra Mada gazik va Urartu co balieyer abdida va ervolia ko Anatola ta likera va Aluattes ke Lydia star. <ref>Huot 2004, bu 132-133. Burney 2007, bu 94-96</ref> Ar izvopik draged da Urartu gazaxo bak toleafu acku ke VII<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda nope yona koefa geja ixam al griawiyir ; gaderopafa roidara ke gazaxo ton konako sersaxo kottode nutir rotisa kiren to debala titi armenafa rekola tir. <ref>Ayvazian, bu 885-886</ref> Bareafa dragera, va divlizera ke Mada ko Anatola iltrakur nume va titfira ke Urartu mon isti VI<sup>-eafa</sup> decemda nope dilfura ke Persa ke Kurush II (&nbsp;-559-529 AGJ&nbsp;) debaler. <ref>R. Rollinger, ''The Median 'Empire', the End of Urartu, and Cyrus' Campaign in 547'', koe ''Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ancient Cultural Relations between Iran and West Asia'', Teheran, 2004</ref>

Turkon armenik sane adre vanpiyir dalafa mikra koe gola ke Urartu savsafo gazaxo. Bata ra ba felira ke Persa gindaxo al zo tenukeyer. Moni -400 sareon gu Ksenofon Urartu gan metan zo setiker. <ref>P. Zimansky, ''Xenophon and the Urartian legacy'', koe P. Briant, ''Dans les pas des Dix-Mille : peuples et pays du Proche-Orient vus par un Grec'', Toulouse, 1995, bu 255-268</ref> Konaka savsafa ralma ke Urartu gire zo kereled. Haxāmanišiya ristula ke Persa va ''apadana'' bonta is toloya teydopewa koe [[Erebuni]] vegedur. [[Argishtikhinili|Armavir]] is Van bak taneaf pak ke Orontes prostelay moi levrotira ke Persa dere zo kereled. <ref>J. Khatchatrian, ''L'Arménie sous le règne des Orontides'', koe ''Splendeurs Arménie antique'', 2007, bu 153-154 az 156.</ref>

== Stujera va tawavo isu tuvodara ==
=== Grustara va tawavo ===
[[File: Urartu forteresses.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Liwot nedis va lae ke tawavo ke Urartu is tigira ke nelkafa grupena ralma (&nbsp;ton ref yolt&nbsp;).]]
Nope levrotira va warzafo tawavo, gazik ke Urartu va tuvarara is tuvodara va felina gola kalion vajuleyed, adalon. Jadifa vegeduropa ke gazaxo nutir milafa gu tela ke Assur : gu winka gadena gan bowesik sayakon yordas is kereles va winkafa berma koe ralma zo solzarter. Kaike gola rontion gadena, gazik ke Urartu va culiekamb vonkik kofelid. <ref>Garelli 2001, bu 101-102</ref> Grustara va winka va inafa tawavopafa gropa nyurnar. Cuga winka va kulaf kawarob, i va tulon moava ik dilgava ik lut ik azil vaxe vopel gracin num koburen mal megrupeno xo dadir. Skapa lokon tir vartesa kan dalon [[Namulol (Ovis aries)|namulol]] vox dere [[Okol (Equus)|gejokol]] nutis aptaca ke Urartu. Krant gu zaipa is lekon iltaal is vora zo midud. Lana sanelia ta frofara va warzafa levrotiyina gola dile zo arbured, i va gola kostujena ke ralma zanudasa va debak ke lizukafa ristula is sokexo ke rojusa virutsa vox dere emaxo. Golesa vawa kan folkam dere yordas va ledungxo zo rojud. Rojura is tuvodara va tawek tid lag milmun gan gazik koe konak kosuteks pimtas va dilintafa defrera va artazukara va letafa vema gu trigafo miduxo kan vonera va andura num noalafa tawamidura. <ref>Burney 2007, bu 75-80</ref> Tulon, [[Argishti I]] radimi vegedura va [[Argishtikhinili]] ralma etimar :

{{TelizOzwaks_Nivaca1|
|ozwaks = «&nbsp; Ta aliuca ke [[Haldi]], [[Argishti I]] nazbeikye ke [[Menua]] va bata ralmapa volmiv al vegedú ise gu [[Argishtikhinili]] yoltayá. Vema tiyir letafa isen metan al kolnayar ; va baroy narilt male bost danteyé, va voraxo is iltaalxo al kotaplekú, gradilon al segá. Argishti, nazbeikye ke Menua, gijarotif gazik, an gazik, gazik ke Biainili, jiomaik ke [[Tushpa]] wid&nbsp;». <ref>Male ozwaks miwan koe Huot 2004, bu 135</ref>
|askisik =
}}

Katcalafa tanzatukuca ke ralmeem is tuvodas abdumimakseem va yona vema gan idjaroti mu voneyena tuavara alutar. <ref>Burney 2007, bu 74.  A. T. Smith, ''The Making of an Urartian Landscape in Southern Transcaucasia: A Study of Political Architectonics'', bu 51</ref> Soka va walmunera va rob wal gola dirgana gan ralma yordasa va lizukafi roti is belcetara is xolera grustar. P- Zimansky wori drageyer da Urartu gu vugeke tuavana soka vox grustayana ton solwickafa winka nelkon yordasa va namyera pu idjaroti ta sayakaf tawuk kre zo gotorigir. Bata teza nope tawavopafa stogoyenuca ke tawavo ke Urartu tulon zo pebur, i va gola dem lobodaf is logijaf kuksakrant vadjes vas xo lize nelkafa ralma zo katrasiyid, i va ralma arse yordasa va stujera va tawavo is belcetaxo. Bata gola va yona «&nbsp;ewalama&nbsp;» ke teca tursia co tazukad, i va ewala sintafa kagluyana gu vawaf gort. Waleon arak ke tawavo nelkon meftavafo num saneliakiransafo leeke co zo stujeyer voxe gu tuwavaf oblarot tuwavgas va volnafa faspara ko winka ke gazaxo co zanudayar. <ref>P. Zimansky, ''Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State'', Chicago, 1985 (tulon bu 95-97)</ref>

Gokatcalat da toloya gola ke Urartu gazaxo anton zo grupecked : Van gola, i izvafa idja ke gazaxo (&nbsp;[[Tushpa|Van Kalesi]] debak isu [[Rusahinili|Toprakkale]] isu Çavuştepe isu [[Ayanis]] isu «&nbsp;narilt ke Menua&nbsp;» isu «&nbsp;Rusa uzda&nbsp;»); is valenteon gola tigisa aname Aras krant wale Ararat mefta is Sevan uzda koe refa Armena (&nbsp;[[Erebuni|Arin Berd]] is [[Teishebani|Karmir Blur]] is Horom is Armavir&nbsp;). Arlize va konaka bumafa ralma (&nbsp;vatalteon [[Altıntepe]] is vageroneon [[Bastam]] lente Urmia uzda&nbsp;) grupet. Grupera va tawavo ke Urartu kle tir varansafa numen melanon gildansat inde stujera va tawavo ke idjaroti zo grustayar. Ostik coba valdigkirafa vas gaderopaf is sayakaf ontinuk ke gazaxo moekote icder numen arak ke sanelia dive ralma zo grupenser. Tulon, mecoba roruyet da inaf lok urartuavuyur ike va mila araya dam ontinuk ke gazaxo pakayar. <ref>P. Zimansky, ''Urartian Material Culture as State Assemblage: An Anomaly in the Archaeology of Empire'', koe Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 299/300, The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia, 1995, bu 103-115</ref>

=== Ralma ===
[[File: Van Fortress From Northwest.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Arna ke Van Kalesi, lize rawaks ke [[Tushpa]] tigid.]]
Lorowina tegiba ta stujera va tawavo ke Urartu ke idjaroti kle tir bermakirafa ralma kolnayana koe amidafa felina gola. To sina tid lokiewafa bazexa va divatcera ke gazaxo larde male lenteon refa [[Xayastana]] kale talteon Eufratos ticef krant koe taltefa Turka is roneon iranafa Azera is isteon aname Van uzda vaon katrasit. <ref>Burney 2007, bu 80-81</ref> Dere tid lokiewaf vrutaks icde ayaf mergileem dadin gan gazik ke Urartu larde zolonaf stinaf kobasikeem ta vegedura ape zo malsaveyer. Turestara ke {{PYW kralgiva|Hatti}} prostewa isu Anatola zo gogotur voxe ape tiyir zolonafa larde lizukafa dareaca me zo trasiyid. Wori tuwarzasa defrera zalesa gu debakaf kor ape tiyir pof. <ref>Salvini 1997, bu 329</ref> Bata vegeduropafa winugackafa prostewa ape va tuaptarapa is tuebara va lizukaf vegedusik nekiyir batdume ralma ke Urartu tid milapafa is skuyuna gan mila serna rontion ruptesa vas idjaroti. Mewinugafa kolna grupensena kan amidafe ckane isu ksubera ape zo vegeduyud. <ref>P. Zimansky, ''Urartian Material Culture As State Assemblage: An Anomaly in the Archaeology of Empire'', koe ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 299/300, The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia'', 1995, bu 105-106.</ref> Konaka ralma tigisa moe varafo tawavo felino gan Urartu zo katrasiyid&nbsp;: [[Tushpa]] ralma ke Van Kalesi tir matcafa gu tel losavsaf mirdig larde gan [[Sarduri I]] zo kolnayar aze va teza zanudayar. Diref nafalik va ralma koe gola sume Van uzda silukon vegeduyud. [[Argishti I]] koe [[Erebuni]] (&nbsp;Arin Berd&nbsp;) is [[Argishtikhinili]] («&nbsp;wid ke Argishti&nbsp;», re Armavir&nbsp;) koe Xayastana kolnayar&nbsp;; [[Sarduri II]] direik va [[Sardurihinili]] (&nbsp;Çavuştepe&nbsp;) keve domega ke Van uzda volmiv vegeduyur&nbsp;; [[Altıntepe]] poke Erzincan koe ronefa Turka gazon gu [[Argishti II]]. Bocaf vankedugal tir gazon gu [[Rusa II]] ugale [[Teishebani]] is [[Rusahinili]] is [[Ayanis]] is [[Bastam]] zo kolnayad. <ref>Salvini 1997, bu 330</ref>

Rebava ke ralmapa kum rontagentimafa jola is tawotafa norka tantazukackafa koe konak debak zo vegeduyud. Godjafe de kum raporafa elega vas konak decitor ape konoleyene va Hatti vegeduropafa prostewa nelkon zo tiyir tele ke folkam voxe koe konaka ralma (&nbsp;Rusahinili is Erebuni&nbsp;) dere tigir. Rebava jadion tid dem lujoraf ok rontagentimaf mialarasek is kaikak is gentimaf rasek moni tena ke rekola. Kaatoeks va ralma keve iyekotafa muka nedid da rebava tiyid dem ticefo veyado. Rebava ke koefa kolna tid kum raporafa omava az norkafa ontinuca solve kepaita is trinkeem tid kum inta. Konaka olkoba va briva dadid. Rolevaykat da kolna konaktode tiyid dem tanoy vegem. Ralma ke Van va felilera va raporafa vegeduropa ke urartuik nedir : enide sin va loa darka moe nilackafa welma ke senune aze rodadiyid, pune olkoba koe pist zo suxayad, ta amidafa favera (&nbsp;alkaxo ik naboxa ik dace tirbaxo dum jaftolxe ikz-&nbsp;). Kotviele jadif zovdom awickir, pune va grustara aname konak kuskap vanpis va yon seg amidon flikiraf tcalutet. Koe [[Teishebani]] solparsara va klemba gu ristuxo is emaxo tickir. Nelkaf seg ke ralma tir «&nbsp;berma&nbsp;» lize gazik ok bowesik blir. Zovdom tir amidapaf kare debak. Koe ralma va dopewa dum tumtaxo ke [[Haldi]] koe Altıntepe is Erebuni dere trasit. Bata ralma dere skapon yordad kire vas belcetaxopo ruldad lize va warzeks ke koayka ik gazafo indxo ape zo abdaraykayad. Tulon koe [[Teishebani]] kotafe ceke ke ''pithoi'' rumelapa tiyir vas 150000 inoc. Konaka nyosa dem vapey katrasiyina koe ralma (&nbsp;tulon koe Teishebani&nbsp;) vas tegira pofesa va belcetaks icded. Bata kolna vas yantanyofasa onya dere ruldad, is vas dere olkoba lize tawamidun warzeks gu punta is vor zo artazukayad. Sokexo koe titefa widava dive ralma zo grifuneyed. <ref>Salvini 1997, bu 328-335. Huot 2004, bu 133-138. Burney 2007, bu 81-86.</ref>

{| style="border: 1px black solid; margin: 12px 8px 12px 8px; text-align: left;" align="center" width="100"
! colspan="4" align="center" style="background:Wheat; color:Black" |Ralma ke Urartu
|-style="background:BlanchedAlmond; color:Black"
| [[File: Teishebaini 04.png|200px]]
| [[File: Erevan - La forteresse d'Erébouni 10.JPG|200px]]
| [[File: TushpaMain02.jpg|200px]]
| [[File: Karmir Blur Town.JPG|200px]]
|-style="background:BlanchedAlmond; color:Black"
| {{EwavaPebuda1|Zovdom ke [[Teishebani]] ralma<br>(&nbsp;Karmir Blur&nbsp;)}}
| {{EwavaPebuda1|Rebavega ke [[Erebuni]]<br>(&nbsp;Arin Berd&nbsp;)}}
| {{EwavaPebuda1|Rebava ke [[Tushpa]] ralma<br>(&nbsp;Van Kalesi&nbsp;)}}
| {{EwavaPebuda1|Titefa widava ke [[Teishebani]]<br>(&nbsp;Karmir Blur&nbsp;)}}
|}

=== Lavopaf senuks ===
Ara grupeckena kira ke tuvodara va tawavo gan gazik ke Urartu vas konak bolk ke lavopafa senura niter. Nope lavok ke Van uzda is dika voa, andus gort ta vonera va kelupu aname [[Tushpa]] is [[Rusahinili]] zo gosenuyur. [[Menua]] va nariltap vas mon 50 km- mal lana klita tigisa gee Tushpa volmiv vegeduyur, i va narilt tuadrayas va vegedura va zanarilt is konaklize suxara va kagisa rebava dile ontinafa gu 20 m-. Konak kosuteks kene salt va bat vegeduksap kimbad. Bat «&nbsp;narilt ke Menua&nbsp;» tiyir runkaf kali 1950<sup>-e</sup> sanda, vieli kiewagira di tiyir esarsafa numen warzaf ikaplekuyus narilt zo vegeduyur. Ara lavopafa senura gazon gu [[Rusa I]] ok [[Rusa II]] bal kolnara va Rusahinili zo skuyur, ton tcafa uzda yoltkirafa gu «&nbsp;Uzda ke Rusa&nbsp;» (&nbsp;re Kesis Gölü&nbsp;) zanudasa va dafura va warzaf wid is anamefa vema. Lava ke uzda gan toloya oblaxa zo kagiyid isen bat bolk kali 1891 slayar viele tanbata maljoaweyer nume gin zo govegeduyur. Jijacek ke bat toloy lavopaf senuks tir burkaf. Azeka ke Van vas aryon gedraf milordaf senuks lopinaf (&nbsp;oblaxa is lavak is narilt&nbsp;) ugalon gu Urartu ruldayar. Kan yon kosuteks dere grupet da milordaf senuks koe krant ke [[Aras (kuksa)|Aras]] zo skuyud. <ref>C. Burney, ''Urartian Irrigation Works'', koe ''Anatolian Studies 22'', 1972, bu 179-186. G. Garbrecht, ''The Water Supply System at Tuspa (Urartu)'', koe ''World Archaeology 11/3'', 1980, bu 306-312. O. Belli, ''Dams, Reservoirs and Irrigation Channels of the Van Plain in the Period of the Urartian Kingdom'', koe ''Anatolian Studies 49'', Anatolian Iron Ages 4, 1999, bu 11-26.</ref> Gazaroti ke Urartu remi intafa izva jupayar da patecta zo vaneksayar ise va warzesafa tawamidura voneyer. Skura va narilt tire tid miladrafa gu redura va noalafo tawamiduxo.

== Yamba ==
* →&nbsp;[[Yamba ke Urartu]]

== Alka ==
* →&nbsp;[[Alka ke Urartu]]

== Ava ==
* →&nbsp;[[Urartuava]]

== Stragela ==
<div style="height: 200px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid gray; padding-right: 12px; background-color: #F8F8FF; ">
<small>
* (en) Alina Ayvazian, ''The Urartian Empire'', koe Daniel T. Potts, ''A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East'', Malden &  Oxford, Blackwell Publishers
* (fr) Charles Burney, ''Avant les Arméniens : les Ourartéens, guerriers et bâtisseurs'', koe Gérard Dédéyan, ''Histoire du peuple arménien'', Toulouse, Privat, 2007
* (ru) I. M. Dyakonov, ''Ассиро-Вавилонские источники по истории Урарту // Вестник древней истории'', Moskva, 1951
* (fr) Paul Garelli is André Lemaire, ''Le Proche-Orient asiatique, tome 2 : Les empires mésopotamiens'', Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 2001
* (fr) Jean-Louis Huot, ''Une archéologie des peuples du Proche-Orient'', tome II, ''Des hommes des Palais aux sujets des premiers empires (IIe-Ier millénaire av. J-C)'', Paris, Errances, 2004
* (fr) Ashkharbek Kalantar, ''Civilisations du Proche-Orient'', Paris, 2004, ISBN 978-2-940032-14-3
* (en) Stephan Kroll, Claudia Gruber, Ursula Hellwag, Michael Roaf & Paul Zimansky, ''Biainili-Urartu : Proceedings of the Symposium held in Munich 12–14 October 2007'', Louvain, Peeters, coll. « Acta Iranica », 2012
* (ru) G. A. Melikicvili, ''Урартские клинообразные надписи'', Moskva, Издательство АН СССР, 1960
* (ru) Boris B. Piotrovski, ''Ванское царство (Урарту)'', Moskva, Издательство Восточной литературы, 1959
* (fr) Mirjo Salvini, ''Sargon et l'Urartu'', koe Annie Caubet, ''Khorsabad, le palais de Sargon II, roi d'Assyrie'', Paris, La Documentation française, 1995
* (de) M. Salvini, ''Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer'', Darmstadt 1995
* (de) R. B. Wartke, ''Urartu — Das Reich am Ararat'', koe ''Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt'', Bd. 59, Mainz 1993.
* (en) Gernot Wilhelm, ''Urartian'', koe Roger D. Woodard, ''The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor'', Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008
* (en) P. E. Zimansky, ''Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State'', Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1985
* (en) P. E. Zimansky, ''Ancient Ararat. A Handbook of Urartian Studies'', New York 1998
</small></div>
== Vuestexa ==
{{Vuestexeem2}}
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
{{SavsafaSoka
|yolt          = Urartu gazaxo
|lizukaf yolt  = Ուրարտու (hy)
|liwot         = Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-fr.svg
|debala        = [[Asia]], [[Anatola]]
|krulderevleem = ≈ -860 - -590 AGJ
|vertuma       = Gazaxo
|kelu          = [[Arzashkun]] az [[Tushpa]]
|ava           = [[Urartuava]]
|bifa          = &nbsp;
:'''-714''' : Tawuk ke Assur Sargon II
: '''-590''' : Vilara gan Meda gejik
|nafalik       = Konak gazik :
:*[[Arame]]
:*[[Argishti I]]
:*[[Rusa I]]
}}
[[Iyeltak: Urartu_Chariot_D.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Sarduri II]] moe eda]]
<div align="right">__TOC__</div>
{{NotrafTeliz|
*[[Yamba ke Urartu]]{{nbsp4}}<br>
*[[Alka ke Urartu]]<br>
*[[Urartuava]]}}
|}
{{UrartuGazaxo}}
[[Loma:Armena|Urartu]]
[[Loma:Savsugal|Urartu]]
[[Loma:Urartu|Urartu]]
{{#invoke:Interwiki|interwiki|qid=Q185068}}
__NOEDITSECTION__
Teza favena koe batu bu
Dimgrablera va Urartu bu.
Dimnarin mal « https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu »