跨物種感染

跨物種感染（Cross-species transmission；host jump）是指病原獲得感染新物種宿主能力，進而感染新宿主、在新宿主個體間傳播的現象^[1]，關於此現象的研究以病毒為主，但細菌等其他微生物也可能發生^[2]。跨物種感染的第一步為病原與一個新宿主物種個體接觸，其後病原可能逐漸適應新的宿主而造成疾病爆發，是新興傳染病（特別是病毒疾病）的起因之一^[3]。多數感染人類的病毒均起源於感染其他動物的病毒，包括SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2、豬流感病毒、禽流感病毒與伊波拉病毒等^[4]。

跨物種感染的具體機制因病原種類而異，且目前對此了解尚有限，突變率（英语：Mutation rate）較高的病毒可能可較快適應新的宿主物種，抵抗其免疫反應而得以繼續傳播。經常互相接觸的物種間較容易發生跨物種感染，但不常互相接觸的物種間也可能透過中間宿主發生，即病原由自然宿主透過中間宿主傳給新的宿主^[5]^[6]，例如SARS-CoV從菊頭蝠透過果子狸（果子狸SARS冠狀病毒）傳給人類^[7]。另外親緣關係接近的宿主間也較容易發生跨物種感染，可能是其免疫反應機制相近所致，人類病毒即大多源於感染其他哺乳動物的病毒，而植物病毒應無法跨物種感染人類^[3]。若病原在跨物種感染後不再感染原本的宿主，而只在新宿主間傳播，則為宿主轉換^[8]。

參考文獻

^ Childs, JE; Mackenzie, JE; Richt, JE, Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 315, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media: 129–134, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-70961-9, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6
^ Benavides, JA; Cross, PC; Luikart, G; Creel, S, Limitations to estimating bacterial cross-species transmission using genetic and genomic markers: Inferences from simulation modeling, Evolutionary Applications, 2014, 7 (7): 774–787, PMC 4227858  , PMID 25469159, doi:10.1111/eva.12173
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Parrish, CR; Holmes, EC; Morens, DM; Park, EC; et al, Cross-Species Virus Transmission and the Emergence of New Epidemic Diseases, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 2008, 72 (3): 457–470, PMC 2546865  , PMID 18772285, doi:10.1128/MMBR.00004-08
^ Faria, NR; Suchard, MA; Rambaut, A; Streicker, DG; et al, Simultaneously reconstructing viral cross-species transmission history and identifying the underlying constraints, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2013, 368 (1614): 20120196, PMC 3678322  , PMID 23382420, doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0196
^ Wang LF, Anderson DE. Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans. Current Opinion in Virology. 2019, 34: 79–89. PMC 7102861  . PMID 30665189. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.007.
^ Fagre AC, Kading RC. Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?. Viruses. 2019, 11 (3): 215. PMC 6466281  . PMID 30832426. doi:10.3390/v11030215.
^ Xing‐Yi Ge, Ben Hu, and Zheng‐Li Shi. BAT CORONAVIRUSES. Lin-Fa Wang and Christopher Cowled (编). Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases, First Edition.. John Wiley & Sons. 2015 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-01）.
^ Haven, J; Park, AW, Superinfection reconciles host–parasite association and cross-species transmission, Theoretical Population Biology, 2013, 90: 129–134, PMC 7126234  , PMID 24161558, doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2013.09.015

[Childs-1] Childs, JE; Mackenzie, JE; Richt, JE, Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 315, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media: 129–134, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-70961-9, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6

[Benavides-2] Benavides, JA; Cross, PC; Luikart, G; Creel, S, Limitations to estimating bacterial cross-species transmission using genetic and genomic markers: Inferences from simulation modeling, Evolutionary Applications, 2014, 7 (7): 774–787, PMC 4227858  , PMID 25469159, doi:10.1111/eva.12173

[Parrish-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Parrish, CR; Holmes, EC; Morens, DM; Park, EC; et al, Cross-Species Virus Transmission and the Emergence of New Epidemic Diseases, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 2008, 72 (3): 457–470, PMC 2546865  , PMID 18772285, doi:10.1128/MMBR.00004-08

[Faria-4] Faria, NR; Suchard, MA; Rambaut, A; Streicker, DG; et al, Simultaneously reconstructing viral cross-species transmission history and identifying the underlying constraints, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2013, 368 (1614): 20120196, PMC 3678322  , PMID 23382420, doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0196

[Wang2019-5] Wang LF, Anderson DE. Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans. Current Opinion in Virology. 2019, 34: 79–89. PMC 7102861  . PMID 30665189. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.007.

[Fagre2019-6] Fagre AC, Kading RC. Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?. Viruses. 2019, 11 (3): 215. PMC 6466281  . PMID 30832426. doi:10.3390/v11030215.

[book2015-7] Xing‐Yi Ge, Ben Hu, and Zheng‐Li Shi. BAT CORONAVIRUSES. Lin-Fa Wang and Christopher Cowled (编). Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases, First Edition.. John Wiley & Sons. 2015 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-01）.

[Haven-8] Haven, J; Park, AW, Superinfection reconciles host–parasite association and cross-species transmission, Theoretical Population Biology, 2013, 90: 129–134, PMC 7126234  , PMID 24161558, doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2013.09.015

[1]