人類動物園

人类动物园，又称民族学博览会，是殖民者将虏获的民族个人或群体当作展品进行公开展示的行为，盛行于19世纪至20世纪中期。^[3]这些“展品”通常身着丑化的本族服饰，处于所谓的“自然”或“原始”状态下展示。 ^[4]展方则往往通过强调“展品”在文化和基因上的落后及劣根性以显示出白色人种和西方社会的优越性，进而间接正当化白人国家的殖民统治。^[5]在其存在的历史中，此类展览因其丑化、贬低和“非人化”有色人种和落后国家民族的性质而引起争议。^[6]

历史上，“人类动物园”最初是作为马戏团和“怪胎秀”表演的一部分，通过类似于漫画的滑稽表现方式来刻意夸大被展示民族与西方的差别以显现出所谓的“异国情调”。其后，将“劣等人类”作为展品这一思路逐渐发展成为独立的展出模式，并开始强调展品较之西方文明的劣根性，并以此为论点给西方的入侵征服提供了进一步的理由。此后，这类展出更进一步地出现在多个世界博览会上，然后逐渐形成动物园式的“人类动物园”。^[7]

一类反霸权主义的观点则将整个“西方统治下的世界”描绘成一个巨大的人类动物园，而白人身为“优等人种”可以在其中充当“动物园管理员”的角色——低等人类和非人类居民的管理者。 ^[8]

参见

殖民博览会

参考资料

^ Zwick, Jim. Remembering St. Louis, 1904: A World on Display and Bontoc Eulogy. Syracuse University. 4 March 1996 [2007-05-25]. （原始内容存档于June 10, 2007）.
^ Love, Robertus. Filipino School at World's Fair. The School News and Pratical Educator. May 1904 [3 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-27）.
^ The True Story of the Mindanaoan Slave Whose Skin Was Displayed at Oxford. Esquiremag.ph. [Aug 7, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-04）.
^ The True Story of the Mindanaoan Slave Whose Skin Was Displayed at Oxford. Esquiremag.ph. [Aug 7, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-04）.
^ Abbattista, Guido; Iannuzzi, Giulia. World Expositions as Time Machines: Two Views of the Visual Construction of Time between Anthropology and Futurama. World History Connected. 2016, 13 (3) [2021-12-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-24）.
^ Abbattista, Guido. Moving bodies, displaying nations : national cultures, race and gender in world expositions : Nineteenth to Twenty-first century. Trieste: EUT. 2014. ISBN 9788883035821. OCLC 898024184.
^ Colonial Exhibitions, 'Völkerschauen' and the Display of the 'Other'. EGO. [2020-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-15）（德语）.
^ Harskamp, Jaap. Humans In Zoos: A Long History of 'Exotic' People Exhibitions. New York Almanack. 13 September 2020 [7 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-23）. Non-Western society was an 'animal' park; the social Darwinist its zookeeper.

[Zwick-1] Zwick, Jim. Remembering St. Louis, 1904: A World on Display and Bontoc Eulogy. Syracuse University. 4 March 1996 [2007-05-25]. （原始内容存档于June 10, 2007）.

[2] Love, Robertus. Filipino School at World's Fair. The School News and Pratical Educator. May 1904 [3 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-27）.

[esquiremag.ph-3] The True Story of the Mindanaoan Slave Whose Skin Was Displayed at Oxford. Esquiremag.ph. [Aug 7, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-04）.

[esquiremag.ph2-4] The True Story of the Mindanaoan Slave Whose Skin Was Displayed at Oxford. Esquiremag.ph. [Aug 7, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-04）.

[5] Abbattista, Guido; Iannuzzi, Giulia. World Expositions as Time Machines: Two Views of the Visual Construction of Time between Anthropology and Futurama. World History Connected. 2016, 13 (3) [2021-12-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-24）.

[Abbattista_2014-6] Abbattista, Guido. Moving bodies, displaying nations : national cultures, race and gender in world expositions : Nineteenth to Twenty-first century. Trieste: EUT. 2014. ISBN 9788883035821. OCLC 898024184.

[ieg-ego.eu-7] Colonial Exhibitions, 'Völkerschauen' and the Display of the 'Other'. EGO. [2020-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-15）（德语）.

[8] Harskamp, Jaap. Humans In Zoos: A Long History of 'Exotic' People Exhibitions. New York Almanack. 13 September 2020 [7 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-23）. Non-Western society was an 'animal' park; the social Darwinist its zookeeper.

[3]