Hip hop
Hip hop ni aina ya muziki unaoelezea aina ya usanii na utamaduni uliyotokana na jamii ya Wamarekani Weusi na Walatino kunako miaka ya 1970 mjini New York City, hasa katika kitongoji cha Bronx.[1][2][3]
DJ Afrika Bambaataa alieleza kwa muhtasari wa nguzo nne za utamaduni wa Hip hop: U-MC, U-DJ, breaking na uandikaji wa graffiti.[4][5][6]
Elementi nyingine ni pamoja na beatboxing.[7]
Uenezi
Kwa vile imeibukia kutoka mjini South Bronx, utamaduni wa Hip hop umeenea dunia nzima.[8]
Muziki wa hip hop awali ulianzishwa na Ma-DJ waliokuwa wanatengeneza midundo kwa kutumia mtindo wa kurudirudia na kusimama (hasa katika visehemu vidogo vya muziki wa kusisitiza mwelekeo wa kigongoma) kwenye turntable mbili, hasa hujulikana kama kusampo muziki.
Hii baadaye ikaja kusindikizwa na "rap", mtindo wa wizani unaotoa maneno au mashairi yaliyo kwenye vipimo vya mstari ulalo wa nota 16 katika fremu ya muda, ikiwa sambamba na beatboxing, maujanja ya sauti hutumika hasa katika kugezea mfumo wa midundo na elementi za muziki mbalimbali na mautundu na vionjo kadhaa kutoka kwa Ma-DJ wa hip hop.
Muundo kamili wa kudansi na staili kadha wa kadha za mavazi zimezua mashabiki miongoni mwao katika muziki mpya. Elementi hizi zimeonesha mabadiliko ya na maendeleo kadha wa kadha katika historia ya utamaduni huu. Baadhi ya miziki ya hip-Hop hutoa maelezo ya kisiasa.
Mahusiano baina ya graffiti na utamaduni wa hip hop unatokana mionekano mipya tofauti iliyoongeza ufafanuzi wa kina na uenezi tofauti wa kivitendo ambapo kwingine walichukulia elementi ya hip hop kama sehemu ya sanaa, kukiwa na mpitilizo mkubwa baina ya hao wanaondika graffiti na hao wanaotenda elementi zingine za hip hop kivyao. Leo hii, graffiti imebakiwa kuwa sehemu ya hip hop, wakati kwa upande wa sanaa imechukua eneo kubwa katika masuala ya picha na michoro katika maeneosho mbalimbali duniani kote.
Tanbihi
- ↑ Chang, Jeff (2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. Macmillan. ISBN 031230143X.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ↑ Castillo-Garstow, Melissa (1). "Latinos in Hip Hop to Reggaeton". Latin Beat Magazine. 15 (2): 24(4).
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Check date values in:|date=na|year=/|date=mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Rojas, Sal (2007). "Estados Unidos Latin Lingo". Zona de Obras (47). Zaragoza, Spain: 68.
- ↑ Kugelberg, Johan (2007). Born in the Bronx. New York: Oxford University Press. uk. 17. ISBN 978-0-7893-1540-3.
- ↑ Brown, Lauren. "Hip to the Game – Dance World vs. Music Industry, The Battle for Hip Hop’s Legacy", Movmnt Magazine, 18 Februari 2009. Retrieved on 2009-07-30. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28.
- ↑ Chang, Jeff (2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation. New York: St. Martin's Press. uk. 90. ISBN 0-312-30143-X.
- ↑ THE HISTORY OF HIP HOP Archived 11 Aprili 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 27 Agosti 2011
- ↑ Rosen, Jody. "A Rolling Shout-Out to Hip-Hop History", The New York Times, 2006-02-12, p. 32. Retrieved on 2009-03-10.
- Huntington, Carla Stalling. Hip Hop Dance; Meanings and Messages. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company Publishers, Inc.
Marejeo
- Ahearn, Charlie; Fricke, Jim, whr. (2002). Yes Yes Y'All: The Experience Music Project Oral History of Hip Hop's First Decade. New York City, NY: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306811847.
- Campbell, Clive; Chang, Jeff (2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. New York City, NY: Picador. ISBN 0312425791.
- Chang, Jeff (Novemba–Desemba 2007). "It's a Hip-hop World". Foreign Policy (163): 58–65. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-11-02. Iliwekwa mnamo 2011-12-15.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Corvino, Daniel; Livernoche, Shawn (2000). A Brief History of Rhyme and Bass: Growing Up With Hip Hop. Tinicum, PA: Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 1401028519.
- Diawara, Manthia (1998). In Search of Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674446119.
- Gordon, Lewis R. (Oktoba/Desemba 2005). "The Problem of Maturity in Hip Hop". Review of Education, Pedagogy and Cultural Studies. 27 (4): 367–389. doi:10.1080/10714410500339020.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kelly, Robin D. G. (1994). Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York City, NY: Free Press. ISBN 0684826399.
- Kitwana, Bakari (2002). The Hip-Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African American Culture. New York City, NY: Perseus Books Group. ISBN 0465029795.
- Kitwana, Bakari (2005). Why White Kids Love Hip Hop: Wankstas, Wiggers, Wannabes and the New Reality of Race in America. New York City, NY: Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 0465037461.
- Kolbowski, Silvia (Winter 1998). "Homeboy Cosmopolitan". October (83): 51.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Light, Alan, mhr. (1999). The VIBE History of Hip-Hop (tol. la 1st). New York City, NY: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0609805037.
- McLeod, Kembrew (Fall 1999). "Authenticity Within Hip-Hop and Other Cultures Threatened with Assimilation" (PDF). Journal of Communication. 49 (4): 134–150. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02821.x. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF 1448.9 KB) mnamo 2009-03-18. Iliwekwa mnamo 2011-12-15.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Nelson, George (2005). Hip-Hop America (tol. la 2nd). St. Louis, MO: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140280227.
- Ogbar, Jeffrey O. G. (2007). Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700615476.
- Perkins, William E. (1995). Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. ISBN 1566393620.
- Ro, Ronin (2001). Bad Boy: The Influence of Sean "Puffy" Combs on the Music Industry. New York City, NY: Pocket Books. ISBN 0743428234.
- Rose, Tricia (1994). Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0819562750.
- Shapiro, Peter (2007). Rough Guide to Hip Hop (tol. la 2nd). London, UK: Rough Guides. ISBN 1843532638.
- Steingo, Gavin (Julai 2005). "South African Music after Apartheid: Kwaito, the "Party Politic," and the Appropriation of Gold as a Sign of Success". Popular Music and Society. 28 (3): 333–357. doi:10.1080/03007760500105172.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Toop, David (1991). Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop (tol. la 2nd). New York City, NY: Serpent's Tail. ISBN 1852422432.
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- Hip hop katika Open Directory Project