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{{Neprevedeno}}
[[Datoteka:Rasadnik_Naupare_priprema_za_setvu_4._2004.jpg|mini|desno|250px|<center>Sitnjenje zemljišta i pokrivanje setvenih brazdi grabuljama.]]
[[File:Wooden rake.jpg|thumb|250px|Drvene ručne grablje]]
[[File:SoilRake.jpg|thumb|250px|Pramčane grabulje za teške uslove rada za zemlju i kamenje]]
[[File:GrassRake.jpg|thumb|250px|Lagane grabulje za lišće i travu]]

'''Grabulje''' služe za dopunsku obradu [[tlo|zemljišta]], izradu leja, setvu (pokrivanje brazdi) i rahljenje.<ref>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Rake |volume=22 |page=867}}</ref> Radni deo je od [[metal]]a ili [[drvo|drveta]] sa 10-16 zubaca na međusobnom odstojanju od 2,5 -{cm}-, tako da širina varira od 25,5 do 41 -{cm}-.

Velike mehanizovane verzije grabulja koje se koriste u [[agriculture|poljoprivredi]], koje se nazivaju [[hay rake|grabulje za seno]],<ref name=ag>{{cite web|url=https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/dairy/as1252.pdf |author=Schroeder, J. W.|title=Haylage and Other Fermented Forages|work=Quality Forage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426202529/https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/dairy/as1252.pdf|archive-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> napravljene su u mnogo različitih oblika (npr. grabulje sa zvezdastim točkovima, rotacione grabulje, itd). Nemehanizovana poljoprivreda se može obavljati različitim oblicima ručnih grabulja.

Za pokrivanje [[Setva|setvenih]] brazdi dobre su grabulje kroz čiju su osnovu u obliku drvene gredice zakucani [[ekser]]i čiji vrhovi predstavljaju zupce grabulja. Dužina gredice je 60 -{cm}-, razmaci između eksera 2,5 ili 5 -{cm}-, a broj eksera 19 ili 12. Držalja za grabulje je dužine 120-200 -{cm}-, a prečnik je 2,8 -{cm}-.

U [[Antička Grčka|Staroj Grčkoj]] korišćene su grabulje harpage (''-{χαρπαγε}-''), a Rimljani su imali četvorozubi ''-{rastrum quadridens}-''. Pored četvorozubih korišćene su i drvene grabulje za pokrivanje [[seme]]na koje direktno potiču od sličnih iz [[Predinastički Egipat|predinastičkog Egipta]].<ref name="grbic">Grbić, M. (2010): Proizvodnja sadnog materijala – Tehnologija proizvodnje ukrasnih sadnica. Univerzitet u Beogradu, Beograd. {{ISBN|978-86-7299-174-1}}.</ref>

== Tipovi grabulja ==
Moderne ručne grabulje obično imaju [[čelik|čelične]], [[plastika|plastične]] ili [[bambus]]ne zube ili zupce, iako su istorijski napravljene od [[wood|drveta]] ili [[grožđe|gvožđa]]. Drška je obično ~1,5 -{m}- duga i izrađena od drveta, bambusa, čelika ili [[fiberglas]]a.

Grabulje za lišće, koje se koriste kao metla za sakupljanje lišća, košenje trave i otpadaka, imaju dugačke, ravne zube savijene u -{L}--oblik i razmaknute od tačke pričvršćenja. Ovo omogućava određenu fleksibilnost kako bi se omogućilo da se zubi prilagode terenu, a istovremeno su lagani kako bi se minimizirala šteta na vegetaciji. Kompaktne, sklapajuće grabulje za listove omogućavaju povlačenje zubaca klizanjem pokretne tačke pričvršćenja uz osovinu.

Baštenske grabulje obično imaju čelične zube i namenjene su za grublju upotrebu na zemljištu i većim ostacima. Imaju duge, krute zube koji moraju biti u stanju da izdrže [[Abrazija|abraziju]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Archard |first=J. F. |date=1953-08-01 |title=Contact and Rubbing of Flat Surfaces |url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1721448 |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=981–988 |doi=10.1063/1.1721448 |issn=0021-8979}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ardl.com/Public/Services/Physical/abrasionPOP.html |title=Abrasion Methods Available at ARDL |access-date=2012-10-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120113747/http://www.ardl.com/Public/Services/Physical/abrasionPOP.html |archive-date=2013-01-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astm.org/Standards/B611.htm|title=ASTM B611 - 13 Standard Test Method for Determining the High Stress Abrasion Resistance of Hard Materials|website=www.ASTM.org|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> i sile savijanja.<ref name=Boresi>Boresi, A. P. and Schmidt, R. J. and Sidebottom, O. M., 1993, '''Advanced mechanics of materials''', John Wiley and Sons, New York.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=HETÉNYI |first1=Miklos |title=Beams on Elastic Foundation |date=1946 |publisher=Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Studies, USA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=MELERSKI |first1=E., S. |title=Design Analysis of Beams, Circular Plates and Cylindrical Tanks on Elastic Foundations |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |location=London, UK |isbn=978-0-415-38350-9 |pages=284 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=TSUDIK |first1=E. |title=Analysis of Beams and Frames on Elastic Foundation |publisher=Trafford Publishing |location=USA |isbn=1-4120-7950-0 |pages=248}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=FRYDRÝŠEK |first1=Karel |last2=Tvrdá |first2=Katarína |last3=Jančo |first3=Roland |title=Handbook of Structures on Elastic Foundation |date=2013 |publisher=VSB - Technical University of Ostrava |location=Ostrava, Czech Republic |isbn=978-80-248-3238-8 |pages=1–1691 |edition=1st}}</ref>

Pramčane grabulje su podskup baštenskih grabulja koje odvajaju ručku i šipku sa produžetkom u obliku luka koji omogućava da se ravna zadnja strana šipke koristi za nivelisanje i struganje.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Workshop |first=Design |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIWbCgAAQBAJ&dq=Grading+in+civil+engineering+and+landscape+architectural+construction+i&pg=PA321 |title=Landscape Architecture Documentation Standards: Principles, Guidelines, and Best Practices |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-41807-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Matusik, John. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181024112605/http://my.fit.edu/~locurcio/14-Civil%20%26%20Const%20handbooks/Land%20Development/Ch24-Earthwork.pdf "Grading and Earthworks"] in ''The Land Development Handbook'', 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www2.ku.edu/~kutc/pdffiles/FHWAGravelRoadsGuide2015.pdf ''Gravel Roads Construction and Maintenance Guide''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223557/http://www2.ku.edu/~kutc/pdffiles/FHWAGravelRoadsGuide2015.pdf |date=2018-12-15 }}, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the South Dakota Local Technical Assistance Program (SDLTAP), 2015.</ref> One mogu imati nešto finije i kraće zube i mogu se koristiti za obavljanje brojnih poslova u bašti i pejzažu, a zbog svoje skuplje konstrukcije uglavnom su deo profesionalnog alata. Alternativno, drugi set zuba različitog oblika može se dodati na poleđinu šipke.

== Kulturne asocijacije ==

Ako grabulje leže u zemlji sa zubima okrenutim nagore, kao što je prikazano na gornjoj slici, a neko slučajno nagazi na zube, drška grabulja može se brzo zamahnuti nagore, udrajući žrtvu u lice. Ovo se često viđa u [[slapstick comedy|grotesknoj komediji]] i [[Šaljiva slika|crtanim filmovima]], kao što su ''[[Tom and Jerry|Tom i Džeri]]'' i epizodi ''[[The Simpsons|Simpsona]]'' „[[Cape Feare|Rt straha]]“,<ref name="jean">{{cite AV media|first=Al|last=Jean |date=2004|title=Commentary for "Cape Feare"|work=The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season|type=DVD|publisher=20th Century Fox|location=Los Angeles, California}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Todd|last=Leopold |title=The man who makes 'The Simpsons' sing |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/TV/09/20/simpsons.clausen/index.html |publisher=[[CNN|CNN Entertainment]] |location=Atlanta, Georgia|date=September 21, 2007|access-date=January 3, 2009}}</ref> u kojoj serija grabulja postaje ono što [[Pomoćnik Bob]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hibberd |first=James |date=June 6, 2015 |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/06/06/simpsons-sideshow-bob-kill-bart |title=The Simpsons scoop: Sideshow Bob to finally kill Bart this fall |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=June 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Max |date=July 11, 2015 |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/07/11/comic-con-2015-the-simpsons-panel-teases-new-treehouse-of-horror |title=Comic-Con 2015: The Simpsons Panel Teases New "Treehouse of Horror" |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=September 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Snierson |first=Dan |date=October 8, 2015 |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/08/simpsons-treehouse-horror-sideshow-bob-ren-stimpy |title=Simpsons' 'Treehouse of Horror XXVI': First Look and details on Sideshow Bob killing Bart and more |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=October 11, 2015}}</ref> opisuje kao svog „smrtnog dušmana“. Postoji [[Kultura Rusije|ruska]] [[izreka]] „nagaziti na iste grablje“ ({{lang-ru|nastupitь na te že grabli}}), što znači „ponoviti istu glupu grešku“, takođe reč „grabulja“ ({{lang-ru|grabli}}) u ruskom slengu znači „nevolje“.

== Teške grablje ==

Ova vrsta grabulja služi za kondicioniranje i uklanjanje tla, kao i za pomeranje većih komada otpada. Većina korova ima slabije i pliće korenje od trave, tako da se odvaja zajedno sa (naknadno) neophodnom sunčevom svetlošću, đubrivom i semenom, a ako je kasnije potrebno i bilo kakvim hemikalijama za popravku, čini dobar travni usev. Veći alati (ili priključci za kosilice) se češće koriste za velike površine odslamljivanja ili pripreme tla. Međutim, akcija ogoljenja tla i izlaganja suncu nije dobra i crvima to ne pogoduje. Nakon toga tlo treba da bude zaštićeno slamom. Alati za aeraciju zemljišta ne uklanjaju korov, već pripremaju zemljište bez izlaganja.<ref name=encyclopedia>[https://books.google.com/books?id=627Qopsj7bsC Encyclopedia of Soil Science]</ref><ref name="Arora">{{cite book| first=K. R. | last=Arora | title=Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering | year=2009 | url=https://archive.org/details/soilmechanicsfou0000aror }}</ref><ref name="psz">{{cite journal | last1=Li| first1=S|  title= Dynamics of Viscous Entrapped Saturated Zones in Partially Wetted Porous Media | journal= Transport in Porous Media | year=2018 | volume=125| issue= 2| pages= 193–210| doi= 10.1007/s11242-018-1113-3 | arxiv=1802.07387| s2cid=53323967}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sitharam |first=T G |title=Geotechnical Engineering |page=89 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-8121924573 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PezuwUn_tKoC&q=%22square+of+the+net+void+ratio%22&pg=PA89 |accessdate=August 14, 2019 |via=GoogleBooks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cescientist.com/ | title=Civil Engineering Scientists | accessdate=11 November 2014 | archive-date=11. 06. 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611050547/http://cescientist.com/ | url-status= }}</ref>

== Plastika ili metal ==

Svaki od ovih metala ima prednosti i nedostatke. Plastične grabulje su generalno manje težine i niže cene. Pošto se mogu proizvoditi u širinama većih dimenzija, pogodnije su za listove koji su nedavno nataloženi. Metalni zupci su pogodniji za prolećno grabljenje kada su ostaci često mokri ili truli i najbolje se mogu prikupiti kada metalni zupci prodru do sloja slame.

== Reference ==
{{reflist|}}

== Literatura ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|title=The Forest Farms of Kandy: And Other Gardens of Complete Design|author=Douglas John McConnell|year=2003|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYBSfUJPQXcC&pg=PA1|isbn=9780754609582}}
* {{cite book|title=The forest-garden farms of Kandy, Sri Lanka|author=Douglas John McConnell|year=1992|page= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3QPo7lThXsC&pg=PA1|isbn=9789251028988}}
* {{cite book|last=Ryrie|first=Charlie|title=The Cottage Garden: How to Plan and Plant a Garden That Grows Itself|publisher=[[Collins & Brown]]|year=2004|page= |isbn=978-1-84340-216-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VfO_WIAx0wC&pg=PA7}}
* {{cite book|last=Scott-James|first=Anne|author2=Osbert Lancaster|title=The Pleasure Garden: An Illustrated History of British Gardening|publisher=[[Frances Lincoln Publishers]]|year=2004|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/pleasuregardenil0000scot|isbn=978-0-7112-2360-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Lloyd|first=Christopher|author2=Richard Bird|others=Jacqui Hurst|title=The Cottage Garden|url=https://archive.org/details/cottagegarden0000unse|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=1999|pages=|isbn=978-0-7513-0702-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Illustrated History of Landscape Design|author=Boults, Elizabeth and Chip Sullivan|publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-470-28933-4|page=}}
* {{Cite journal|date=2017-03-01|title=Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|language=en|volume=5|pages=92–99|doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.11.007|issn=2211-3355|doi-access=free|last1=Soga|first1=Masashi|last2=Gaston|first2=Kevin J.|last3=Yamaura|first3=Yuichi|pmid=27981022|pmc=5153451}}
* {{Cite web|date=2020-05-18|title=8 Surprising Health Benefits of Gardening {{!}} UNC Health Talk|url=https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/health-benefits-of-gardening/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=healthtalk.unchealthcare.org|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web|last=Biddle|first=Sarah|date=2020-06-12|title=Gardens Simultaneously Calm and Reinvigorate|url=https://objectivestandard.org/blog/gardens-simultaneously-calm-and-reinvigorate|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Objective Standard Institute|language=en-US}}
* {{cite book |last=Ziller |first=Reinhart |title=Der Pflug. Geschichtliche Entwicklung und praktische Anwendung [The plough. Historical development and practical application"] |location=Stuttgart |year=1974 |language=German |url=http://www.schulgarten.ch/texte/Pflug.pdf |ref=Zil74 |access-date=2008-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125642/http://schulgarten.ch/texte/Pflug.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-29 |url-status=dead }}  "
* [[Fernand Braudel]], S. Reynolds (trans.) ''Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Vol. I: The Structure of Everyday Life'', University of California Press (1982), [https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgVp3vMOjcC&pg=PA175 p. 175].
* {{cite book |last=Pingali |first=Prabhu |author2=Bigot, Yves |author3=Binswanger, Hans P.  |title=Agricultural Mechanization and the Evolution of Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore • London | year=1987 |isbn=0-8018-3502-X |format=plain text |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/04/05/000178830_98101911020037/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt |ref=PBB87}}
* {{cite book|author=Wood, Brian J. B.|title=Microbiology of fermented foods Volume 1&2|year=1998|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=978-0-7514-0216-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/microbiologyoffe0001unse/page/73 73]|url=https://archive.org/details/microbiologyoffe0001unse/page/73}}
* {{cite book|editor=George, J. Ronald|title=Extension publications : forage and grain crops|year=1994|publisher=Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co.|location=Dubuque, Iowa|isbn=0840393415|edition=8th}}
* {{cite web|title=Intensive crops for high quality silage from one to five years|url=https://www.cotswoldseeds.com/articles/articles/16/intensive-crops-for-high-quality-%3Cdfn%3E%3Cabbr%20title=%27a%20grass%20seed%20mixture,%20designed%20primarily%20for%20cutting%20and%20making%20silage,%20haylage%20or%20hay.%27%3Esilage%3C/knowledgehub.asp|website=Cotswold Grass Seeds Direct|access-date=26 April 2019}}
* {{cite journal|author=Bolsen, K. K.|author2=Ashbell, =G.|author3=Weinberg, Z. G.|date=1996-10-01|title=Silage fermentation and silage additives|journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences|volume=9|issue=5|pages=483–494|doi=10.5713/ajas.1996.483|issn=1011-2367|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|author=Buchanan-Smith, J. G.|title=An investigation into palatability as a factor responsible for reduced intake of silage by sheep|journal=Animal Production|year=2010|volume=50 |issue=2|pages=253–260 |doi= 10.1017/S0003356100004700 }}

{{refend}}

== Vanjske veze ==
{{Commonscat|Rakes}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.localhistories.org/gardening.html| title=A Brief History of Gardening|access-date= 2010-06-04}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.communitygarden.org/learn/ |publisher=American Community Garden Association |year=2007 |title=What is a community garden? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204082111/http://www.communitygarden.org/learn/ |archive-date=4 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }}

{{normativna kontrola}}

[[Kategorija:Poljoprivredni alati]]
[[Kategorija:Hortikultura]]

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Izvor: https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabulje