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{{about|преселективной коробке передач разработанной в Volkswagen Group|преселективных коробках передач в целом|Преселективная коробка передач}}
[[Файл:VW DSG transmission DTMB.jpg|thumb|right|Детальный вид преселективной коробки передач [[Volkswagen Group]] 6-ступенчатой DSG. Многодисковые концентрические муфты были срезаны, вместе с модулем [[Мехатроника|мехатроники]]. На изображении виден, [[Вал отбора мощности|вал оборота мощности]] распределения крутящего момента, на заднюю ось для [[Полный привод|полно приводных]] автомобилей. — ''[[commons:File:VW DSG transmission DTMB.jpg|Просмотр изображения с аннотациями]]]]
[[Файл:Dual-clutch transmission.svg|thumb|right|Принципиальная схема коробок передач с двойным сцеплением]]
[[Файл:Cambio a doppia frizione.svg|thumb|right|Преселективная коробка передач: <br>
M: Двигатель <br>
A: Первичная передача<br>
B: Двойное сципление<br>
C: Вал<br>
D: Вторичный вал, четные передачи <br>
E: Вторичный вал, нечетные передач <br>
F: Передача крутящего момента]]

'''Коробка с прямым переключением передач''' ({{lang-en|Direct-Shift Gearbox}} {{lang-de|Direkt-Schalt-Getriebe}}<ref>{{citation|title=Volkswagen Service Training Manual 308 - 02E 6-speed DSG}}</ref>), более известная по своей аббревиатуре '''DSG''',<ref name=VMS>{{cite press release|title=Volkswagen DSG - World's first dual-clutch gearbox in a production car|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Group / Volkswagen AG]]|work=Volkswagen-Media-Services.com|date=22 ноября 2002|url=https://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2002/11/22/volkswagen_dsg_-_world.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html|accessdate=19 марта 2014|lang=en}}</ref><ref name=AboutCars>{{cite web|title=Twin Clutch / Direct Shift Gearbox (DSG) - What it is, how it works|url=http://cars.about.com/od/thingsyouneedtoknow/a/ag_howDSGworks.htm|work=Cars.About.com|accessdate=19 марта 2014|lang=en}}</ref> — это трансмиссия с электронным управлением [[Преселективная коробка передач|двойным сциплением]]<ref name=VMS/> имеющее несколько валов [[Механическая коробка передач|механической коробки]], в конструкции которой — отсутствует педаль [[Сцепление (механика)|сцепления]],<ref name=AutoZineTech>{{cite web|author=Марк Ван|title=Transmission - Twin-Clutch Gearbox|url=http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/gearbox/tech_gear_manual.htm#Twin-Clutch Gearbox|publisher=AutoZine Technical School|work=AutoZine.org|accessdate=19 марта 2014|lang=en}}</ref> и с полностью автоматическим,<ref name=VMS/> или роботизированным управлением. Первые коробки с двойным сцеплением устанавливались [[Porsche]] на гоночные автомобили в 1980-х годах.

В простом понимании, DSG является соединением двух механических коробок (и сцеплениея), в одном корпусе, работающих как единое целое.<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=DCTfactsHow>{{cite web|title=How the Dual Clutch Transmission Works|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/widc_pg3a.asp|publisher=The Lubrizol Corporation|work=DCTfacts.com|year=2009|accessdate=19 марта 2014|lang=en}}</ref> Была разработана компанией {{нп3|BorgWarner|||BorgWarner}} ,<ref name=AutoZineTech/> и первоначально производилась по выданной лицензии [[Volkswagen Group]], при поддержке {{нп3|IAV GmbH|||IAV}}. С помощью двух независимых [[Сцепление (механика)|сцеплений]],<ref name=VMS/><ref name=DCTfactsHow/> DSG более быстро и плавно переключает передачи,<ref name=VMS/><ref name=DCTfactsHow/> за счёт отсутствия [[Гидродинамическая передача|гидротрансформатора]] обычной [[Автоматическая трансмиссия|автоматической коробки передач]].<ref name=VMS/>

== Описание ==

=== Поперечный DSG ===
At the time of launch in 2003<ref name=VMS/><ref name=VWAG7>{{cite web|title=The 7-speed DSG - the intelligent automatic gearbox from Volkswagen|publisher=[[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Group / Volkswagen AG]]|work=VolkswagenAG.com|date=21 January 2008|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/themes/2008/01/the_7speed_dsg.html|accessdate=3 November 2009|quote= }}</ref> — it became the world’s first dual clutch transmission in a series production car,<ref name=VMS/><ref name=VWAG7/> in the German-market [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4#R32|Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32]]<ref name=VMS/><ref name=VWAG7/> and shortly afterwards, worldwide in the original [[Audi TT]] 3.2;<ref name=DCTfactsVWAG>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Group extends reach of dual clutch transmissions|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/hmStory6a.asp|work=DCTfacts.com|publisher=The Lubrizol Corporation|date=8 May 2009|accessdate=27 October 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and for the first few years of production, this original DSG transmission was only available in [[transverse engine|transversely]] oriented<ref name=VMS/> [[front-engine design|front-engine]], [[front-wheel-drive]] — or [[Haldex Traction]]-based [[four-wheel-drive]] [[automobile layout|vehicle layouts]].

The first DSG transaxle that went into production for the Volkswagen Group mainstream marques had six forward speeds (and one reverse),<ref name=VWAG7/><ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/> and used wet/submerged multi-plate clutch packs<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AutoZineTech/> (Volkswagen Group internal code: DQ250, parts code prefix: 02E).<ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/><ref name=ETKA>[[ETKA]]{{Clarify|date=April 2010|reason=This is not a proper reference citation.Use {{tl|Cite web}} or similar to provide source details.}}</ref> It has been paired to engines with up to {{convert|350|N·m|lbft|abbr=on}} of torque,<ref name=VWAG7/><ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/> and the two-wheel-drive version weighs {{convert|93|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. It is [[list of Volkswagen Group factories|manufactured at Volkswagen Group’s]] [[Kassel]] plant,<ref name=VMS/> with a daily production output of 1,500 units.<ref name=VWAG7/>

At the start of 2008, another world first,<ref name=VWAG7/> an additional {{convert|70|kg|lb|abbr=on}} seven-speed DSG transaxle<ref name=VWAG7/> (Volkswagen Group internal code: DQ200, parts code prefix: 0AM)<ref name=ETKA/><ref>{{citation|title=Volkswagen Service Training Manual 390 - 0AM 7-speed DSG}}</ref><ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus>{{cite web|title=Golf Plus on the Road|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/otr_pg1.asp|publisher=The Lubrizol Corporation|work=DCTfacts.com|year=2009|accessdate=28 October 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> became available. It differs from the six-speed DSG, in that it uses two single-plate dry clutches (of similar diameter).<ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> This clutch pack was designed by LuK Clutch Systems, LLC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lukclutch.com/content.schaeffler_as.us/us/press/press-releases/press-details.jsp?id=2877676|title=LuK Dual Dry Clutch 7-Speed DSG Gearbox in volume production at Volkswagen|publisher=Schaeffler Group USA Inc., BÜHL, GERMANY|work=LuKclutch.com|date=13 February 2008|accessdate=27 October 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> This seven-speed DSG is used in smaller [[front-wheel-drive]] cars with smaller displacement engines with lower [[torque]] outputs,<ref name=VWAG7/><ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/><ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> such as the latest [[Volkswagen Golf]],<ref name=VWAG7/><ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> [[Volkswagen Polo Mk5]],<ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> and the new [[SEAT Ibiza]],<ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/> due to it having a maximum torque handling capacity of {{convert|250|N·m|lbft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=VWAG7/> It has considerably less oil capacity than the six-speed DQ250; this new DQ200 uses just {{convert|1.7|l|2}} of transmission fluid.<ref name=VWAG7/>

In September 2010, VW launched a new seven-speed DSG built to support {{convert|500|N·m|lbft|abbr=on}}, the DQ500. Its first use was in the Audi TT-RS.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}<ref>http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/themes/2010/01/dsg_the_new_dq500.html</ref>

=== Продольный DSG ===
In late 2008, an all-new seven-speed longitudinal<ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/><ref name=DCTfactsAudi7>{{cite web|title=Inside Audi’s premium DCT|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/indusIn_pg3.asp|publisher=The Lubrizol Corporation|work=DCTfacts.com|date=8 May 2009|accessdate=27 October 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> '''S tronic'''<ref name=DCTfactsAudi7/> version of the DSG transaxle went into series production (Volkswagen Group internal code: DL501, parts code prefix: 0B5).<ref name=ETKA/> Initially, from early 2009, it is only used in certain [[Audi]] cars, and only with [[longitudinal engine|longitudinally mounted engines]]. Like the original six-speed DSG, it features a [[concentric]] dual wet multi-plate clutch.<ref name=DCTfactsAudi7/> However, this particular variant uses notably more plates — the larger outer clutch (for the odd-numbered gears) uses 10 plates, whereas the smaller inner clutch (driving even-numbered gears and reverse) uses 12 plates.<ref name=DCTfactsAudi7/> Another notable change over the original transverse DSGs is the lubrication system<ref name=DCTfactsLubes>{{cite web|title=Special Transmissions Need Special Lubricants|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/hmStory2a.asp|publisher=The Lubrizol Corporation|work=DCTfacts.com|year=2009|accessdate=28 October 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=dctSpecialLubes /> — Audi now utilise two totally separate oil circuits.<ref name=DCTfactsAudi7/> One oil circuit, consisting of {{convert|7.5|l|2}}, lubricates the hydraulic clutches and mechatronics with fully synthetic specialist [[automatic transmission fluid]] (ATF),<ref name=DCTfactsAudi7/> whilst the other oil circuit lubricates the gear trains and front and centre [[differential (mechanical device)|differentials]] with {{convert|4.3|l|2}} of conventional [[spiral bevel gear|hypoid]] [[gear oil]].<ref name=DCTfactsAudi7/> This dual circuit lubrication is aimed at increasing overall reliability, due to eliminating cross-contamination of debris and wear particles.<ref name=DCTfactsAudi7/> It has a torque handling limit of up to {{convert|600|N·m|lbft|abbr=on}},<ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/> and engine power outputs of up to {{convert|330|kW|PS bhp|lk=on|abbr=on}}.<ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/> It has a total mass, including all lubricants and the dual-mass flywheel of {{convert|141.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/>

This was initially available in their [[quattro (all wheel drive system)|quattro]] [[all-wheel-drive]] variants,<ref name=ETKA/> and is very similar to the new [[ZF Friedrichshafen]]-supplied<ref name=ZF_PDK>{{cite web|title=ZF 7-speed dual clutch transmission|url=http://www.zf.com/corporate/en/products/product_range/cars/cars_7_speed_dual_clutch_transmission.shtml|publisher=[[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen AG]]|work=ZF.com|accessdate=28 October 2009}}</ref> ''[[Porsche]] Doppel-Kupplung'' (PDK).<ref name=DCTfactsPorsche>{{cite web|title=Top 911 moves to industry-standard shift controls|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/lnws_pg12a.asp|publisher=The Lubrizol Corporation|work=DCTfacts.com|date=24 September 2009|accessdate=27 October 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Porsche Joins the DCT Set|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/hmStory3.asp|publisher=The Lubrizol Corporation|work=DCTfacts.com|date= |accessdate=28 October 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

== Оперативное представление ==
The [[internal combustion engine]] drives two [[clutch]] packs.<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AutoZineTech/><ref name=DCTfactsHow/> The outer clutch pack drives gears 1, 3, 5<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AutoZineTech/> (and 7 when fitted), and reverse<ref name=VMS/> — the outer clutch pack has a larger diameter compared to the inner clutch, and can therefore handle greater torque loadings. The inner clutch pack drives gears 2, 4, and 6.<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AutoZineTech/> Instead of a standard large dry single-plate clutch, each clutch pack for the six-speed DSG is a collection of four small wet interleaved clutch plates (similar to a [[motorcycle]] wet multi-plate clutch). Due to space constraints, the two clutch assemblies are [[concentric]], and the shafts within the gearbox are hollow and also concentric.<ref name=DCTfactsHow/> Because the alternate clutch pack’s gear-sets can be pre-selected<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AutoZineTech/><ref name=DCTfactsHow/> (predictive shifts enabled via the 'unused' section of the gearbox), un-powered time while shifting is avoided<ref name=VMS/><ref name=DCTfactsHow/> because the transmission of torque is simply switched from one clutch-pack to the other.<ref name=VMS/> This means that the DSG takes only about 8 [[millisecond]]s to upshift.<ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=AutoZineTech/> In comparison, the [[sequential manual transmission]] (SMT) in the [[Ferrari F430|Ferrari F430 Scuderia]] takes 60 milliseconds to shift,<ref>{{cite web|author=Mark Wan|title=Ferrari F430 Scuderia|url=http://www.autozine.org/html/Ferrari/F430.html#Scuderia|work=AutoZine.org|date=17 October 2007|accessdate=27 October 2009}}</ref> or 150 milliseconds in the Ferrari Enzo.<ref name=AboutCars/> The quoted time for upshifts is the time the wheels are completely non-powered.

=== Положения рычага КПП ===
The direct-shift gearbox uses a floor-mounted [[gear stick|transmission shift lever]], very similar to that of a conventional automatic transmission.<ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> The lever is operated in a straight 'fore and aft' plane (without any '[[dog leg gearbox|dog-leg]]' offset movements), and uses an additional button to help prevent an inadvertent selection of an inappropriate shift lever position.

==== «P» ====
'''P''' position of the floor-mounted gear shift lever means that the transmission is set in «[[parking pawl|Park]]». Both [[clutch]] packs are fully disengaged, all [[gear train|gear-sets]] are disengaged, and a solid mechanical transmission 'lock' is applied to the crown wheel of the DSG’s internal [[differential (mechanical device)|differential]]. This position must only be used when the [[motor vehicle]] is [[:wikt:stationary|stationary]]. Furthermore, this is the position which must be set on the shift lever before the vehicle [[key (lock)#Car key|ignition key]] can be removed.

==== «N» ====
'''N''' position of the floor-mounted shift lever means that the transmission is in «[[Transmission (mechanics)|neutral]]». Similar to '''P''' above, both clutch packs and all gear-sets are fully disengaged, however the parking lock is disengaged.

==== Режим «D» ====
Whilst the motor vehicle is stationary and in neutral ('''N'''), the [[driving|driver]] can select '''D''' for «drive» (after first pressing the foot [[brake]] [[automobile pedal|pedal]]). The transmission’s reverse gear is selected on the first shaft K1,<ref name=AboutCars/> and the outer clutch K2 engages at the ''start'' of the 'bite point'. At the same time, on the alternate gear shaft, the reverse gear clutch K1 is also selected<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AboutCars/> (pre-selected), as the gearbox doesn’t know whether the driver wants to go forward or reverse. The clutch pack for second gear (K2) gets ready to engage. When the driver releases the brake pedal, the K2 clutch pack increases the clamping force, allowing the second gear to take up the drive through an increase of the 'bite point', and thereby transferring the torque from the engine through the transmission to the drive shafts and road wheels, causing the vehicle to move forward. Depressing the [[throttle|accelerator]] pedal engages the clutch and causes an increase of forward vehicle speed. Pressing the throttle pedal to the floor (hard acceleration) will cause the gearbox to «kick down» to first gear to provide the acceleration associated with first, although there will be a slight hesitation while the gearbox deselects second gear and selects first gear. As the vehicle accelerates, the transmission’s computer determines when the second gear (which is connected to the second clutch) should be fully used. Depending on the vehicle speed and amount of engine power being requested by the driver (determined by the position of the throttle pedal),<ref name=AutoZineTech/> the DSG then up-shifts. During this sequence, the DSG disengages the first outer clutch whilst simultaneously engaging the second inner clutch<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=AutoZineTech/> (all power from the engine is now going through the second shaft), thus completing the shift sequence. This sequence happens in 8 milliseconds (aided by pre-selection),<ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=AutoZineTech/> and can happen even with full throttle opening, and as a result, there is virtually no power loss.<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AutoZineTech/>

Once the vehicle has completed the shift to second gear, the first gear is immediately de-selected, and third gear (being on the same shaft as 1st and 5th) is pre-selected,<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=AutoZineTech/> and is pending. Once the time comes to shift into 3rd, the second clutch disengages and the first clutch re-engages.<ref name=VMS/> This method of operation continues in the same manner for the remaining forward gears.

Downshifting is similar to up-shifting but in reverse order, and is slower, at 600 milliseconds, due to the engine’s [[Electronic Control Unit]], or ECU, needing to 'blip' the throttle so that the engine [[crankshaft]] speed can match the appropriate gear shaft speed.<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AutoZineTech/> The car’s computer senses the car slowing down, or more power required (during acceleration), and thus engages a lower gear on the shaft not in use, and then completes the downshift.

The actual shift points are determined by the DSG’s transmission ECU, which commands a hydro-mechanical unit.<ref name=VMS/> The transmission ECU, combined with the hydro-mechanical unit, are collectively called a «[[mechatronics]]»<ref name=VMS/> unit or module. Because the DSG’s ECU uses «[[fuzzy logic]]», the operation of the DSG is said to be «[[adaptive]]» ;{{dubious|date=July 2013}} that is, the DSG will «learn» how the user drives the car, and will progressively tailor the shift points accordingly to suit the habits of the driver.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

In the vehicle instrument display, between the [[speedometer]] and [[tachometer]], the available shift-lever positions are shown, the current position of the shift-lever is highlighted (emboldened), and the current gear ratio in use is also displayed as a number.

Under «normal», progressive and linear [[acceleration]] and deceleration, the DSG shifts in a «[[sequential gearbox|sequential]]» manner, i.e. under acceleration: 1st > 2nd > 3rd > 4th > 5th > 6th; and the same sequence reversed for deceleration. However, the DSG can also skip the normal sequential method, by 'missing out' adjacent gears, and shift two or more gears.<ref name=AboutCars/> This is most apparent if the car is being driven at sedate speeds in one of the higher gears with a light throttle opening, and the accelerator pedal is then pressed down, engaging the «[[kick-down]]» function. During kick-down, the DSG will skip gears,<ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> shifting directly to the most appropriate gear depending on speed and throttle opening. This kick-down may be engaged by any increased accelerator pedal opening, and is completely independent of the additional resistance to be found when the pedal is pressed fully to the floor, which will activate a similar kick-down function when in Manual operation mode. The seven-speed unit in the 2007 Audi variants will not automatically shift to 6th gear; rather, it stays at 5th to keep power available at a high RPM while cruising.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

When the floor-mounted gear selector lever is in position '''D''', the DSG works in fully automatic mode,<ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=DCTfactsHow/> with emphasis placed on gear shifts programmed to deliver maximum [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]].<ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> That means that shifts will change up and down very early in the rev-range. As an example, on the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5#Mk5 GTI|Volkswagen Golf Mk5 GTI]], sixth gear will be engaged around {{convert|52|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, when initially using the DSG transmission with the 'default' ECU adaptation — although with an «aggressive» or «sporty» driving style, the adaptive shift pattern will increase the vehicle speed at which sixth gear engages.

==== Режим «S» ====
The floor selector lever also has an '''S''' position.<ref name=VMS/> When '''S''' is selected, «sport» mode<ref name=VMS/> is activated in the DSG. Sport mode still functions as a fully automatic mode,<ref name=AboutCars/> identical in operation to '''«D»''' mode, but upshifts and downshifts are made much higher up the engine rev-range.<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> This aids a more sporty driving manner,<ref name=VMS/> by utilising considerably more of the available [[motive power|engine power]], and also maximising [[engine braking]]. However, this mode does have a detrimental effect on the vehicle [[fuel consumption]], when compared to '''D''' mode. This mode may not be ideal to use when wanting to drive in a 'sedate' manner; nor when road conditions are very slippery, due to ice, snow or torrential rain — because loss of tire traction may be experienced (wheel spin during acceleration, and may also result in roadwheel locking during downshifts at high engine rpms under closed throttle). On 4motion or quattro-equipped vehicles this may be partially offset by the drivetrain maintaining full-time engagement of the rear differential in 'S' mode, so power distribution under loss of front-wheel traction may be marginally improved.

'''S''' is highlighted in the instrument display, and like '''D''' mode, the currently used gear ratio is also displayed as a number.

==== «R» ====
'''R''' position of the floor-mounted shift lever means that the transmission is in «reverse». This functions in a similar way to '''D''', but there is just one 'reverse gear'. When selected, '''R''' is highlighted in the instrument display.

==== Ручной режим ====
Additionally, the floor shift lever also has another plane of operation, for '''manual'''<ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=DCTfactsHow/> mode, with spring-loaded '''«+»''' and '''«−»''' positions. This plane is selected by moving the stick away from the driver (in vehicles with the driver’s seat on the right, the lever is pushed to the left, and in [[left-hand drive]] cars, the stick is pushed to the right) when in '''«D»''' mode only. When this plane is selected, the DSG can now be controlled like a [[manual transmission|manual gearbox]], albeit only under a [[sequential manual transmission|sequential shift pattern]].

In most (VW) applications, the readout in the instrument display changes to '''6''' '''5''' '''4''' '''3''' '''2''' '''1''', and just like the automatic modes, the currently used gear ratio is highlighted or emboldened. In other versions (e.g. on the Audi TT) the display shows just '''M''' followed by the gear currently selected, e.g. '''M1''', '''M2''' etc.

To change up a gear, the lever is pushed forward (against a spring pressure) towards the '''«+»''', and to change down, the lever is pulled rearward towards the '''«−»'''. The DSG transmission can now be operated with the gear changes being (primarily) determined by the driver. This method of operation is commonly called «[[tiptronic]]».<ref name=VMS/> In the interests of engine preservation, when accelerating in Manual/tiptronic mode, the DSG will still automatically change up just before the [[redline]], and when decelerating, it will change down automatically at very low revs, just before the engine [[idle speed]] (tickover). Furthermore, if the driver calls for a gear when it is not appropriate (e.g.: requesting a downshift when engine speed is near the redline) the DSG will not change to the driver’s requested gear.<ref name=AboutCars/>

Current variants of the DSG will still downshift to the lowest possible gear ratio when the [[kick-down]] button is activated during full throttle whilst in manual mode. In Manual mode this kick-down is only activated by an additional button at the bottom of the accelerator pedal travel; unless this is pressed the DSG will not downshift, and will simply perform a full-throttle acceleration in whatever gear was previously being utilised.

===== Переключатели =====
Initially available on certain high-powered cars, and those with a «sporty» trim level — such as those using the 2.0 [[turbocharger|T]][[gasoline direct injection|FSI]] and 3.2/3.6 [[VR6 engine]]s<ref name=VMS/> — [[steering wheel]]-mounted '''paddle shifters'''<ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=DCTfactsHow/> were available. However, these are now being offered (either as a standard inclusive fitment, or as a factory optional extra) on virtually all DSG-equipped cars, throughout all model ranges, including lesser power output applications, such as the 105 PS [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5#Golf Plus|Volkswagen Golf Plus]].<ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/>

These operate in an identical manner as the floor mounted shift lever when it is placed across the gate in manual mode. The paddle shifters have two distinct advantages: the driver can safely keep both hands on the steering wheel when using the Manual/tiptronic mode; and the driver can temporarily [[manual override|manually override]] either of the automatic programmes ('''D''' or '''S'''),<ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> and gain instant manual control of the DSG transmission<ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> (within the [[#Manual mode|above]] described constraints).

If the paddle-shift activated manual override of one of the automatic modes ('''D''' or '''S''') is used intermittently the DSG transmission will default back to the previously selected automatic mode after a predetermined duration of inactivity of the paddles, or when the vehicle becomes stationary. Alternatively, should the driver wish to immediately revert to fully automatic control, this can be done by activating and holding the '''«+»''' paddle<ref name=DCTfactsGolfPlus/> for at least two seconds.

== Преимущества и недостатки ==
{{procon|date=November 2012}}

;Преимущества
* Better fuel economy<ref name=VMS/><ref name=VWAG7/> (up to 15 % improvement) than conventional planetary geared automatic transmission (due to lower parasitic losses from oil churning)<ref name=DCTfactsHow/> and for some models with manual transmissions;<ref name=VMS/>
* No loss of torque transmission from the engine to the driving wheels during gear shifts;<ref name=VMS/><ref name=AutoZineTech/><ref name=DCTfactsHow/>
* Short up-[[shift time]] of 8 milliseconds when shifting to a gear the alternate gear shaft has preselected;<ref name=AboutCars/><ref name=AutoZineTech/>
* Smooth gear-shift operations;<ref name=AutoZineTech/><ref name=DCTfactsHow/>
* Consistent down-shift time of 600 milliseconds, regardless of throttle or operational mode;<ref name=AutoZineTech/>

;Недостатки
* Achieving no acceleration or hill climbing, while avoiding engine speeds higher than a certain limit (e.g. 3000 or 4000 RPM), is difficult since it requires avoiding triggering the kick-down-switch. Avoiding triggering the kick-down-switch requires a good feel of the throttle pedal, but use of full throttle can still be achieved with a little sensitivity as the kick-down button is only activated beyond the normal full opening of the accelerator pedal.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}
* Marginally worse overall mechanical efficiency compared to a conventional manual transmission, especially on wet-clutch variants (due to electronics and hydraulic systems);<ref name=DCTfactsHow/>
* Expensive specialist transmission fluids/lubricants with dedicated additives are required, which need regular changes;<ref name=DCTfactsLubes/><ref name=dctSpecialLubes>{{cite web|title=Special Transmissions Need Special Lubricants|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/information/special-lubricants.aspx|work=DCTFacts.com|accessdate=15 May 2011}}</ref>
* Relatively expensive to manufacture,{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} and therefore increases new vehicle purchase price;
* Relatively lengthy shift time when shifting to a gear ratio which the transmission ECU did not anticipate (around 1100 ms, depending on the situation);<ref name=AutoZineTech/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/how-dual-clutch-transmissions-work-5458.html|title=How Dual-Clutch Transmissions Work|publisher=SoftNews NET|work=AutoEvolution.com|date=31 March 2009|accessdate=30 October 2009}}</ref>
* Torque handling capability constraints perceive a limit on after-market engine tuning modifications (though many tuners and users have now greatly exceeded the official torque limits.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}); Later variants have been fitted to more powerful cars, such as the 300 bhp/350Nm VW R36 and the 272 bp/350 Nm Audi TTS.
* Heavier than a comparable [[Getrag]] conventional manual transmission ({{convert|75|kg|lb|abbr=on}} vs. {{convert|47.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}});

== Применение ==
{{эта статья|applications of similar transmissions in other vehicles beyond [[Volkswagen Group]]s '''DSG''' and '''S tronic'''|dual clutch transmission}}
[[Volkswagen Group]] vehicles with the DSG gearbox include:<ref name=ETKA/>

=== [[Audi]] ===
After originally using the 'DSG' moniker, Audi subsequently renamed their direct-shift gearbox to «'''S tronic'''».
* [[Audi TT]]
* [[Audi A1]]
* [[Audi A3]]
* [[Audi S3]]
* [[Audi A4#B8|Audi A4 (B8)]]<ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/><ref name=DCTfactsAudi7/>
* [[Audi S4#B8|Audi S4 (B8)]]<ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/><ref name=DCTfactsAudi7/>
* [[Audi A5]]
* [[Audi A7]]
* [[Audi A8#D4|Audi A8 (D4)]]
* [[Audi Q5]]<ref name=DCTfactsVWAG/><ref name=DCTfactsAudi7/>
* [[Audi R8]] facelift

=== [[Bugatti]] ===
* [[Bugatti Veyron|Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4]]<ref name=VWAG7/> (developed by [[Ricardo Consulting Engineers|Ricardo]]<ref name=DCTfactsRicardo>{{cite web|title=Ricardo Extends DCT Production for Open-top Bugatti|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/hmStory2b.asp|publisher=The Lubrizol Corporation|work=DCTfacts.com|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=28 October 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> rather than Borg Warner)

=== [[SEAT]] ===
* [[SEAT Ibiza]]
* [[SEAT León]]
* [[SEAT Altea]]
* [[SEAT Toledo]]
* [[SEAT Alhambra]]

=== [[Škoda Auto|Škoda]] ===
* [[Škoda Fabia#5J|Škoda Fabia]]
* [[Škoda Octavia]]
* [[Škoda Rapid (2012)]]
* [[Škoda Roomster]]
* [[Škoda Superb|Škoda Superb II]]
* [[Škoda Yeti]]

=== [[Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]] ===
* [[Volkswagen Polo Mk5|Volkswagen Polo]]
* [[Volkswagen Golf|Volkswagen Golf, GTI, TDI, R32]]<ref name=VMS/><ref name=VWAG7/>
* [[Volkswagen Jetta|Volkswagen Jetta & Bora]]
* [[Volkswagen Eos]]
* [[Volkswagen Touran]]<ref name=VWAG7/>
* [[Volkswagen New Beetle]]
* Volkswagen New Beetle Convertible
* [[Volkswagen Passat]] and [[Volkswagen Passat#Passat R36|R36]]
* [[Volkswagen CC]]
* [[Volkswagen Sharan#Second generation .282010-.29|Volkswagen Sharan]]
* [[Volkswagen Scirocco#3rd generation|Volkswagen Scirocco]]
* [[Volkswagen Tiguan]] 2011
* [[Volkswagen Passat]]

=== [[Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles]] ===
* [[Volkswagen Caddy]] car-derived van
* [[Volkswagen Transporter (T5)]] medium van<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen (Commercial Vehicles) medium van is first with DCT|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/dcmarket_pg4.asp|publisher=The Lubrizol Corporation|work=DCTfacts.com|date=24 September 2009|accessdate=27 October 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

== Технические проблемы ==
The 7-speed DQ200 and 6-speed DQ250 gearboxes sometimes suffer from power-loss (gear disengaging) due to [[short-circuit]]ing of wires caused by a build-up of sulphur in the transmission oil.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/executive-living/volkswagen-in-damage-limitation-mode-after-recalls/story-fngmee2f-1226664115767 | work=The Australian | title=Volkswagen in damage limitation mode after recalls | date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

=== США ===
In August 2009, Volkswagen of America issued two recalls of DSG-equipped vehicles. The first involved 13,500 vehicles,<ref name=NYT13>{{cite web|title=VW DSG Transmission Problem Leads to Recall|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/vw-dsg-transmission-problem-leads-to-recall/|work=wheels.blogs.nytimes.com|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|date=21 August 2009|accessdate=30 November 2009 | first=Christopher | last=Jensen}}</ref> and was to address unplanned shifts to the neutral gear,<ref name=NYT13/> while the second involved similar problems (by then attributed to faulty temperature sensors) and applied to 53,300 vehicles.<ref name=NYT13/><ref name=NYT53>{{cite web|title=VW Has More Problems With Its DSG Transmission|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/28/vw-has-more-problems-with-its-dsg-transmission/|work=wheels.blogs.nytimes.com|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|date=28 August 2009|accessdate=30 November 2009 | first=Richard S. | last=Chang}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen will repair DSG transmissions on 53,300 vehicles|url=http://blog.caranddriver.com/volkswagen-will-repair-dsg-transmissions-on-53300-vehicles/|publisher=Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S., Inc.,|work=Blog.CarAndDriver.com|date=28 August 2009|accessdate=27 October 2009}}</ref> These recalls arose as a result of investigations carried out by the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA),<ref name=NHTSA>[http://nhthqnwws112.odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/docservlet/Artemis/Public/Pursuits/2009/PE/INOA-PE09035-36241.pdf ODI Resume - Volkswagen of America, Inc., 2008-2009 Volkswagen EOS, GTI, Jetta and R32 with DSG transmission], [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]], Retrieved 30 November 2009. ''The direct shift gearbox can malfunction at any speed and cause the vehicle to lose motive power suddenly and without warning''</ref> where owners reported to the NHTSA a loss of power whilst driving.<ref name=NYT13/> This investigation preliminary found only 2008 and 2009 [[model year]] vehicles as being affected.<ref name=NYT13/><ref name=NHTSA/>

=== Китай ===
Since 2009 there have been widespread concerns from Chinese consumers particularly among the online community, who expressed that Volkswagen has failed to respond to complaints about defects in its DSG-equipped vehicles. Typical issues associated with 6-speed DSG include abnormal noise and inability to change gear; while issues associated with 7-speed DSG include abnormal noise, excessive shift shock, abnormal increase in engine [[RPM]], flashing gear indicator on the dashboard as well as inability to shift to even-numbered gears.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finance.huanqiu.com/roll/2012-03/2527982.html|publisher=[[Global Times]]|accessdate=2012-04-05|title=大众DSG变速器五大集中问题频发 中国鲜有召回}}</ref> In March 2012 China’s quality watchdog the [[General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine]] (AQSIQ) said that it had been in contact with Volkswagen (China) and urged the carmaker to probe the issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2012-03/14/content_14835905.htm|publisher=[[China Daily]]|accessdate=2012-04-05|title=大众DSG变速器五大集中问题频发 中国鲜有召回}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/vw-criticised-for-ignoring-dsg-gearbox-customer-complaints_id121552.aspx|publisher=just-auto|accessdate=2012-04-05|title=大众DSG变速器五大集中问题频发 中国鲜有召回}}</ref> In a survey held by Gasgoo.com (China) of 2,937 industry experts and insiders, 83 % of respondents believed that the carmaker should consider a full vehicle recall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/commentary/analysis-industry-viewpoints-on-vw-s-chinese-dsg-120317.shtml|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2012-03/14/content_14835905.htm|publisher=Gasgoo|title=Analysis: Industry viewpoints on VW's Chinese DSG gearbox controversy|accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> In March 2012 [[Volkswagen Group China]] admitted that there could be an issue in its seven-speed DSG gearboxes that may affect approximately 500,000 vehicles from its various subsidiaries in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/commentary/analysis-industry-viewpoints-on-vw-s-chinese-dsg-120317.shtml|url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/vw-issues-software-upgrade-to-resolve-gearbox-prob-120313.shtml|publisher=Gasgoo|title=VW issues software upgrade to resolve gearbox problems, shies away from recall|accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> A software upgrade has since been offered for the affected vehicles in an attempt to repair the problem.

According to 163.com — one of China’s most popular web portals — in March 2012 about a quarter of the complaints about problems found in cars in China’s automotive market were made against DSG-equipped vehicles manufactured by Volkswagen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto.163.com/12/0331/15/7TUFFTKV00084P3B_2.html|publisher=163.com|accessdate=2012-04-06|title=大众DSG变速器五大集中问题频发 中国鲜有召回}}</ref> The top five models that dominate those complaints were:
* [[Volkswagen Magotan]] — 6 %
* [[Volkswagen Bora]] — 5,3 %
* [[Volkswagen Sagitar]] — 5,3 %
* [[Volkswagen Touareg]] — 4,7 %
* [[Volkswagen Golf]] — 4 %

On March 15, 2013 [[China Central Television]] aired a program for the [[World Consumer Rights Day]]. The program criticized the issue associated with DSG-equipped vehicles manufactured by Volkswagen. On March 17, 2013 [[Volkswagen Group China]] announced on its official Weibo that it will voluntarily recall vehicles equipped with DSG boxes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto.qq.com/a/20130316/000003.htm|publisher=qq.com|accessdate=2013-03-17|title=大众DSG变速器五大集中问题频发 中国鲜有召回}}</ref> Some sources have estimated the failure rate of DSG-equipped vehicles sold in China to be greater than 20,000 per million sold.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

=== Швеция ===
VW Sweden stopped selling the Passat EcoFuel DSG as a taxi after many cars had problems with the 7 speed DSG gearbox. They instead offered the Touran EcoFuel DSG, which is using an updated version of the same DSG gearbox.<ref>http://www.teknikensvarld.se/2012/12/29/37192/volkswagen-passat-slut-som-taxi/ - — Volkswagen Passat slut som taxi</ref>

=== Japan ===
The recall has been extended to Japan with 91,000 (VW and Audi using the same DSG) being recalled.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen recall extended.|url=http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/volkswagen-recall-extended-20130513-2jhon.html|work=drive.com.au|publisher=[[Fairfax Media]]|date=13 May 2013|accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref>

=== Сингапур ===
Volkswagen Singapore recalled approximately 6100 cars with the 7-speed DSG.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen Singapore voluntarily recalls a certain number of vehicles with 7-speed DSG gearbox in Singapore|url=http://www.volkswagen.com.sg/en/company/dsg.html|work=Volkswagen Singapore|publisher=[[Volkswagen Singapore]]|date=29 April 2013|accessdate=29 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Малазия ===
13 days after the Singapore recall, Volkswagen Malaysia also announced a recall for the 7-speed DSG. No official statement was released by the company, but it was stated that a total of 3,962 were involved in the unit recall exercise — units produced between June 2010 and June 2011, with affected vehicles being Golf, Polo, Scirocco, Cross Touran, Passat and Jetta models equipped with the transmission.
<ref>{{cite web|title=VW Malaysia joins recall of 7-speed DSG cars|url=http://ride.asiaone.com/news/general/story/vw-malaysia-joins-recall-7-speed-dsg-cars|work=Volkswagen Malaysia|publisher=[[Asiaone]]|date=12 May 2013|accessdate=12 May 2013}}</ref>

=== Мир вцелом ===
November 14, 2013 Volkswagen Group announced a major world wide recall over problems with the 7-speed DSG gearbox (model: DQ200) which might lead to loss of power, covering some 1.6m cars including those carrying the Audi, Skoda and SEAT badges.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen recalls nearly 3million cars worldwide including 60,000 in UK over faulty gearbox and light fuses.|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2507401/Volkswagen-recall-cars-worldwide-faulty-gearbox-light-fuses.html|work=Volkswagen|publisher=[[Daily Mail]]|date=14 November 2013|accessdate=14 November 2013}}</ref>

== Примечания ==
{{примечания}}

== Ссылки ==
* [http://www.dctfacts.com Dual Clutch Transmission — DCT Facts]
* [http://www.dsg-survey.com Survey for those experiencing problems with their Volkswagen Group DSG]

=== Официальные ссылки ===
* [http://www.VolkswagenAG.com/vwag/vwcorp/content/en/homepage.html Volkswagen AG corporate website]

=== Независимые ссылки ===
* [http://www.worldcarfans.com/204030112966/vw-dsg-transmission Pictures and diagrams of DQ250 DSG] at WorldCarFans.com.
* [http://www.myturbodiesel.com/1000q/dsg_faq.htm Reviews, videos, and explanation of DSG transmission]
* [http://www.vwvortex.com/artman/publish/article_317.shtml First Drive: Audi TT 3.2 DSG] review at VWvortex.com.
* [http://www.just-auto.com/features_detail.asp?art=1171 European interest in dual clutch technology shifts up a gear], an informative article from Just-Auto.com.
* [http://www.selmec.org.uk/article_0004_computer_controlled_dsg_transmission.aspx Computer-controlled Meccano model of a DSG Transmission] by Alan Wenbourne of the South East London Meccano Club (SELMEC).
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUdc48RH9OE Video of Alan Wenbourne’s Meccano DSG in operation] at YouTube.com.

{{Navboxes
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[[:Категория:Automobile transmissions]]
[[:Категория:Volkswagen Group]]
[[:Категория:Audi]]
[[:Категория:SEAT]]
[[:Категория:Škoda]]
[[:Категория:Bugatti]]
[[:Категория:Automotive transmission technologies]]
[[:Категория:Automotive technology tradenames]]

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[[:sv:DSG-växellåda]]