Hmong
Hmong, eller Mong, er et folk som lever i Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Burma og Kina, og siden Vietnamkrigen også i USA.
De utgjør sammenlagt 4-5 millioner og taler fremst hmongspråket. Av religiøs tilhørighet er de oftest buddhister.
Hmong regnes i Kina som en del av minoritetsgruppen miao.
Under Vietnamkrigen kjempet den laotiske og vietnamesiske hmong-minoriteten på amerikanernes side, noe som medførte at de da USA trakk ut sine styrker fra landet i 1973 ble Hmong-folket i Vietnam diskriminert og forfulgt av landets kommunistiske regime. Derfor har en stor del av hmongbefolkningen i Vietnam emigrert til USA.
I USA har de oftest slått seg ned i Fresno og Merced i California, og i St. Paul i Minnesota. Hmongfolket forekommer i Clint Eastwoods film Gran Torino fra 2008. De forekommer også i säsong 2 av Grey's Anatomy der en ung syk pike er hmong. En vanlig seremoni utføres i programmet som en del av historien. I TV-serien House, sesong 8, avsnitt 18, behandler House og hans team en gutt fra hhmongfolket. I flertallet scener er det innslag med sterk og dramatisk tilknytning til khmongkulturen.
Litteratur
rediger- Fadiman, Anne (1997). The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-26781-2.
- Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, 'Chiang Mai's Hill Peoples' in: Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW
- Hillmer, Paul. A People’s History of the Hmong (Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010) 327 pp. ISBN 978-0-87351-726-3
- [TYPN 1992] The section on nomenclature draws heavily on Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter, Number 17, June 1992, Department of Anthropology, Australian National University. Material from that newsletter may be freely reproduced with due acknowledgment.
- W.R. Geddes. Migrants of the Mountains: The Cultural Ecology of the Blue Miao (Hmong Njua) of Thailand. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1976.
- Tapp, N., J.Michaud, C.Culas, G.Y.Lee (Eds) 2004 Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai (Thailand): Silkworm, 500p.
- Vang, Chia Youyee. Hmong America: Reconstructing Community in Diaspora (University of Illinois Press; 2011) 200 pages; Combines scholarly and personal perspectives in an ethnographic history of the Hmong refugee experience in the United States.
- Edkins, The Miau-tsi Tribes. Foochow: 1870.
- Henry, Lingnam. London: 1886.
- Bourne, Journey in Southwest China. London: 1888.
- A. H. Keaw, Man: Past and Present. Cambridge: 1900.
- Chisholm, Hugh, red. (1911). «Miaotsze». Encyclopædia Britannica (11th utg.). Cambridge University Press.
- Johnson, Charles. Dab Neeg Hmoob: Myths, Legends and Folk Tales from the Hmong of Laos. St. Paul, Minnesota: Macalester College, 1983. - bilingual oral literature anthology, includes introduction and explanatory notes from a language professor who had sponsored the first Hmong family to arrive in Minnesota
- Lee, Mai Na M. "The Thousand-Year Myth: Construction and Characterization of Hmong." (Archive) Hmong Studies Journal. v2n2. Northern hemisphere Spring 1998.
- Meneses, Rashaan. "Hmong: An Endangered People." UCLA International Institute.
- Merritt, Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942–1992. Indiana: 1999.
- Mottin, Father Jean. History of the Hmong. Bangkok: Odeon Store, 1980. written in Khek Noi, a Hmong village in northern Thailand, Translated into English by an Irish nun, printed in Bangkok.
- Quincy, Keith. Hmong: History of a People. Cheney, Wash.: Eastern Washington University Press, 1988.
- Savina, F.M. Histoire des Miao. 2nd Edition. Hong Kong: Impremerie de la Société des Missions-Etrangères de Paris, 1930. Written by a French missionary who worked in Laos and Tonkin.
- George, William Lloyd. "Hmong Refugees Live in Fear in Laos and Thailand Arkivert 18. juli 2013 hos Wayback Machine.." TIME. Saturday July 24, 2010.
- Hookaway, James. "Thai Army Forces Out Refugees." The Wall Street Journal. December 28, 2009.