Kambria

Kambria
Kambria
538.8 ± 0.2 – 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Bumi sewaktu pertengahan Tempoh Kambria, sekitar 510 Ma
Kronologi
	Templat:Cambrian graphical timeline
Etimologi
Keformalan nama	Formal
Maklumat kegunaan
Jasad cakerawala	Bumi
Kegunaan tempatan	Global (ICS)
Skala masa yang digunakan	Skala Masa ICS
Takrifan
Unit kronologi	Tempoh
Unit stratigrafi	System
Pertama kali dicadangkan oleh	Adam Sedgwick, 1835
Keformalan jangka masa	Formal
Takrif sempadan bawah	Kemunculan Iknofosil Treptichnus pedum
Sempadan bawah GSSP	keratan Fortune Head, Newfoundland, Canada; 47°04′34″N 55°49′52″W / 47.0762°N 55.8310°W
Tarikh ratifikasi sempadan bawah GSSP	1992
Takrif sempadan atas	Datum kewujudan pertama konodonta Iapetognathus fluctivagus.
Sempadan atas GSSP	Keratan Greenpoint, Green Point, Newfoundland, Canada; 49°40′58″N 57°57′55″W / 49.6829°N 57.9653°W
Tarikh ratifikasi sempadan atas GSSP	2000
Data atmosfera dan iklim
Nilai aras laut melebihi zaman kini	Menaik secara beransur dari 4 m ke 90 m

Kambria (kadangkala dilambangkan sebagai Ꞓ) merupakan nama untuk tempoh dan sistem geologi yang pertama pada Era Paleozoik yang turut di bawah Eon Fanerozoik.^[4] Tempoh Kambria bertahan selama 53.4 juta tahun dari penghujung Tempoh Ediakara yakni 538.8 juta tahun dahulu (jtd) sehingga ke permulaan Tempoh Ordovisi 485.4 jtd.^[5] Subbahagiannya, dan pangkalannya, agak berubah-ubah.

Tempoh tersebut telah ditetapkan sebagai "siri Kambria" oleh Adam Sedgwick,^[4] yang menamakannya sempena Kambria, nama Latin untuk 'Cymru' (Wales), yakni lokasi batuan Kambria yang paling terdedah di Britain.^[6]^[7]^[8] Sedgwick mengenal pasti lapisan itu sebagai sebahagian daripada tugasnya, bersama Roderick Murchison, untuk membahagikan "Siri Peralihan" yang besar, walaupun kedua-dua ahli geologi itu tidak bersetuju untuk seketika mengenai pengkategorian yang sesuai.^[4]

Tempoh Kambria adalah unik dari segi mendapan sendimen lagerstättecode: de is deprecated yang luar biasa tingginya, tapak yang dipelihara dalam keadaan luar biasa dengan bahagian "lembut" organisma dipelihara serta cengkerangnya yang lebih bertahan lama. Disebabkan itulah, pemahaman saintifik tentang biologi Tempoh Kambria mengatasi beberapa tempoh kemudian.^[9]

Tempoh Kambria menandakan perubahan besar dalam kehidupan di Bumi: sebelum Tempoh Kambria, majoriti organisma hidup pada keseluruhannya bersaiz kecil, unisel dan ringkas (Fauna Ediakara dan biota Tonos Huainan terdahulu adalah kekecualian ketara). Organisma multisel yang kompleks secara beransur-ansur menjadi lebih biasa ditemui dalam berjuta-juta tahun sejurus sebelum Tempoh Kambria, tetapi tidak sampai tempoh ini organisma yang dimineralkan - dengan itu mudah terfosil - menjadi biasa ditemukan.^[10]

Pengembangan pesat kepelbagaian bentuk hidupan dalam tempoh Kambria, yang dikenali sebagai ledakan Kambrium, menghasilkan wakil pertama bagi kebanyakan filum haiwan moden. Analisis filogenetik telah menyokong pandangan bahawa sebelum percambahan Kambria, dalam tempoh Kriogen^[11]^[12]^[13] atau Tonos,^[14] haiwan (metazoa) berkembang secara monofiletik daripada leluhur organisma tunggal, yakni protista kolonial berflagelat serupa dengan koanoflagelat moden.^[15] Walaupun pelbagai bentuk hidupan berkembang pesat di lautan, tetapi di daratan pula keadaannya masih dianggap agak tandus - dengan tidak ada yang lebih kompleks daripada kerak tanah mikrob^[16] dan beberapa moluska dan artropod (walaupun bukan daratan) yang muncul untuk mencerna biofilem mikrob tersebut.^[17]

Menjelang akhir zaman Kambria, miriapoda,^[18]^[19] araknida,^[20] dan heksapoda^[21] mula menyesuaikan diri dengan tanah, bersama-sama dengan tumbuhan terawal.^[22]^[23] Kebanyakan benua mungkin kering dan berbatu kerana kekurangan tumbuh-tumbuhan. Laut-lautan yang cetek mengapit pinggir beberapa benua yang dicipta semasa pecahnya benua besar Pannotia. Pada ketika ini suhu lautan juga agak suam, dan ais kutub tidak hadir untuk kebanyakan tempoh itu.

Rujukan

^ Brasier, Martin; Cowie, John; Taylor, Michael (March–June 1994). "Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 17. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2022-10-09.
^ Cooper, Roger; Nowlan, Godfrey; Williams, S. H. (March 2001). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (1): 19–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2022-10-09. Dicapai pada 6 December 2020.
^ Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes". Science. 322 (5898): 64–8. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. PMID 18832639. S2CID 206514545.
^ ^a ^b ^c Howe 1911.
^ "International Stratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. June 2023. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 13 July 2023. Dicapai pada 19 July 2023.
^ Sedgwick and R. I. Murchison (1835) "On the Silurian and Cambrian systems, exhibiting the order in which the older sedimentary strata succeed each other in England and Wales," Notices and Abstracts of Communications to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at the Dublin meeting, August 1835, pp. 59–61, in: Report of the Fifth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held in Dublin in 1835 (1836).
^ Sedgwick, A. (1852). "On the classification and nomenclature of the Lower Paleozoic rocks of England and Wales". Q. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 8 (1–2): 136–138. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.20.
^ Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. Chambers Dictionary (ed. Revised). New Delhi: Allied Publishers. 2008. m/s. 203. ISBN 978-81-8424-329-1.
^ Orr, P. J.; Benton, M. J.; Briggs, D. E. G. (2003). "Post-Cambrian closure of the deep-water slope-basin taphonomic window". Geology. 31 (9): 769–772. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..769O. doi:10.1130/G19193.1.
^ Butterfield, N. J. (2007). "Macroevolution and macroecology through deep time". Palaeontology. 50 (1): 41–55. Bibcode:2007Palgy..50...41B. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x.
^ Love; Grosjean, Emmanuelle; Stalvies, Charlotte; Fike, David A.; Grotzinger, John P.; Bradley, Alexander S.; Kelly, Amy E.; Bhatia, Maya; Meredith, William (2009). "Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period" (PDF). Nature. 457 (7230): 718–721. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..718L. doi:10.1038/nature07673. PMID 19194449. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 8 May 2018. Dicapai pada 7 December 2021. Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)
^ Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 August 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653–659. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..653M. doi:10.1038/ngeo934.
^ "Discovery of possible earliest animal life pushes back fossil record". 2010-08-17.
^ Kliman, Richard M. (Apr 14, 2016). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology. Academic Press. m/s. 251. ISBN 9780128004265.
^ "Molecular phylogeny of choanoflagellates, the sister group to Metazoa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (43): 16641–6. October 2008. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10516641C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801667105. PMC 2575473. PMID 18922774.
^ Schieber dll. 2007.
^ Seilacher, A.; Hagadorn, J.W. (2010). "Early Molluscan evolution: evidence from the trace fossil-record" (PDF). PALAIOS (Submitted manuscript). 25 (9): 565–575. Bibcode:2010Palai..25..565S. doi:10.2110/palo.2009.p09-079r. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2022-10-09.
^ Collette, Gass & Hagadorn 2012.
^ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Strullu-Derrien, Christine; Góral, Tomasz; Hetherington, Alexander J.; Thompson, Christine; Koch, Marcus (2020). "Aquatic stem group myriapods close a gap between molecular divergence dates and terrestrial fossil record". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (16): 8966–8972. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.8966E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1920733117. PMC 7183169. PMID 32253305.
^ Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Tanner, Alastair R.; Puttick, Mark N.; Vinther, Jakob; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Pisani, Davide (2020). "A Cambrian–Ordovician Terrestrialization of Arachnids". Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 182. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00182. PMC 7078165. PMID 32218802.
^ Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Carton, Robert; Tanner, Alastair R.; Puttick, Mark N.; Blaxter, Mark; Vinther, Jakob; Olesen, Jørgen; Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2016). "A molecular palaeobiological exploration of arthropod terrestrialization". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1699). doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0133. PMC 4920334. PMID 27325830.
^ De Vries, Jan; De Vries, Sophie; Fürst-Jansen, Janine M R. (2020). "Evo-physio: On stress responses and the earliest land plants". Journal of Experimental Botany. 71 (11): 3254–3269. doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa007. PMC 7289718. PMID 31922568.
^ Morris, Jennifer L.; Puttick, Mark N.; Clark, James W.; Edwards, Dianne; Kenrick, Paul; Pressel, Silvia; Wellman, Charles H.; Yang, Ziheng; Schneider, Harald (2018). "The timescale of early land plant evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (10): E2274–E2283. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2274M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719588115. PMC 5877938. PMID 29463716.

Bacaan lanjut

Amthor, J. E.; Grotzinger, John P.; Schröder, Stefan; Bowring, Samuel A.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Martin, Mark W.; Matter, Albert (2003). "Extinction of Cloudina and Namacalathus at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Oman". Geology. 31 (5): 431–434. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..431A. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0431:EOCANA>2.0.CO;2.
Collette, J. H.; Gass, K. C.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2012). "Protichnites eremita unshelled? Experimental model-based neoichnology and new evidence for a euthycarcinoid affinity for this ichnospecies". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (3): 442–454. Bibcode:2012JPal...86..442C. doi:10.1666/11-056.1.
Collette, J. H.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2010). "Three-dimensionally preserved arthropods from Cambrian Lagerstatten of Quebec and Wisconsin". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (4): 646–667. doi:10.1666/09-075.1.
Getty, P. R.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2008). "Reinterpretation of Climactichnites Logan 1860 to include subsurface burrows, and erection of Musculopodus for resting traces of the trailmaker". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (6): 1161–1172. Bibcode:2008JPal...82.1161G. doi:10.1666/08-004.1.
Gould, S. J. (1989). Wonderful Life: the Burgess Shale and the Nature of Life. New York: Norton. ISBN 9780393027051.
Ogg, J. (June 2004). "Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs)". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 23 April 2006. Dicapai pada 30 April 2006.
Owen, R. (1852). "Description of the impressions and footprints of the Protichnites from the Potsdam sandstone of Canada". Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal. 8 (1–2): 214–225. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.26.
Peng, S.; Babcock, L.E.; Cooper, R.A. (2012). "The Cambrian Period" (PDF). The Geologic Time Scale. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 12 February 2015. Dicapai pada 14 January 2015.
Schieber, J.; Bose, P. K.; Eriksson, P. G.; Banerjee, S.; Sarkar, S.; Altermann, W.; Catuneau, O. (2007). Atlas of Microbial Mat Features Preserved within the Clastic Rock Record. Elsevier. m/s. 53–71. ISBN 9780444528599.
Yochelson, E. L.; Fedonkin, M. A. (1993). "Paleobiology of Climactichnites, and Enigmatic Late Cambrian Fossil". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 74 (74): 1–74. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.74.1.

Pautan luar

Cambrian period on In Our Time at the BBC
Biostratigraphy – includes information on Cambrian trilobite biostratigraphy
Sam Gon's trilobite pages (contains numerous Cambrian trilobites)
Examples of Cambrian Fossils
Paleomap Project
Report on the web on Amthor and others from Geology vol. 31
Weird Life on the Mats
Chronostratigraphy scale v.2018/08 | Cambrian

[1] Brasier, Martin; Cowie, John; Taylor, Michael (March–June 1994). "Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 17. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2022-10-09.

[2] Cooper, Roger; Nowlan, Godfrey; Williams, S. H. (March 2001). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (1): 19–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 2022-10-09. Dicapai pada 6 December 2020.

[3] Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes". Science. 322 (5898): 64–8. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. PMID 18832639. S2CID 206514545.

[FOOTNOTEHowe1911-4] Howe 1911.

[StratChart_2022-5] "International Stratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. June 2023. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 13 July 2023. Dicapai pada 19 July 2023.

[6] Sedgwick and R. I. Murchison (1835) "On the Silurian and Cambrian systems, exhibiting the order in which the older sedimentary strata succeed each other in England and Wales," Notices and Abstracts of Communications to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at the Dublin meeting, August 1835, pp. 59–61, in: Report of the Fifth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held in Dublin in 1835 (1836).

[Sedgwick1852-7] Sedgwick, A. (1852). "On the classification and nomenclature of the Lower Paleozoic rocks of England and Wales". Q. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 8 (1–2): 136–138. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.20.

[8] Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. Chambers Dictionary (ed. Revised). New Delhi: Allied Publishers. 2008. m/s. 203. ISBN 978-81-8424-329-1.

[Orr2003-9] Orr, P. J.; Benton, M. J.; Briggs, D. E. G. (2003). "Post-Cambrian closure of the deep-water slope-basin taphonomic window". Geology. 31 (9): 769–772. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..769O. doi:10.1130/G19193.1.

[Butterfield2007-10] Butterfield, N. J. (2007). "Macroevolution and macroecology through deep time". Palaeontology. 50 (1): 41–55. Bibcode:2007Palgy..50...41B. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x.

[11] Love; Grosjean, Emmanuelle; Stalvies, Charlotte; Fike, David A.; Grotzinger, John P.; Bradley, Alexander S.; Kelly, Amy E.; Bhatia, Maya; Meredith, William (2009). "Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period" (PDF). Nature. 457 (7230): 718–721. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..718L. doi:10.1038/nature07673. PMID 19194449. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 8 May 2018. Dicapai pada 7 December 2021. Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (bantuan)

[12] Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 August 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653–659. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..653M. doi:10.1038/ngeo934.

[13] "Discovery of possible earliest animal life pushes back fossil record". 2010-08-17.

[14] Kliman, Richard M. (Apr 14, 2016). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology. Academic Press. m/s. 251. ISBN 9780128004265.

[Carr2008-15] "Molecular phylogeny of choanoflagellates, the sister group to Metazoa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (43): 16641–6. October 2008. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10516641C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801667105. PMC 2575473. PMID 18922774.

[FOOTNOTESchieberBoseErikssonBanerjee2007-16] Schieber dll. 2007.

[Seilacher-17] Seilacher, A.; Hagadorn, J.W. (2010). "Early Molluscan evolution: evidence from the trace fossil-record" (PDF). PALAIOS (Submitted manuscript). 25 (9): 565–575. Bibcode:2010Palai..25..565S. doi:10.2110/palo.2009.p09-079r. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2022-10-09.

[FOOTNOTEColletteGassHagadorn2012-18] Collette, Gass & Hagadorn 2012.

[19] Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Strullu-Derrien, Christine; Góral, Tomasz; Hetherington, Alexander J.; Thompson, Christine; Koch, Marcus (2020). "Aquatic stem group myriapods close a gap between molecular divergence dates and terrestrial fossil record". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (16): 8966–8972. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.8966E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1920733117. PMC 7183169. PMID 32253305.

[20] Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Tanner, Alastair R.; Puttick, Mark N.; Vinther, Jakob; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Pisani, Davide (2020). "A Cambrian–Ordovician Terrestrialization of Arachnids". Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 182. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00182. PMC 7078165. PMID 32218802.

[21] Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Carton, Robert; Tanner, Alastair R.; Puttick, Mark N.; Blaxter, Mark; Vinther, Jakob; Olesen, Jørgen; Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2016). "A molecular palaeobiological exploration of arthropod terrestrialization". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1699). doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0133. PMC 4920334. PMID 27325830.

[22] De Vries, Jan; De Vries, Sophie; Fürst-Jansen, Janine M R. (2020). "Evo-physio: On stress responses and the earliest land plants". Journal of Experimental Botany. 71 (11): 3254–3269. doi:10.1093/jxb/eraa007. PMC 7289718. PMID 31922568.

[23] Morris, Jennifer L.; Puttick, Mark N.; Clark, James W.; Edwards, Dianne; Kenrick, Paul; Pressel, Silvia; Wellman, Charles H.; Yang, Ziheng; Schneider, Harald (2018). "The timescale of early land plant evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (10): E2274–E2283. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2274M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719588115. PMC 5877938. PMID 29463716.

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