राष्ट्रप्रमुख

राष्ट्रप्रमुख हा देश अथवा राष्ट्रामधील सर्वात उच्च स्थानावरील व्यक्ती आहे. राजा, सम्राट, राजतंत्रप्रमुख, राष्ट्राध्यक्ष, राष्ट्रपती ही राष्ट्रप्रमुखाची काही नावे आहेत. प्रत्येक देशामध्ये राष्ट्रप्रमुखाचे अधिकार वेगवेगळे असतात. साधारणपणे जगातील देशांमध्ये खालील चार प्रकारचे राष्ट्रप्रमुख असतात.

प्रकार

पदहीन राष्ट्रप्रमुख

सध्याचे दोन असे राष्ट्रप्रमुख ज्यांना काहीही संविधानिक हक्क नाहीत: जपानचा सम्राट अकिहितो, व स्वीडनचा राजा कार्ल सोळावा गुस्ताफ, स्वीडन

हा राष्ट्रप्रमुखांचा असा प्रकार आहे ज्यांचे पद संपूर्णपणे शोभेचे असून त्यांना संविधानिक रित्या काहीही अधिकार नाहीत.

सांसदीय पद्धत

राणी एलिझाबेथ दुसरी, ही जगातील सर्वात प्रसिद्ध राष्ट्रप्रमुखांपैकी एक आहे.

सांसदीय लोकशाही असणाऱ्या देशांमध्ये राष्ट्रप्रमुख नाममात्र असून त्यांना मर्यादित संविधानिक अधिकार असतात. राष्ट्रकुल परिषदेची राणी एलिझाबेथ दुसरी ही राष्ट्रप्रमुख असली तरीही तिचे पद शोभेपुरतेच आहे. भारत, जर्मनी, इस्रायल ह्या प्रजासत्ताक देशांमध्ये राष्ट्रप्रमुखाला राष्ट्रपती अथवा तत्सम नावे आहेत. राष्ट्रपती संविधानिक रित्या सर्वोच्च स्थानावर असला तरीही त्याचे अधिकार अत्यंत मर्यादित आहेत व त्याचे पद शोभेचे (ceremonial) आहे. ह्या देशांमध्ये सरकारप्रमुखाला पंतप्रधान असे असून देशाचा राज्यकारभार सांभाळण्याची जबाबदारी त्याच्यावर व मंत्रीमंडळावर असते.

अर्ध-अध्यक्षीय पद्धत

चार्ल्स दि गॉलने फ्रान्समध्ये अर्ध-अध्यक्षीय प्रजासत्ताक स्थापन केले.

अर्ध-अध्यक्षीय पद्धतीच्या देशांमध्ये राष्ट्रप्रमुख व संसदेला समान अधिकार असतात. प्रगत देशांमध्ये फ्रान्स हा देश अर्ध-अध्यक्षीय पद्धत वापरतो.

अल्जीरिया
बर्किना फासो
कोत द'ईवोआर (Ivory Coast)
काँगोचे लोकशाही प्रजासत्ताक (Congo-Kinshasa)
जिबूती
इजिप्त
फ्रान्स
जॉर्जिया
गिनी-बिसाउ
गयाना
हैती
केन्या
किर्गिझस्तान
लिथुएनिया
मादागास्कर
माली
मंगोलिया
नायजर
पॅलेस्टाईन
पोर्तुगाल
रशिया
रोमेनिया
साओ टोमे व प्रिन्सिप
सेनेगाल
सोमालिया
सीरिया
तैवान (Taiwan)
ताजिकिस्तान
ट्युनिसिया
युक्रेन
झिम्बाब्वे

अध्यक्षीय पद्धत

अध्यक्षीय प्रजासत्ताक पद्धतीमध्ये राष्ट्रप्रमुख हा लोकशाही मार्गाने निवडून आलेला असतो व तोच सरकारप्रमुख देखील असतो. अमेरिका, मेक्सिको, ब्राझिल इत्यादी देशांमध्ये अध्यक्षीय लोकशाही पद्धत अस्तित्वात आहे.

पंतप्रधान नसलेले देश

पंतप्रधान असलेले देश

संदर्भ

^ In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.
^ Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
^ Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it's now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008), quotes Jaakko Nousiainen in "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government" in Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (2) p95-109 as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union.
^ Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage; and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
^ While the office of prime minister exists, the president is both the head of state and government.

हे सुद्धा पहा

जगातील देशांच्या राष्ट्रप्रमुख व सरकारप्रमुखांची यादी

[Bd-1] In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.

[2] Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.

[3] Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it's now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008), quotes Jaakko Nousiainen in "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government" in Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (2) p95-109 as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union.

[Ir-4] Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage; and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.

[Both-5] While the office of prime minister exists, the president is both the head of state and government.

[१]