കൊക്കെയ്ൻ

കൊക്കെയ്ൻ
Clinical data
Pronunciation	kəʊˈkeɪn
Trade names	Neurocaine, other
Other names	Benzoylmethylecgonine, coke
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Dependence; liability	Physical: none; Psychological: High;
Addiction; liability	High
Routes of; administration	Topical, oral, insufflation, intravenous
Drug class	CNS stimulant; Local anesthetic;
ATC code	N01BC01 (WHO) R02AD03, S01HA01, S02DA02;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S8 (Controlled drug); CA: Schedule I; DE: Anlage III (Special prescription form required); NZ: Class A; UK: Class A; US: Schedule II; UN: Narcotic Schedules I and III;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	By mouth: 33%; insufflated: 60–80%; Nasal spray: 25–43%;
Metabolism	liver CYP3A4
Metabolites	Norcocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene
Onset of action	seconds to minutes
Elimination half-life	1 hour
Duration of action	5 to 90 minutes
Excretion	Kidney
Identifiers
	IUPAC name Methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate;
CAS Number	50-36-2 ; 53-21-4;
PubChem CID	446220;
IUPHAR/BPS	2286;
DrugBank	DB00907 ;
ChemSpider	10194104 ;
UNII	I5Y540LHVR;
KEGG	D00110 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:27958 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL370805 ;
PDB ligand	COC (PDBe, RCSB PDB);
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2038443 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.030
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C17H21NO4
Molar mass	303.353 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Melting point	98 °C (208 °F)
Boiling point	187 °C (369 °F)
Solubility in water	~1.8 mg/mL (20 °C)
	SMILES CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@H](OC(C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)C2;
	InChI InChI=1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1 ; Key:ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N ;
	(what is this?) (verify)

കോക്ക് എന്നുകൂടി അറിയപ്പെടുന്ന കൊക്കെയ്ൻ അതിശക്തമായ ഒരു ഉത്തേജക മരുന്നും മനോരഞ്ജനത്തിനായി ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന മയക്കുമരുന്നുമാണ്.^[11] ഇത് സാധാരണയായി മൂക്കിലൂടെ വലിക്കുകയോ പുകവലിക്കുകയോ അല്ലെങ്കിൽ സിരകളിലേക്ക് നേരിട്ടു കുത്തിവയ്ക്കുകയോ ചെയ്യുന്നു.^[10] ഇത് ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നതിന്റെ പരിണത ഫലങ്ങളിൽ യാഥാർത്ഥ്യവുമായുള്ള സമ്പർക്കം നഷ്ടപ്പെടുക, ഉൽക്കടമായ സ��്തോഷം, മനഃക്ഷോഭം എന്നിവ അനുഭവപ്പെടുക എന്നിവയും ഉൾപ്പെടുന്നു.^[12]

അവലംബം

↑ Nordegren, Thomas (2002). The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Universal-Publishers. p. 461. ISBN 9781581124040.
↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).
↑ Ghodse, Hamid (2010). Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-139-48567-8. Archived from the original on 10 സെപ്റ്റംബർ 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
↑ Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition. Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1-4200-4742-4. Archived from the original on 10 സെപ്റ്റംബർ 2017.
↑ "DEA / Drug Scheduling". www.dea.gov. Archived from the original on 9 ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2017. Retrieved 7 ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2017.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 56 (4): 305–10. doi:10.1007/s002280000147. PMID 10954344.
↑ Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 3 (2–3): 353–66. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5. PMID 7242115.
↑ Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204.
↑ Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 27 (3): 386–94. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.52. PMID 7357795.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.
↑ Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.
↑ Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.

[1] Nordegren, Thomas (2002). The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Universal-Publishers. p. 461. ISBN 9781581124040.

[2] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).

[Gho2010-3] Ghodse, Hamid (2010). Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-139-48567-8. Archived from the original on 10 സെപ്റ്റംബർ 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

[4] Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition. Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1-4200-4742-4. Archived from the original on 10 സെപ്റ്റംബർ 2017.

[DEA2017Sched-5] "DEA / Drug Scheduling". www.dea.gov. Archived from the original on 9 ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2017. Retrieved 7 ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2017.

[fattinger2000-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 56 (4): 305–10. doi:10.1007/s002280000147. PMID 10954344.

[7] Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 3 (2–3): 353–66. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5. PMID 7242115.

[8] Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204.

[9] Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 27 (3): 386–94. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.52. PMID 7357795.

[Zimmerman2012-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.

[Pom2012-11] Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.

[Zimmerman20122-12] Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.

[11]