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Ụkwụ abalị

Echiche nke ụgbụgbọ ụbọchi abalị bụ echiche ziri ezi ntụziaka oriri nri ụmụaka na ụdị nke ụra iji kọwaa ọtụtụ àgwà anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. N'afọ 1942, Gordon Lynn Walls kọwara echiche a nke na-ekwu na ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-abụkarị ma ọ bụ ọbụna naanị n'abalị site na ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke evolushọn na ímé nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ ụzọ isi mee nnyocha ndị na ha, malite na mmalite ha 225 nde afọ gara aga, ma kwụsị naanị na ọnwụ nke dinosaurs na-abụghị nnụnụ nde afọ 66 gara aga.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ìgwè anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara emeela ka ha jupụta n'ehihie, ihe dị ka nde afọ 160 e ji mee ihe dị ka Azụmaahịa ka mma site n'aka ndị anụmanụ na'abalị ahapụla ihe nketa na-adịgide adịgide na anatomy na physiology, ọtụtụ anụmanụ na na-enye ụmụ ara ka na-eme n'abalị.[2]

Mmetụta onye na-ese ihe banyere ọdọ mmiri Purbeck n'oge mgbede: Durlstotherium (n'aka nri na n'etiti) na Durlstodon (n'akụkụ aka ekpe) na-apụ n'abalị ịchụ ụmụ ahụhụ. The theropod Nuthetes na-ejide Durlstotherium e jidere (etiti etiti).
Tapum lucidum nke European badger na-egosipụta flash nke onye na-ese foto, otu n'ime ọtụtụ àgwà abalị na-ahụkarị n'ime anụ na-enye nwa ara

Ọdịdị nke anụ na-enye nwa ara

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Brasilitherium, ihe dị elu nke na-enye nwa ara, nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-egwu ala n'abalị.

  Ụmụ ndị ogbi anụmanụ ndị na eme ìhè ahụ n'ebe iso ụzọ isi dị ka onye ọ dịghị òtù na-enye nwa ara sitere na cynodonts, otu ìgwè nke synapsids yiri nkịta n'elu n'ihi mkpochapụ nke Permian-Triassic. Ìgwè archosaurian ndị na-apụta apụta nke na-eto eto mgbe mkpochapụ ahụ gasịrị, gụnyere agụ iyi na dinosaurs na ndị nna nna ha, chụpụrụ ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị na ụdị àlà úkwú dị ndụ ebighị dị ndụ na ụra akpa dị ka ndị i dị ndụ ebighị ndị ọzọ buru ibu cynodonts na mkpochapụ, na-ahapụ naanị obere ụdị.[3] cynodonts ndị dị ndụ nwere ike ịga nke ọma na niches na obere asọmpi site na dinosaurs na-eme n'ehihie, na-agbanwe n'ime ndị na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebi n'okpuru osisi n'abalị.[4] Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'oge mbụ nọgidere na-etolite n'ime ọtụtụ ìgwè anụmanụ a na-ahụkarị n'oge Mesozoic, ha niile nọgidere na obere ma na-eme njem n'abalị.

Ọ bụrụ ndị ọrụ ugbo nke dị ka ndị na ụdị àlà úkwú nke ụwa họrọ bụ naanị na nnukwu mkpochapụ na ụdị nke dị ka ndị na na njedebe nke Cretaceous ka dinosaurs hapụrụ oghere maka nguzobe nke anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara ọhụrụ. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara nọgidere na-enwe obere ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ.[5] Ọ bụ ezie na anụmanụ niile kachasị ukwuu dị ndụ taa bụ anụ na-enye nwa ara, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye ụmụ ara ka bụ obere anụmanụ na'abalị.[6]

Mgbanwe nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'abalị

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Akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'elu shrew, nke a na-eji achọta anụ oriri, njem ụgbọ mmiri na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya

Ọtụtụ ndị na eme ka ndị na ụdị ihe dị iche iche nke anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara yiri ka ọ bụ mgbanwe ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere maka ndụ abalị, nke metụtara akụkụ ahụ mmetụta. Ndị a gụnyere imirikiti ndị bịammmmk ndị:

Mmetụta

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  • Mmetụta ịnụ ihe dị nkọ, gụnyere cochleae na-agba gburugburu, pinnae mpụga na ossicles na-anụ ihe.
  • Ezigbo ikike ịnụ ísì, turbinates imi mepụtara nke ọma. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere nnukwu okooko osisi na-esi ísì ụtọ.
  • Mmetụta aka nke ọma, ọkachasị afụ ọnụ.[7]
  • Ewezuga anụmanụ ndị dị elu, cornea buru ibu, na-enye onyinyo anya dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnụnụ na anụ na-akpụ akpụ.[8]
  • Ọdịdị ụcha dị nta.[9]

Ọdịdị ahụike

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  • Endothermia nke mere ka ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'oge gara aga bụrụ ndị na-anọghị na radieshon anyanwụ na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.[1]
  • Ụdị anụ ahụ na-acha nchara nchara, na-enye ụmụ anụmanụ ohere ịmepụta okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa.[10]
  • Mitochondria nwere ọnụego iku ume okpukpu ise ruo asaa karịa nke anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ yiri ya.[11]
  • Ajị iji nyere aka na njikwa okpomọkụ na gburugburu ebe oyi (n'abalị).
  • Enweghị usoro nchebe anya megide ìhè ultraviolet (ehihie).[12]
  • Mfu nke ikike imepụta ugolo, kemịkal na-echebe megide anyanwụ.[13][14]
  • Usoro DNA nke photolyase, nke na-adabere na ìhè a na-ahụ anya, anaghị arụ ọrụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị ma na-arụ ọrụ na nje bacteria, fungus, na ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ.[15][16]

Omume

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  • Circadian rhythm na omume patterns na niile basal groups bụ nocturnal, ọ dịkarịa ala na placentals.[17][18]
  • Ụzọ ndụ igwu ala nke na-enye ohere ichebe onwe ya pụọ na ihu igwe na anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha n'ehihie yiri ka ọ bụ àgwà ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara.[19]

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gerkema MP, Davies WI, Foster RG, Menaker M, Hut RA. The nocturnal bottleneck and the evolution of activity patterns in mammals. Proc Biol Sci. 2013 Jul 3;280(1765):20130508. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0508
  2. ↑ Sinn. New Study Shows Effects of Prehistoric Nocturnal Life on Mammalian Vision. University of Texas. Retrieved on 24 November 2014.
  3. ↑ Benton (2004). Vertebrate palaeontology, 3rd, Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8. 
  4. ↑ Kielan-Jaworowska (2004). Mammals from the age of dinosaurs : origins, evolution, and structure. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11918-4. 
  5. ↑ Than (28 March 2007). Rise of Modern Mammals Occurred Long After Dinosaur Demise. LiveScience. Retrieved on 24 November 2014.
  6. ↑ Gamberale-Stille (10 August 2006). "Signals of profitability? Food colour preferences in migrating juvenile blackcaps differ for fruits and insects". Evolutionary Ecology 20 (5): 479–490. DOI:10.1007/s10682-006-0015-y. 
  7. ↑ Grant (2011). "Vibrissal behaviour and function". Scholarpedia 6 (10). DOI:10.4249/scholarpedia.6642. 
  8. ↑ Hall (24 October 2012). "Eye shape and the nocturnal bottleneck of mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279 (1749): 4962–4968. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2012.2258. PMID 23097513. 
  9. ↑ Davies (July 2012). "Molecular ecology and adaptation of visual photopigments in craniates". Molecular Ecology 21 (13): 3121–3158. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05617.x. PMID 22650357. 
  10. ↑ Cannon (1 January 2004). "Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance". Physiological Reviews 84 (1): 277–359. DOI:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003. PMID 14715917. 
  11. ↑ Brand (1 April 1991). "Evolution of energy metabolism. Proton permeability of the inner membrane of liver mitochondria is greater in a mammal than in a reptile.". The Biochemical Journal 275 (1): 81–6. DOI:10.1042/bj2750081. PMID 1850242. 
  12. ↑ Ringvold (27 May 2009). "Aqueous humour and ultraviolet radiation". Acta Ophthalmologica 58 (1): 69–82. DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1980.tb04567.x. PMID 6773294. 
  13. ↑ Mammals’ nocturnal past shapes sun sensitivity
  14. ↑ Why Would A Fish Make Its Own Sunscreen? - NPR
  15. ↑ (May 2009) "Evolution of mutation rates: phylogenomic analysis of the photolyase/cryptochrome family". Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 (5): 1143–53. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msp029. PMID 19228922. 
  16. ↑ "Clues from a Somalian cavefish about modern mammals' dark past", Science Daily, Cell Press, October 11, 2018. Retrieved on 11 October 2018.
  17. ↑ Gerkema (3 July 2013). "The nocturnal bottleneck and the evolution of activity patterns in mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280 (1765): 20130508. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2013.0508. PMID 23825205. 
  18. ↑ Menaker (March 1997). "Evolution of circadian organization in vertebrates". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 30 (3): 305–313. DOI:10.1590/S0100-879X1997000300003. PMID 9246228. 
  19. ↑ Damiani (22 August 2003). "Earliest evidence of cynodont burrowing". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 270 (1525): 1747–51. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2003.2427. PMID 12965004. 
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