فراورده طبیعی

یک فرآوردهٔ طبیعی، ترکیب شیمیایی یا ماده‌ای است که توسط یک اندام زنده تولید و در طبیعت پیدا می‌شود.^[۱]^[۲] به عبارت کلی تر فرآوردهٔ طبیعی هر ماده‌ای است که در طی چرخهٔ زندگی تولید می‌شود.^[۳]^[۴] فرآورده‌های طبیعی می‌توانند از راه سنتز شیمیایی (هم نیمه سنتز و هم سنتز کامل) هم تولید شوند و نقش اساسی در پیشرفت دانش شیمی آلی داشته باشند. از عبارت فرآورده طبیعی در تجاری سازی محصولات رژیمی، مکمل‌های خوراکی و خوراکی‌هایی که با افزودنی‌های مصنوعی تولید می‌شوند هم استفاده شده‌است.^[۵]

در بحث شیمی آلی تعریف فرآورده‌های طبیعی معمولاً به ترکیب‌های آلی جدا شده از منبع طبیعی شان که از راه متابولیت اولیه یا ثانویه بدست آمده‌اند محدود می‌شود.^[۶] در دانش شیمی دارویی تعریف این مواد معمولاً محدود به متابولیت ثانویه است.^[۷]^[۸] بسیاری از متابولیت‌های ثانویه زهرهای سلولی اند و به گونه‌ای برگزیده و بهینه شده‌اند که بتوانند به عنوان ابزار جنگی شیمیایی در برابر شکارچیان یا مزاحمان و موجودات زندهٔ رقیب بکار روند.^[۹]

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منابع

↑ Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913). "Natural product". Free Online Dictionary and C. & G. Merriam Co. A chemical substance produced by a living organism; - a term used commonly in reference to chemical substances found in nature that have distinctive pharmacological effects. Such a substance is considered a natural product even if it can be prepared by total synthesis.
↑ "All natural". Nature Chemical Biology. 3 (7): 351. July 2007. doi:10.1038/nchembio0707-351. PMID 17576412. The simplest definition for a natural product is a small molecule that is produced by a biological source.
↑ Samuelson G (1999). Drugs of Natural Origin: A Textbook of Pharmacognosy. Taylor & Francis Ltd,. ISBN 9789186274818.{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: نقطه‌گذاری اضافه (link)
↑ National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (2013-07-13). "Natural Products Research—Information for Researchers | NCCIH". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Natural products include a large and diverse group of substances from a variety of sources. They are produced by marine organisms, bacteria, fungi, and plants. The term encompasses complex extracts from these producers, but also the isolated compounds derived from those extracts. It also includes vitamins, minerals and probiotics.
↑ "About Us". Natural Products Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-07. Natural products are represented by a wide array of consumer goods that continue to grow in popularity each year. These products include natural and organic foods, dietary supplements, pet foods, health and beauty products, "green" cleaning supplies and more. Generally, natural products are considered those formulated without artificial ingredients and that are minimally processed.
↑ Hanson JR (2003). Natural Products: the Secondary Metabolite. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-490-6. Natural products are organic compounds that are formed by living systems.
↑ "Natural Products". Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017. Natural products: naturally occurring compounds that are end products of secondary metabolism; often, they are unique compounds for particular organisms or classes of organisms.
↑ Williams DA, Lemke TL (2002). "Chapter 1: Natural Products". Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. p. 25. ISBN 0-683-30737-1. Natural product: A single chemical compound that occurs naturally. This term is typically used to refer to an organic compound of limited distribution in nature (often called secondary metabolites).
↑ Hunter P (September 2008). "Harnessing Nature's wisdom. Turning to Nature for inspiration and avoiding her follies". EMBO Reports. 9 (9): 838–40. doi:10.1038/embor.2008.160. PMC 2529361. PMID 18762775.

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[url_Natural_product_Webster-1] Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913). "Natural product". Free Online Dictionary and C. & G. Merriam Co. A chemical substance produced by a living organism; - a term used commonly in reference to chemical substances found in nature that have distinctive pharmacological effects. Such a substance is considered a natural product even if it can be prepared by total synthesis.

[pmid_17576412-2] "All natural". Nature Chemical Biology. 3 (7): 351. July 2007. doi:10.1038/nchembio0707-351. PMID 17576412. The simplest definition for a natural product is a small molecule that is produced by a biological source.

[Samuelson_1999-3] Samuelson G (1999). Drugs of Natural Origin: A Textbook of Pharmacognosy. Taylor & Francis Ltd,. ISBN 9789186274818.{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: نقطه‌گذاری اضافه (link)

[urlNatural_Products_Research—Information_for_Researchers_|_NCCAM-4] National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (2013-07-13). "Natural Products Research—Information for Researchers | NCCIH". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Natural products include a large and diverse group of substances from a variety of sources. They are produced by marine organisms, bacteria, fungi, and plants. The term encompasses complex extracts from these producers, but also the isolated compounds derived from those extracts. It also includes vitamins, minerals and probiotics.

[url_NPF_about_us-5] "About Us". Natural Products Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-07. Natural products are represented by a wide array of consumer goods that continue to grow in popularity each year. These products include natural and organic foods, dietary supplements, pet foods, health and beauty products, "green" cleaning supplies and more. Generally, natural products are considered those formulated without artificial ingredients and that are minimally processed.

[Hanson_2003-6] Hanson JR (2003). Natural Products: the Secondary Metabolite. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-490-6. Natural products are organic compounds that are formed by living systems.

[7] "Natural Products". Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017. Natural products: naturally occurring compounds that are end products of secondary metabolism; often, they are unique compounds for particular organisms or classes of organisms.

[8] Williams DA, Lemke TL (2002). "Chapter 1: Natural Products". Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. p. 25. ISBN 0-683-30737-1. Natural product: A single chemical compound that occurs naturally. This term is typically used to refer to an organic compound of limited distribution in nature (often called secondary metabolites).

[pmid_18762775-9] Hunter P (September 2008). "Harnessing Nature's wisdom. Turning to Nature for inspiration and avoiding her follies". EMBO Reports. 9 (9): 838–40. doi:10.1038/embor.2008.160. PMC 2529361. PMID 18762775.

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