Adi Shankara
Adi Shankaracharya edo Adi Shankaracharya[oh 1] (sanskritoz: आदि शङ्कर, आदि शङ्कराचार्य, aːdɪ ɕɐŋkɐɽɐ ahoskatua; Kaladi, egungo Kochi, 788 - Kedarnath, egungo Uttarakhand, 820) Indiako buruzagi espiritual garrantzitsuenetako bat izan zen, Veden ikertzailea, filosofoa eta Advaita Vedantaren irakaslea (acharya)[1]. Shankararen bizitza errealari buruzko informazio fidagarria urria da[2], eta bere benetako eragina «erlijio eta kultura hinduaren irudikapen ikonikoan» datza, hindu gehienak Advaita Vedantarekin bat egiten ez duten arren<[3]. Tradizioak, halaber, sekta ezberdinak (vaishnavismoa, shaivismoa eta shaktismoa) Pañcāyatana gurtza-formaren sarrerarekin adiskidetu zituena bezala erretratatzen du, bost jainkoren aldi bereko gurtzarekin: Ganesha, Surya, Vishnu, Shiva eta Devi, jainko guztiak Brahman izaki gorenaren forma ezberdinak zirela argudiatuz[4].
| Adi Shankara | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bizitza | |
| Jaiotza | Kalady (en)  , 788 |
| Heriotza | Kedarnath (en) , 820 (31/32 urte) |
| Hezkuntza | |
| Hizkuntzak | sanskritoa marathera |
| Irakaslea(k) | Govinda Bhagavatpada (en) |
| Jarduerak | |
| Jarduerak | filosofoa eta idazlea |
| Sinesmenak eta ideologia | |
| Erlijioa | hinduismoa Advaita Vedanta |
   | |
Maiz esaten da Indiako filosoforik garrantzitsuena izan zela, baina bere benetako eragin historikoa Hinduismoan eztabaidagarria da[5][6][7]. X. mendera arte, Shankara baino garranzitsuagoa zen bere garaikidea izan zen Maṇḍana Miśra[6][8], eta ez dago bere aipamenik testu hinduista, budista edo jainistatan XI. mendera arte[9]. Shankararen ohiko irudia XIV. mendean hasi zen sortzen, bera hil eta mende batzuetara, Sringeri mata Vijayanagara Inperioko erregeen aldetik hedatzen hasi zenean[8][10][11][12], eta Agama Shaivismo advaitikotik Advaita Vedanta Brahmaniko ortodoxora aldatu zirenean[13]. Berari buruzko hagiografiak XIV eta XVII. mendeen artean idatzi ziren, Chakravartin-Sannyasa gisa aurkezten zutena, digvijaya bidaia egin zuena Indiako azpikontinenteko txoko guztietara bere filosofia hedatzera[14][15], eta bere aurkariak eztabaida filosofikoetan garaitzeko gai zena[16][17]. Hagiografia hauetan esaten da lau matha ("monasterio") sortu zituela, eta Adi Shankara Dashamani orden monastikoaren sortzaile gisa aurkezten zuten; era berean, Shanmata tradizioaren bateratzailea zen. Shnakaracharya titulua, gaur egun Indiako hainbat monasterioko buruek erabiltzen dutena, Shankararen izenetik eratorria da.
Beranduago lortu zuen famaren ondorioz, 300 bat testu esleitu dizkiote, iruzkinak (Bhāṣya), gaien sarrera testuak (Prakaraṇa grantha) eta olerkiak (Stotra) barne[18][19]. Hala ere, testu hauetako gehienak ziurrenik bere jarraitzaileek edo ikertzaileek idatzi zituzten, batzuetan bere izena erabilita[20][21]. Shankarak berak idatzitako testuen artean daude Brahmasutrabhasya,[18] Mukhya Upanishadsen gaineko iruzkinak,[18][20] Bhagavad Gita lanaren gaineko iruzkina,[22] eta Upadeśasāhasrī[23][24]. Ez dago argi Vivekacūḍāmaṇi lanaren egilea ote den, baina gaur egungo ikertzaile gehienen ustez ez zen bera izan egilea[25][26].
Bere benetako lanek shastraren harmonizazio bat bilatzen dute, norberaren ezagutza muinetik askatuz, eta Advaita Vedantaren ikasketak sintetizatuz[27][28]. Shankararen lanen kezka zentrala zen askatzea ezagutza bere jivatman (norbera) identitate errealetik Ātman-Brahman gisa,[24][29] eta Upanishadak ezagutza medio independente gisa hartzea, Mīmāṃsāren erritualei lotutako Vedetatik haratago[30][31]. Shankararen Advaitak eraginak jaso zituen Mahayana Budismotik, nahiz eta Shankarak kritikatu zuten;[32][33] Vaishnava hinduistek argudaitu zuten Shankara kripto-Budista zela[34][35][36], Advaita Vedantako tradizioak ukatzen duen izendapen bat[37].
Erreferentziak
aldatu- ↑ Beste izen batzuk dira: Shankara Bhagavatpada (Śaṅkara Bhagavatpāda), Shankara Bhagavatpadacharya (Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya) do Shankaracharya, batzuetan Sankaracharya
Erreferentziak
aldatu- ↑ Suthren Hirst 2005, 1 orr. .
- ↑ Isaeva 1993, 69–82 orr. .
- ↑ King 2001, 129-130 orr. .
- ↑ Klostermaier, Klaus K.. (1994). A survey of Hinduism. (2nd ed. argitaraldia) State University of New York Press ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-10-01).
- ↑ Roodurmun 2002, 29 orr. .
- ↑ a b King 2001, 128 orr. .
- ↑ Tola 1989.
- ↑ a b Roodurmun 2002, 33–34 orr. .
- ↑ Clark 2006, 217 orr. .
- ↑ Hacker 1995, 29–30 orr. .
- ↑ Goodding 2013, 89 orr. .
- ↑ Blake Michael 1992, 60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8 orr. .
- ↑ Clark 2006, 215, 221-222 orr. .
- ↑ Nowicka 2016, 147 orr. .
- ↑ Bader 2001, vii orr. .
- ↑ Raju 1985, 383 orr. .
- ↑ Allen 2017.
- ↑ a b c Mayeda 2006, 6–7 orr. .
- ↑ Isaeva 1993, 2–3 orr. .
- ↑ a b Hacker 1995, 30–31 orr. .
- ↑ Halbfass 1983.
- ↑ Rambachan 1991, xii–xiii orr. .
- ↑ Halbfass 1990, 205–208 orr. .
- ↑ a b Koller 2007, 98–106 orr. .
- ↑ Grimes 2004.
- ↑ Shah-Kazemi 2006, 4 orr. .
- ↑ Nakamura 2004, 678-679 orr. .
- ↑ Dalal, Neil. (2021). Zalta, Edward N. ed. «Śaṅkara» The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) (Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-10-01).
- ↑ Nakamura 1999, 176 orr. .
- ↑ Comans 2000, 163 orr. .
- ↑ Chattopadhyaya 2000.
- ↑ Shcherbatsky 1927, 44–45 orr. .
- ↑ Dasgupta 1997, 494 orr. .
- ↑ Biderman 1978, 405–413 orr. .
- ↑ Isaeva 1993, 14 orr. .
- ↑ King 1995, 183 orr. .
- ↑ Isaeva 1993, 60, 145–154 orr. .
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