Sankhara

Saṅkhāra (pali; सङ्खार; sánscrito: संस्कार o saṃskāra ) es un término que ocupa un lugar destacado en el budismo. La palabra significa formaciones^[1]o "lo que ha sido juntado" y "lo que junta".

En el primer sentido (pasivo), saṅkhāra se refiere a los fenómenos condicionados en general, pero específicamente a todas las "disposiciones" mentales.^[2] Éstas se denominan "formaciones volitivas" porque se forman como resultado de la volición y porque son causas del surgimiento de acciones volitivas futuras.^[3] Las traducciones al inglés de saṅkhāra en el primer sentido de la palabra incluyen "cosas condicionadas",^[4] "determinaciones", "fabricaciones" ^[5] y "formaciones" (particularmente cuando se refiere a procesos mentales, formaciones volitivas).^[6]

En el segundo sentido (activo) de la palabra, saṅkhāra se refiere al karma (sankhara-khandha) que conduce al surgimiento condicionado, al origen dependiente.^[7]^[8]

Según la escuela Vijnanavada,^[9] existen 51 samskaras o factores mentales.^[10]

Traducciones al inglés del término Sankhara

Actividades (Ajahn Sucitto)
Concoctions (Santikaro)^[11]
Condiciones
Factores condicionantes
Cosas condicionadas^[12]
Construcciones (similar a la idea del construccionismo social)
Determinaciones ^[13]
Fabricaciones^[5]
Formaciones (Bhikkhu Bodhi)^[14]
Formaciones kármicas^[15]
Construcciones mentales
Construcciones mentales (Bhante S. Dhammika)
Preparaciones (Katukurunde Nanananda Thera)^[16]
Actividades volitivas^[17]
Disposiciones volitivas^[18]
Formaciones volitivas Bhikkhu Bodhi

Véase también

Referencias

↑ Thich Nhat Hahn (2015). The Heart of Buddha's Teaching. New York: Harmony. pp. 73-74.
↑ David Kalupahana, "A History of Buddhist Philosophy." University of Hawaii Press, 1992, page 71.
↑ "The word saṅkhatam is explained in various ways. But in short it means something that is made up, prepared, or concocted by way of intention." Katukurunde Ñāṇānanda, in "The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna," p. 42, online at http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net.
↑ See Piyadassi (1999). This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of saṅkhāra states: 'In the widest sense, saṅkhāra comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions.'
↑ ^a ^b See, for instance, Thanissaro (1997b).
↑ See the extended discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include 'constructions' (p. 45) and 'activities' (p. 45, especially to highlight the kammic aspect of saṅkhāra).
↑ William S Waldron (2003). The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought. Routledge. pp. 102-112. ISBN 978-1-134-42886-1.
↑ See, for instance, Bodhi (2000), p. 45:
↑ Thich Nhat Hahn (2015). The Heart of Buddha's Teaching. New York: Harmony. pp. 73-74.
↑ «51 Mental Formations». Plum Village. 23 de noviembre de 2013. Consultado el 30 de junio de 2019.
↑ «Interview with Leigh Brasington, May 2004». www.leighb.com.
↑ See Piyadassi (1999). This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of saṅkhāra states: "In the widest sense, saṅkhāra comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions."
↑ According to Nanavira Thera 'the word sankhāra, in all contexts, means 'something that something else depends on', that is to say a determination (determinant).' (Notes on Dhamma: Sankhāra)
↑ See the extended discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include "constructions" (p. 45) and "activities" (p. 45, especially to highlight the karmic aspect of saṅkhāra.
↑ Milinda's questions. Sacred books of the Buddhists. I.B. Horner (trans.). London: Luzac. 1963.
↑ Ñāṇānanda, Katukurunde, 1988-1991, The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna, online at http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net. Bhikkhu Ñāṇānanda also notes, "in the ancient Indian society, one of the primary senses of the word saṅkhāra was the make-up done by actors and actresses" (http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net/files/eng/books/ms/nibbana_the_mind_stilled_I.pdf (enlace roto disponible en este archivo)., p. 109).
↑ Gethin, p. 136
↑ Radhakrishnan and Moore (1957), p. 272.

Fuentes

Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-331-1.
Geshe Tashi Tsering (2006). Buddhist Psychology: The Foundation of Buddhist Thought. Perseus Books Group. Kindle Edition.
Guenther, Herbert V. & Leslie S. Kawamura (1975), Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding" Dharma Publishing. Kindle Edition.
Kunsang, Erik Pema (translator) (2004). Gateway to Knowledge, Vol. 1. North Atlantic Books.
Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999). Girimananda Sutta: Discourse to Girimananda Thera (AN 10.60). Retrieved 2007-11-18 from "Access to Insight" at Girimananda Sutta: Discourse to Girimananda Thera.
Radhakrishnan, S. and Moore, C.A. (1957). A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1995). Cetana Sutta: Intention (SN 12.38). Retrieved 2007-11-16 from "Access to Insight" at Cetana Sutta: Intention.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). Avijja Sutta: Ignorance (SN 45.1). Retrieved 2007-11-16 from "Access to Insight" at Avijja Sutta: Ignorance.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising (SN 12.2). Retrieved 2007-11-16 from "Access to Insight" at Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2001). Khajjaniya Sutta: Chewed Up (SN 22.79). Retrieved 2007-11-18 from "Access to Insight" at Khajjaniya Sutta: Chewed Up.

[:00-1] Thich Nhat Hahn (2015). The Heart of Buddha's Teaching. New York: Harmony. pp. 73-74.

[2] David Kalupahana, "A History of Buddhist Philosophy." University of Hawaii Press, 1992, page 71.

[3] "The word saṅkhatam is explained in various ways. But in short it means something that is made up, prepared, or concocted by way of intention." Katukurunde Ñāṇānanda, in "The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna," p. 42, online at http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net.

[4] See Piyadassi (1999). This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of saṅkhāra states: 'In the widest sense, saṅkhāra comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions.'

[Thanissaro_1997b-5] See, for instance, Thanissaro (1997b).

[6] See the extended discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include 'constructions' (p. 45) and 'activities' (p. 45, especially to highlight the kammic aspect of saṅkhāra).

[7] William S Waldron (2003). The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought. Routledge. pp. 102-112. ISBN 978-1-134-42886-1.

[8] See, for instance, Bodhi (2000), p. 45:

[:0-9] Thich Nhat Hahn (2015). The Heart of Buddha's Teaching. New York: Harmony. pp. 73-74.

[10] «51 Mental Formations». Plum Village. 23 de noviembre de 2013. Consultado el 30 de junio de 2019.

[11] «Interview with Leigh Brasington, May 2004». www.leighb.com.

[12] See Piyadassi (1999). This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of saṅkhāra states: "In the widest sense, saṅkhāra comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions."

[boddhi-13] According to Nanavira Thera 'the word sankhāra, in all contexts, means 'something that something else depends on', that is to say a determination (determinant).' (Notes on Dhamma: Sankhāra)

[14] See the extended discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include "constructions" (p. 45) and "activities" (p. 45, especially to highlight the karmic aspect of saṅkhāra.

[15] Milinda's questions. Sacred books of the Buddhists. I.B. Horner (trans.). London: Luzac. 1963.

[16] Ñāṇānanda, Katukurunde, 1988-1991, The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna, online at http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net. Bhikkhu Ñāṇānanda also notes, "in the ancient Indian society, one of the primary senses of the word saṅkhāra was the make-up done by actors and actresses" (http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net/files/eng/books/ms/nibbana_the_mind_stilled_I.pdf (enlace roto disponible en este archivo)., p. 109).

[17] Gethin, p. 136

[18] Radhakrishnan and Moore (1957), p. 272.

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