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====Chad====
====Chad====
[[Chad]] also recalled its ambassador on 6 November, noting that it condemned "the loss of human lives of many innocent civilians and calls for a ceasefire leading to a lasting solution to the Palestinian question".<ref name=TCHPA/>
[[Chad]] also recalled its ambassador on 6 November, noting that it condemned "the loss of human lives of many innocent civilians and calls for a ceasefire leading to a lasting solution to the Palestinian question".<ref name=TCHPA/>

====Sudan====
The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sudan)|Foreign Ministry]] said that Sudan supported "the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people to have their independent state"; and called "for adherence to international resolutions and the protection of innocent civilians."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.news.cn/20231008/9ec33e9411d54089a6e74457f10e5aa1/|title=Sudan voices support for Palestinians' legitimate rights|date=8 October 2023|access-date=10 October 2023|website=english.news.cn|archive-date=October 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010233115/https://english.news.cn/20231008/9ec33e9411d54089a6e74457f10e5aa1/c.html#:~:text=%22Sudan%20renews%20its%20support%20for,Ministry%20said%20in%20a%20statement|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="African_reactions_Oct9"/>


==Peace process and recognition of Palestine==
==Peace process and recognition of Palestine==

Revision as of 08:21, 6 December 2023

The 2023 Israel–Hamas war sparked a major diplomatic crisis, with many countries around the world reacting strongly to the conflict that affected the momentum of regional relations.[1] At least nine countries took the drastic step of recalling their ambassadors and cutting diplomatic ties with Israel.[2][3]

Severance and recall of diplomatic relations

On 27 October, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution ES-10/21 calling for an "immediate and sustained" humanitarian truce and cessation of hostilities.

At least nine countries, including Jordan, Bahrain, Turkey, Colombia, Honduras, Chile, Belize, South Africa and Chad, have recalled their ambassadors to Israel or severed ties altogether. The measures were taken in response to Israel's conflict with Hamas, citing humanitarian concerns about the escalating conflict.[4][5][6][7]

South and Central America

Further information: Bolivia–Israel relations, Chile–Israel relations, Colombia–Israel relations, and Belize–Israel relations

Several South American countries filed diplomatic protests against Israel in response to the conflict with Hamas. On the afternoon of Israel's 31 October airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp, Bolivia severed all diplomatic ties with Israel,[8][9] attributing its decision to alleged war crimes and human rights violations in the Gaza Strip. Chile and Colombia also recalled their ambassadors.[10] Belize suspended diplomatic relations with Israel.[11]

The Honduran President Xiomara Castro announced the recall of its ambassador on 4 November, shortly after the country's ministry of foreign affairs stated that "Honduras energetically condemns the genocide and serious violations of international humanitarian law that the civilian Palestinian population is suffering in the Gaza Strip".[12]

West Asia

Further information: Bahrain–Israel relations, Israel–Jordan relations, and Israel–Turkey relations

Jordan

Jordan, a major U.S. ally in the Middle East, recalled its ambassador on 1 November, as an "expression of Jordan’s position of rejection and condemnation of the raging Israeli war on Gaza, which is killing innocent people and causing an unprecedented humanitarian catastrophe."[12] Likewise, Jordan added that the ambassador of Israel who had departed Amman (the capital city) following Hamas' attack, won't be permitted to return.[13][14]

In November 2023, the prime minister of Jordan, said that Jordan was considering all available options in its response to the Israeli aggression on Gaza and its subsequent consequences.[13][14] He argued that Israel's blockade of the heavily-populated Gaza Strip could not be justified as self-defense, and criticised the indiscriminate Israeli assault, which had included safe zones and ambulances in its targets.[13][14]

Bahrain

Bahrain's National Assembly suspended diplomatic and economic relations on 2 November,[15] citing a "solid and historical stance that supports the Palestinian cause and the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people."[16][17] Israel said they had no prior knowledge of the decision.[18]

Turkey

Turkey recalled its ambassador to Israel over the humanitarian crisis caused by Israel's continued attacks on civilians in Gaza on 4 November.[19] Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has announced that he is cutting off all contact with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[20]

Africa

Further information: Israel–South Africa relations and Chad–Israel relations

South Africa

South Africa recalled its entire diplomatic mission on 6 November and criticized Israel's ambassador for disparaging those "opposing the atrocities and genocide of the Israeli government".[21] On 21 November, Israel recalled its ambassador in South Africa for "consultation" just hours before South African parliament was due vote on whether to close or suspend Israeli embassy in the country.[22][23] The vote came through in favour of the suspending diplomatic ties and shutting the embassy.[24]

The Foreign Ministry issued a statement calling for de-escalation and blaming the conflagration on "the continued illegal occupation of Palestine land, continued settlement expansion, desecration of the Al Aqsa Mosque and Christian holy sites, and ongoing oppression of the Palestinian people". South Africa affirmed its support of a two-state solution.[25] Foreign minister Naledi Pandor was criticized by the South African Jewish Board of deputies for taking a phone call from Hamas ten days after its attack and accused her of taking sides in the conflict. Pandor denied expressing support for Hamas and said that she expressed support for the Palestinian people and discussed aid for the people of Gaza.[26][27] South Africa voted against condemning Hamas at the United Nations.[28]

Libya

The High Council of State expressed support to Palestine and asked the Government of National Unity to sever diplomatic relationships with countries supporting Israel, while the Minister of Foreign Affairs Taher al-Badour called for an immediate halt of Israeli attacks in Gaza.[29][30] The House of Representatives expressed support for Gaza, condemned Israel and asked the rival Government of National Stability to totally halt oil exports to countries which support Israel and the immediate expulsion of the ambassadors of the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy from Libya.[31][32]

Chad

Chad also recalled its ambassador on 6 November, noting that it condemned "the loss of human lives of many innocent civilians and calls for a ceasefire leading to a lasting solution to the Palestinian question".[12]

Sudan

The Foreign Ministry said that Sudan supported "the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people to have their independent state"; and called "for adherence to international resolutions and the protection of innocent civilians."[33][34]

Peace process and recognition of Palestine

Main articles: Israeli–Palestinian peace process and Two-state solution

On 18 November, U.S. President Joe Biden said that after the war, "Gaza and the West Bank should be reunited under a single governance structure, ultimately under a revitalized Palestinian Authority, as we all work toward a two-state solution".[35]

Spanish Foreign Minister José Manuel Albares stated Spain was in favor of recognizing the State of Palestine within a short-term timeframe.[36] Belgium’s Minister of Development Cooperation Caroline Gennez stated Belgium was also considering recognizing the state of Palestine.[37] In an op-ed in the Financial Times, European chief diplomat Josep Borrell stated the two-state solution was the "best security guarantee" for Israel.[38] Biden stated the United States would "not give up" on the two-state solution.[39] Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated, "I am the only one who will prevent a Palestinian state in Gaza and [the West Bank] after the war."[40]

Speaking in Dubai on 2 December 2023, US Vice President Harris said five principles govern the post-conflict approach: "no forcible displacement, no reoccupation, no blockade, no reduction in territory and "no use of Gaza as a platform for terrorism." We want to see a unified Gaza and West Bank under the Palestinian Authority, and Palestinian voices and aspirations must be at the center of this work."[41]

Other impacts

China

The war tested China's strategy of 'balanced diplomacy' in the Middle East. Polarization over the conflict made it difficult to maintain Beijing's strategic Middle East vision.[42][43][44]

Global South

Western support for Israel's invasion of Gaza has led to wide divisions with the Global South. This has resulted in a growing negative perception of "double standards" and the "self-centered" West by the Global South.[45]

U.S. diplomacy

The United States struggled to gain influence when the war in Gaza broke out.[46][47] The United States is engaged in intense diplomacy aimed at undermining its closest Middle Eastern ally and trying to prevent the war from spreading to the region.[48]

G7

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken has sought unity among the Group of Seven (G7) on how to deal with the crisis.[49][50] G7 members were seeking common ground to prevent the war in Gaza from further destabilizing already shaky security in the wider Middle East.[51]

Impact on US–Iran relations

Main article: Iran–United States relations

The war between Israel and Hamas has deepened the struggle between the US and Iran for influence in the Middle East. Iran's long-term strategy involves destroying Israel and driving a wedge between Israel and its regional neighbors. Despite tensions and anger across the region, the Biden administration's efforts to contain Iran and prevent a wider war are in line with the priorities of most Arab governments.[52]

Saudi-Israel normalization deal

Main article: Israel–Saudi Arabia relations

Saudi Arabia, under the leadership of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, has been in talks with Israel about possibly normalizing diplomatic relations.[53][54] However, due to the outbreak of war, these negotiations were suspended. The decision to suspend talks was communicated to US Secretary of State Antony Blinken, dealing a blow to recent US efforts to restore peace and diplomatic ties between the two countries.[55]

See also

References

  1. ^ "How the Israel-Hamas War Impacts Regional Relations".
  2. ^ "The Diplomatic Off-Ramp After Israel's Invasion of Gaza". 31 October 2023.
  3. ^ "South Africa recalls diplomats from Israel over Gaza war". Al Jazeera. 7 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  4. ^ Bushard, Brian. "South Africa And Chad Latest Pulling Ambassadors From Israel — Joining These 7 Other Countries". Forbes.
  5. ^ "MSN". MSN.
  6. ^ "MSN". MSN.
  7. ^ "Countries that have cut ties with Israel or recalled ambassadors". ICIT Digital Library.
  8. ^ Phillips, Tom; Phillips, Tom (1 November 2023). "South American countries recall ambassadors and cut ties with Israel over war with Hamas". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  9. ^ Flores, Paola; Politi, Daniel. "Bolivia severs diplomatic ties with Israel as Chile and Colombia recall their ambassadors". ABC News. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  10. ^ Phillips, Tom; correspondent, Tom Phillips Latin America (November 1, 2023). "South American countries recall ambassadors and cut ties with Israel over war with Hamas". The Guardian. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  11. ^ "Belize joins diplomatic bachlash against Israel over Gaza bombardment". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  12. ^ a b c "These 8 countries have pulled ambassadors from Israel amid Hamas war". The Hill.
  13. ^ a b c Jordan open to 'all options' as Gaza conflict intensifies reuters.com Retrieved 8 November 2023
  14. ^ a b c Over 10,000 Palestinians killed in Gaza, Hamas-run health ministry says; UN calls Gaza a children’s graveyard cnbc.com Retrieved 8 November 2023
  15. ^ "Bahrain summons envoy to Israel, suspends economic relations". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  16. ^ "Bahrain expels Israel ambassador and cuts economic ties". Arab News. 2 November 2023.
  17. ^ "Bahrain recalls ambassador from Israel, cuts economic ties over Gaza war: Parliament". gulfnews.com. 2 November 2023.
  18. ^ Hamad, Mohammed (2 November 2023). "Bahrain parliament says envoy to Israel returned home, Israel says ties stable". Reuters.
  19. ^ "Turkey recalls ambassador to Israel over 'humanitarian tragedy in Gaza'". Al Jazeera.
  20. ^ "Israel-Hamas war: Erdogan cuts ties with Netanyahu as Israeli PM rejects call for humanitarian pause". Yahoo News. November 4, 2023.
  21. ^ Magome, Mogomotsi (6 November 2023). "South Africa recalls ambassador and diplomatic mission to Israel and accuses it of genocide in Gaza". Times Union. Associated Press. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  22. ^ Magome, Mogomotsi. "Israel recalls ambassador ahead of South African parliamentary vote to shut down Israeli embassy". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  23. ^ "Israel recalls its ambassador from South Africa". BBC News. 2023-11-21. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  24. ^ "South African lawmakers vote to suspend diplomatic ties with Israel, shut embassy". Reuters. 2023-11-21. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  25. ^ "South Africa calls for the immediate cessation of violence, restraint, and peace between Israel and Palestine". South African Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on October 8, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
  26. ^ "South African Foreign Minister's Phone Call With Hamas Sparks Ire". Voice of America. 2023-10-18. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  27. ^ "South Africa says it discussed aid with Hamas leader, denies reports of support". Reuters. 2023-10-18. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  28. ^ UN News [@UN_News_Centre] (October 27, 2023). "Canada-led amendment to the draft resolution on the Gaza crisis fails to pass at the UN General Assembly; it did not achieve two-thirds majority FAVOUR the amendment: 88 AGAINST the amendment: 55 ABSTENTIONS: 23 Our LIVE COVERAGE: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142847?reload12" (Tweet). Retrieved 28 October 2023 – via Twitter.
  29. ^ Shah, Rizwan (2023-10-26). "Libya State Council Convenes Over Gaza Crisis: A Stand for Palestine and Implications for Global Energy Markets". BNN Breaking.
  30. ^ Assad, Albulkader (25 October 2023). "Libya calls for immediate halt of Israeli aggression on Gaza". The Libya Observer.
  31. ^ "Libya's Parliament expresses rock-solid support for Palestinian rights". libyaobserver.ly. October 8, 2023. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
  32. ^ Zaptia, Sami (2023-10-26). "HoR calls for oil export halt and expulsion of US, UK, French, German and Italian ambassadors over Zionist Gaza genocide". Libya Herald.
  33. ^ "Sudan voices support for Palestinians' legitimate rights". english.news.cn. 8 October 2023. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference African_reactions_Oct9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ "Palestinian Authority should govern Gaza and West Bank, Biden says". November 18, 2023 – via www.reuters.com.
  36. ^ "Spain in favor of recognition of Palestinian state in "the very short term"". The Jerusalem Post. Reuters. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  37. ^ Kasraoui, Safaa. "Belgium Considers Recognizing State of Palestine, Vows Sanctions Against Israel". Morocco World News. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  38. ^ Borrell, Josep. "Why a Palestinian state is the best security guarantee for Israel". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  39. ^ Dhar, Aniruddha. "Joe Biden repeats two-state solution call amid Israeli PM Netanyahu's 'Hamas elimination' plan after Gaza truce". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  40. ^ Magid, Jacob. "PM lobbying Likud MKs, saying only he can prevent a Palestinian state in Gaza, West Bank – report". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  41. ^ "Israel-Gaza war live updates". WAPO. 2 December 2023.
  42. ^ "Commentary: Israel-Hamas war puts China's strategy of 'balanced diplomacy' in the Middle East at risk".
  43. ^ "Israel-Hamas Conflict Challenges China's Diplomatic Efforts in Middle East: Analysts". 11 October 2023.
  44. ^ "Israel-Hamas war puts China's strategy of 'balanced diplomacy' in the Middle East at risk". 3 November 2023.
  45. ^ "The West Is Losing the Global South Over Gaza". TIME. November 3, 2023.
  46. ^ "U.S. struggles to exert influence as war rages in Gaza". news.knowledia.com. November 7, 2023.
  47. ^ "U.S. struggles to exert influence as war rages in Gaza". article.wn.com.
  48. ^ "Israel Gaza: US in diplomatic dash to contain conflict". BBC News. October 17, 2023.
  49. ^ "Blinken seeks G7 unity on Israel-Hamas war". PBS. 7 November 2023.
  50. ^ "Blinken seeks G7 unity on Israel-Hamas war, as cracks emerge over Gaza policy | The Times of Israel". The Times of Israel.
  51. ^ "Blinken seeks G7 unity on Israel-Hamas war among items on crisis-heavy global agenda". Associated Press News. 7 November 2023.
  52. ^ Ciorciari, John (October 23, 2023). "The Israel-Hamas war deepens the struggle between US and Iran for influence in the Middle East". The Conversation.
  53. ^ "Saudi Arabia pauses normalisation talks with Israel amid ongoing war with Hamas". France 24. October 14, 2023.
  54. ^ "Israel Latest: Military Goes Into Hamas's Gaza Stronghold". Bloomberg. November 8, 2023 – via www.bloomberg.com.
  55. ^ "Saudi Arabia ends talks on normalization with Israel amid Hamas-Israel war".
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