Koçgiri rebellion

Koçgiri Rebellion
	Part of Kurdish rebellions in Turkey and the Turkish War of Independence
	; Armed Kurds, in a 1911 photograph
Date	6 March 1921 – 17 June 1921
Location	Sivas, Tunceli, Erzincan
Result	Turkish victory Revolt suppressed;
Belligerents
Grand National Assembly Central Army;	Atman tribe; Direjan tribe; Koçgiri tribe; Parçikan tribe; Pevizan tribe; Zerikan tribe; Society for the Rise of Kurdistan
Commanders and leaders
Mustafa Kemal Pasha; Nureddin Pasha; Binbaşı Halis Bey (commander of the 6th Cavalry Regiment) †; Topal Osman	Alişan Bey ; Alisher Efendi; Nuri Dersimi; Paso; Misto
Strength
Government claim:; 3,161 men; 1,350 military animals; 2,750 rifles, 3 light and 18 heavy machine guns Rebel claim:; 6,000 cavalrymen; 25,000 infantrymen; Unknown nr of militia and Gendarmerie	Government claim:; 3,000 rebels (mostly cavalry); 2,500 rifles Rebel claim:; 6,000 rebels
Casualties and losses
Unknown	500 rebels killed; 32 rebel leaders and 500 rebels captured

The Koçgiri rebellion (Kurdish: Serhildana Qoçgiriyê; Turkish: Koçgiri İsyanı) was a Kurdish uprising, that began in the overwhelmingly militant Koçgiri region in present-day eastern Sivas Province in February 1921. The rebellion was initially Alevi, but it succeeded in gathering support from nearby Sunni tribes.^[1]^[13] The tribal leaders had a close relationship with the Society for the Rise of Kurdistan (SAK).^[14]^[15] The rebellion was defeated in June 1921.

Background

After the Treaty of Sèvres was signed the Kurds began to feel more trustful that they were able to reach at least some sort of an autonomous government for themselves. Abdulkadir Ubeydullah, the son of Sheikh Ubeydullah and the president of the SAK,^[16] supported the idea of a Kurdish autonomy within Turkey. But Nuri Dersimi and Alisher Efendi wanted more than autonomy, they wanted to establish an independent Kurdistan according to article 64 of the treaty.^[17] Mustafa Kemal followed up on the events in the Dersim area and as it came to his knowledge that some of the Kurds were pursuing autonomy in line with the fourteen points announced by US president Woodrow Wilson, he answered that the plan of Wilson was worthless for the peoples in the eastern provinces and they should rather follow his Turkish nationalist movement.^[17]

Negotiations

The Kurds around Dersim began to prepare for an eventual showdown with the Turkish nationalists and they also raided several Turkish weapon depots. By October 1920 they captured enough to feel themselves in a position of strength and Alisan Bey, the leader of Refahiye prepared the tribes for independence. Finally, on the 15 November 1920, they delivered a declaration to the Kemalists which stated the following.^[18]^[19]

The Government in Ankara should abide by the agreement the Kurds had with the Sultan in Istanbul and accept the Kurdish autonomy
The Government in Ankara should also inform the people who wrote the declaration concerning their approach towards an autonomous Kurdistan.
All the Kurdish prisoners in the prisons of Erzincan, Malatya, Elaziz (today Elazıĝ) and Sivas shall be released.
The Turkish administration in the areas with a Kurdish majority must leave
And the Turkish military which was dispatched to the Kurdish areas, should withdraw

They requested an answer by 24 November 1920.^[20]^[19] On the 25 December, the Kurds again demanded more political rights to be given to them in the Provinces of Diyarbakir, Bitlis, Van and Elaziz as agreed on in the Treaty of Sèvres.^[19] The Kemalists at first listened to their demands for more political freedom, but at the same time moved significant troops to the region in order to quell the rebellion.^[20] Nevertheless, the Turkish Government tried to deceive the kurds as they sent the Governor of Elaziz to Pertek in order to assure them that Mustafa Kemal agreed to the requests. Mustafa Kemal even nominated additional members of parliament from the region.^[21] The Turkish Government also offered to assign a Kurdish Mütessarif to the region, but the revolutionaries represented by Seyit Riza and Alişan Bey (official from the Refahiye) refused the offer, and repeated their demand that they want an independent Kurdish government and not one imposed by Ankara.^[21]

The Revolt

Following this response, Mustafa Kemal ordered the arrest of Nuri Dersimi and on the 20 December he was detained and brought to prison.^[21]

The commander of the Central Army Nureddin Pasha sent a force of some 3,000 cavalrymen and irregulars including Topal Osman's battalions.^[9] By February fighting between parties began and the Turks demanded the unconditional surrender of the Kurdish revolutionaries. A first major encounter between the factions ended victorious for the Kurds, but fighting went on^[22] and the rebels were crushed by June 17, 1921.^[23]

Before repressing the rebels, Nureddin Pasha said (according to some sources, this statement belongs to Topal Osman^[24]):

In homeland (Turkey), we cleaned up people who say "zo" (Armenians), I'm going to clean up people who say "lo" (Kurdish) by their roots.^[25]^[26]
— Turkish original, Türkiye'de (Memlekette) "zo" diyenleri (Ermenileri) temizledik, "lo" diyenlerin (Kürtlerin) köklerini de ben temizleyeceğim.^[24]

The brutality of the repression made the Grand National Assembly decide to put Nureddin Pasha on trial. Although Nureddin Pasha was dismissed on November 3, 1921 and recalled to Ankara, Mustafa Kemal Pasha intervened and prevented a trial.^[9]

The brutality of the actions of the Turkish forces shocked even some members of the Ankara's national assembly. One of the representatives said: "African barbarians would not even accept such excesses".^[27]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Güneş, Ergin (2014). Boztuğ, Onursal (ed.). Koçgiri İsyanı Ekseninde Dersim Direnişi. Sempozyumu’nda Sunulan Bildiriler , 20-22 Eylül 2013 (in Turkish). Tunceli University. p. 244.
^ ^a ^b Turkish state (2014). Aşiretler Raporu (in Turkish) (3 ed.). Kaynak Yayınları. p. 279. ISBN 978-975-343-220-7.
^ Hülya Küçük, The Role of the Bektashis in Turkey's National Struggle, BRILL, 2002, ISBN 9004124438, page 217.
^ Ercan Yavuz, "Turkey starts to question early period of republic" Archived 2016-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Today's Zaman, November 22, 2009.
^ Mustfa Balcıoğlu, Belgelerle Millî Mücadele sırasında Anadoluda ayaklanmalar ve Merkez ordusu, 1991, p. 128. (in Turkish)
^ Nurettin Gülmez, T.B.M.M. zabıtalarından Doğu ve Güney Doğu meselesi, Hamle Yayın-Dağıtım, 1992, p. 197. (in Turkish)
^ "Accueil | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche".
^ ^a ^b Türk İstiklal Harbi, Edition VI, İstiklal Harbinde Ayaklanmalar, T. C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Resmî Yayınları, 1974, page 281
^ ^a ^b ^c Andrew Mango, Atatürk, John Murray, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7195-6592-2, p. 330.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hüseyin Rahmi Apak, Türk İstiklâl Harbi – İç ayaklanmalar: 1919-1921, 1964, C.VI, Genelkurmay Basımevi, pages 163-165
^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995, BRILL, 1997, ISBN 9789004108615, p. 13.
^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', p. 14.
^ Olson, Robert W. (1989). The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. University of Texas Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-292-77619-7.
^ Olson, Robert W. (1989). The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. University of Texas Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-292-77619-7.
^ Olson, Robert; Rumbold, Horace (1989). "The Koçgiri Kurdish rebellion in 1921 and the draft law for a proposed autonomy of Kurdistan". Oriente Moderno. 8 (69) (1/6): 41. doi:10.1163/22138617-0690106006. ISSN 0030-5472. JSTOR 25817079 – via JSTOR.
^ Özoĝlu, Hakan (2004-02-12). Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. SUNY Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-7914-5993-5.
^ ^a ^b Olson, Robert W. (1989). The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. University of Texas Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-292-77619-7.
^ Meiselas, Susan (1997). Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History. New York: Random House. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-226-51928-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c Olson, Robert; Rumbold, Horace (1989)p.43
^ ^a ^b Robert Olson, (1989) p. 30
^ ^a ^b ^c Robert Olson, (1989) p. 31
^ Robert Olson, (1989) p. 32
^ Ergün Aybars, İstiklâl Mahkemeleri, Bilgi Yayınevi, 1975, p. 34. (in Turkish)
^ ^a ^b Halim Demir, Milli Mücadele: Kuvayı Milliye : İttihatçılar ve Muhalifler, Ozan Yayıncılık, 2008, p. 176.
^ Hans-Lukas Kieser, Iskalanmış barış: Doğu Vilayetleri'nde misyonerlik, etnik kimlik ve devlet 1839-1938, İletişim Yayınları, 2005, ISBN 978-975-05-0300-9, p. 570. (in Turkish) (original: Der verpasste Friede: Mission, Ethnie und Staat in den Ostprovinzen der Türkei 1839-1938, Chronos, 2000, ISBN 3-905313-49-9) (in German)
^ Martin van Bruinessen, Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society: Collected Articles, ISIS Press, 2000, ISBN 978-975-428-162-0, p. 183.
^ Gingeras, Ryan (2016). Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1922. Oxford University Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0199676071.

External links

The Repression of the Koçgiri Rebellion, 1920-1921

[Ergin-1] Güneş, Ergin (2014). Boztuğ, Onursal (ed.). Koçgiri İsyanı Ekseninde Dersim Direnişi. Sempozyumu’nda Sunulan Bildiriler , 20-22 Eylül 2013 (in Turkish). Tunceli University. p. 244.

[tribes-2] Turkish state (2014). Aşiretler Raporu (in Turkish) (3 ed.). Kaynak Yayınları. p. 279. ISBN 978-975-343-220-7.

[3] Hülya Küçük, The Role of the Bektashis in Turkey's National Struggle, BRILL, 2002, ISBN 9004124438, page 217.

[4] Ercan Yavuz, "Turkey starts to question early period of republic" Archived 2016-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Today's Zaman, November 22, 2009.

[5] Mustfa Balcıoğlu, Belgelerle Millî Mücadele sırasında Anadoluda ayaklanmalar ve Merkez ordusu, 1991, p. 128. (in Turkish)

[6] Nurettin Gülmez, T.B.M.M. zabıtalarından Doğu ve Güney Doğu meselesi, Hamle Yayın-Dağıtım, 1992, p. 197. (in Turkish)

[7] "Accueil | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche".

[genelkurmay-8] Türk İstiklal Harbi, Edition VI, İstiklal Harbinde Ayaklanmalar, T. C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Resmî Yayınları, 1974, page 281

[Mango330-9] Andrew Mango, Atatürk, John Murray, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7195-6592-2, p. 330.

[apak-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hüseyin Rahmi Apak, Türk İstiklâl Harbi – İç ayaklanmalar: 1919-1921, 1964, C.VI, Genelkurmay Basımevi, pages 163-165

[11] Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995, BRILL, 1997, ISBN 9789004108615, p. 13.

[12] Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', p. 14.

[13] Olson, Robert W. (1989). The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. University of Texas Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-292-77619-7.

[14] Olson, Robert W. (1989). The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. University of Texas Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-292-77619-7.

[15] Olson, Robert; Rumbold, Horace (1989). "The Koçgiri Kurdish rebellion in 1921 and the draft law for a proposed autonomy of Kurdistan". Oriente Moderno. 8 (69) (1/6): 41. doi:10.1163/22138617-0690106006. ISSN 0030-5472. JSTOR 25817079 – via JSTOR.

[16] Özoĝlu, Hakan (2004-02-12). Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. SUNY Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-7914-5993-5.

[:022-17] Olson, Robert W. (1989). The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. University of Texas Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-292-77619-7.

[18] Meiselas, Susan (1997). Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History. New York: Random House. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-226-51928-9.

[:2-19] Olson, Robert; Rumbold, Horace (1989)p.43

[:0-20] Robert Olson, (1989) p. 30

[:1-21] Robert Olson, (1989) p. 31

[22] Robert Olson, (1989) p. 32

[23] Ergün Aybars, İstiklâl Mahkemeleri, Bilgi Yayınevi, 1975, p. 34. (in Turkish)

[Halim-24] Halim Demir, Milli Mücadele: Kuvayı Milliye : İttihatçılar ve Muhalifler, Ozan Yayıncılık, 2008, p. 176.

[Hans-25] Hans-Lukas Kieser, Iskalanmış barış: Doğu Vilayetleri'nde misyonerlik, etnik kimlik ve devlet 1839-1938, İletişim Yayınları, 2005, ISBN 978-975-05-0300-9, p. 570. (in Turkish) (original: Der verpasste Friede: Mission, Ethnie und Staat in den Ostprovinzen der Türkei 1839-1938, Chronos, 2000, ISBN 3-905313-49-9) (in German)

[26] Martin van Bruinessen, Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society: Collected Articles, ISIS Press, 2000, ISBN 978-975-428-162-0, p. 183.

[27] Gingeras, Ryan (2016). Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1922. Oxford University Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0199676071.

[3]