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1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections

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1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1862 & 1863 June 5, 1864 – November 7, 1865[a] 1866 & 1867 →
All 193[b] seats in the United States House of Representatives
97 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Schuyler Colfax James Brooks
Party National Union Democratic
Leader's seat Indiana 9th New York 8th
Last election 110 seats[c] 72 seats
Seats won 150 33
Seat change Increase 40 Decrease 39
Popular vote 2,078,677[c] 1,631,393
Percentage 53.47% 41.97%
Swing Decrease 0.78%[d] Decrease 3.14%
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Conservative Radical Democracy
Last election New party New party
Seats won 5 4
Seat change Increase 5 Increase 4
Popular vote 84,998 54,008
Percentage 2.19% 1.39%
Swing New party New party
  Fifth party
 
Party Independent
Last election 2 seats
Seats won 1[e]
Seat change Decrease 1
Popular vote 41,360
Percentage 1.06%
Swing Increase 0.50%
Results
     National Unionist gain      National Unionist hold
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
Speaker before election

Schuyler Colfax
Republican

Elected Speaker

Schuyler Colfax
Republican

The 1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 5, 1864, and November 7, 1865, in the midst of the American Civil War and President Abraham Lincoln's reelection. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. Members were elected before the first session of the 39th United States Congress convened on December 4, 1865, including the at-large seat from the new state of Nevada, and the 8 from Tennessee, the first secessionist state to be readmitted. The other 10 secessionist states had not yet been readmitted, and therefore were not seated.

The opposition Democrats were deeply divided between the Copperheads, a group that demanded an immediate negotiated settlement with the Confederate States of America, and the War Democrats, who supported the war. With the Democrats lacking any coherent message, they lost half their seats to Lincoln's Republican Party, who increased their majority to a commanding level.

The Unionists lost seven seats, retaining control of 18 seats (some classify the Representatives as including 13 Unconditional Unionists and five Unionists), all from the border states of Maryland, Tennessee, and Kentucky, as well as West Virginia.

Election summaries

One new seat was added for the new State of Nevada[1] and 8 vacancies were filled by the readmission of Tennessee, the first secessionist state to be readmitted. Three former Confederate States held elections in 1865 that were rejected by Congress.

↓
38 137 18
Democratic Republican Unionist
State Type Date Total
seats 		Democratic Republican Unionist[f]
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Oregon At-large June 5, 1864 1 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Vermont District September 6, 1864 3 0 Steady 3 Steady 0 Steady
Maine District September 11, 1864 5 0 Decrease 1 5 Increase 1 0 Steady
Indiana District October 10, 1864 11 2 Decrease 5 9 Increase 5 0 Steady
Nevada[g] At-large 1 0 Steady 1 Increase 1 0 Steady
Ohio District 19 2 Decrease 12 17 Increase 12 0 Steady
Pennsylvania District 24 8 Decrease 4 16 Increase 4 0 Steady
West Virginia District October 22, 1864 3 0 Steady 0 Steady 3 Steady
California District[h] November 8, 1864
(Election Day)[i] 		3 0 Steady 3 Steady 0 Steady
Delaware At-large 1 1 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Illinois District +
1 at-large 		14 3 Decrease 6 11 Increase 6 0 Steady
Iowa District 6 0 Steady 6 Steady 0 Steady
Kansas At-large 1 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Maryland District 5 2 Increase 1 0 Steady 3 Decrease 1
Massachusetts District 10 0 Steady 10 Steady 0 Steady
Michigan District 6 0 Decrease 1 6 Increase 1 0 Steady
Minnesota District 2 0 Steady 2 Steady 0 Steady
Missouri District 9 1 Increase 1 8[e] Increase 7 0 Decrease 8
New Jersey District 5 3 Decrease 1 2 Increase 1 0 Steady
New York District 31 10 Decrease 7 21 Increase 7 0 Steady
Wisconsin District 6 1 Decrease 2 5 Increase 2 0 Steady
Late elections (after the March 4, 1865 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire District March 14, 1865 3 0 Decrease 1 3 Increase 1 0 Steady
Connecticut District April 3, 1865 4 0 Decrease 1 4 Increase 1 0 Steady
Tennessee[j] District August 3, 1865[k] 8 0 Steady 0 Steady 8 Increase 8
Rhode Island District April 5, 1865 2 0 Steady 2 Steady 0 Steady
Kentucky District August 7, 1865 9 5 Increase 5 0 Steady 4 Decrease 5
Nevada At-large November 7, 1865 1 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Secessionist states not yet readmitted
Alabama District November 6, 1865[l] 6
Arkansas District October 9, 1865[l] 3
Florida At-large November 29, 1865[l] 1
Georgia District November 15, 1865[l] 7
Louisiana District November 6, 1865[l] 5
Mississippi District October 2, 1865[l] 5
North Carolina District November 9, 1865[l] 7
South Carolina District November 22, 1865[l] 4
Texas District October 15, 1866[l] 4
Virginia District October 12, 1865[l] 8
Total[b] 193
50 vacancies[m] 		38
19.7% 		Decrease31 137[e]
71.0% 		Increase46 18
9.3% 		Decrease 6
Popular vote
Nat. Union
 
 53.47%
Democratic
 
 41.97%
Conservative
 
 2.19%
Radical
 
 1.39%
Independent
 
 1.06%
Others
 
 0.00%
House seats
Nat. Union
 
 77.72%
Democratic
 
 17.10%
Conservative
 
 2.59%
Radical
 
 2.07%
Independent
 
 0.52%

Of the rejected elections, Florida's and Mississippi's claimants' parties are unknown, while North Carolina elected 4 Union and 3 Conservative Representatives.

Special elections

See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

38th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Illinois 5 Owen Lovejoy Republican 1856 Incumbent died March 25, 1864.
New member elected May 19, 1864.
Republican hold.
New York 1 Henry G. Stebbins Democratic 1862 Incumbent resigned October 24, 1864.[3]
New member elected November 8, 1864.
Democratic hold.

39th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maryland 2 Edwin H. Webster Unconditional
Unionist 		1859 Incumbent resigned July 1865.
New member elected November 7, 1865.
Unconditional Unionist hold.
Massachusetts 6 Daniel W. Gooch National Union 1858 (special) Incumbent resigned September 1, 1865.
New member elected November 7, 1865.
National Union hold.
New York 16 Orlando Kellogg National Union 1862 Incumbent died August 24, 1865.
New member elected November 7, 1865.
National Union hold.

Alabama

See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama

Alabama did not hold elections to the 39th Congress.

Arizona Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Arkansas

See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas

Arkansas did not hold elections to the 39th Congress.

California

California elections
← 1863 November 8, 1864 1867 →
3 seats
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Republican Democratic
Last election 3 0
Seats won 3 0
Seat change Steady Steady
Popular vote 62,039 43,045
Percentage 59.0% 41.0%
Results:
     Republican hold
Main article: 1864 United States House of Representatives elections in California
See also: List of United States representatives from California

Note: This was the first election in which California elected representatives from congressional districts.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
California 1
New seat 		Cornelius Cole
Redistricted from the at-large district. 		Republican 1863 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost renomination.
New member elected.
California 2
New seat 		William Higby
Redistricted from the at-large district. 		Republican 1863 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY William Higby (Republican) 61.3%
  • ▌James W. Coffroth (Democratic) 38.7%
California 3
New seat 		Thomas B. Shannon
Redistricted from the at-large district. 		Republican 1863 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌Green tickY John Bidwell (Republican) 55.8%
  • ▌Jackson Temple (Democratic) 44.2%

Colorado Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Connecticut 1 Henry C. Deming Republican 1863 Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut 2 James E. English Democratic 1861 Incumbent retired.
National Union gain.
Connecticut 3 Augustus Brandegee Republican 1863 Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut 4 John Henry Hubbard Republican 1863 Incumbent re-elected.

Dakota Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Delaware

See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware, 1864 United States Senate election in Delaware, and 1864 United States Senate special election in Delaware

Florida

See also: List of United States representatives from Florida

Florida did not hold elections to the 39th Congress.

Georgia

See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Georgia did not hold elections to the 39th Congress.

Idaho Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Illinois

See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois

Indiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana

Iowa

See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa and 1864 United States Senate election in Iowa

Kansas

See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas and 1865 United States Senate election in Kansas

Kentucky

See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky

Louisiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana

Louisiana did not hold elections to the 39th Congress.

Maine

See also: List of United States representatives from Maine

Maryland

See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland, 1864 United States Senate special election in Maryland, and 1865 United States Senate special election in Maryland

Massachusetts

See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts and 1865 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1 Thomas D. Eliot National Union 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 2 Oakes Ames National Union 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Oakes Ames (National Union) 72.07%
  • ▌James Maguire (Democratic) 27.93%
Massachusetts 3 Alexander H. Rice National Union 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Alexander H. Rice (National Union) 62.35%
  • ▌John S. Sleeper (Democratic) 37.65%
Massachusetts 4 Samuel Hooper National Union 1861 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 5 John B. Alley National Union 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John B. Alley (National Union) 75.89%
  • ▌Joseph B. Morse (Democratic) 24.11%
Massachusetts 6 Daniel W. Gooch National Union 1858 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Daniel W. Gooch (National Union) 71.66%
  • ▌Thomas J. Greenwood (Democratic) 28.34%
Massachusetts 7 George S. Boutwell National Union 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY George S. Boutwell (National Union) 68.99%
  • ▌Theodore H. Sweetser (Democratic) 31.01%
Massachusetts 8 John D. Baldwin National Union 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John D. Baldwin (National Union) 74.75%
  • ▌George Hodges (Democratic) 25.25%
Massachusetts 9 William B. Washburn National Union 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 10 Henry Laurens Dawes National Union 1856 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Henry L. Dawes (National Union) 64.74%
  • ▌Harry Arnold (Democratic) 35.26%

Michigan

See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan and 1865 United States Senate election in Michigan

Minnesota

See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota and 1865 United States Senate election in Minnesota

Mississippi

See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi

Mississippi did not hold elections to the 39th Congress.

Missouri

See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri

Montana Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Nebraska Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Nevada

See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada and 1865 United States Senate elections in Nevada

38th Congress

On October 31, 1864, the new state of Nevada elected Republican Henry G. Worthington to finish the term ending March 3, 1865.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Nevada at-large New state New seat.
Republican gain.

39th Congress

Worthington was not renominated for the next term, however, and on November 7, 1865, Republican Delos R. Ashley was elected November 7, 1865 for the term that had already begun but would not formally meet until December 4, 1865.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Nevada at-large Henry G. Worthington Republican 1864 (new state) Incumbent lost renomination.[8]
Republican hold.

New Hampshire

See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire and 1864 United States Senate election in New Hampshire

New Jersey

See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey and 1864 United States Senate election in New Jersey

New Mexico Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

New York

See also: List of United States representatives from New York

North Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina

North Carolina did not hold elections to the 39th Congress.

Ohio

Main article: 1864 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio
See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio

Ohio's delegation swung from 14–5 Democratic to 17-2 Republican as 10 Democratic incumbents lost renomination or re-election.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[10]
Ohio 1 George H. Pendleton Democratic 1856 Incumbent retired to run for Vice President.
Republican gain.
Ohio 2 Alexander Long Democratic 1862 Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican gain.
Ohio 3 Robert C. Schenck Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 4 John F. McKinney Democratic 1862 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Ohio 5 Francis C. Le Blond Democratic 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 6 Chilton A. White Democratic 1860 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Ohio 7 Samuel S. Cox Democratic 1862 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Ohio 8 William Johnston Democratic 1862 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Ohio 9 Warren P. Noble Democratic 1860 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Ohio 10 James M. Ashley Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 11 Wells A. Hutchins Democratic 1862 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Ohio 12 William E. Finck Democratic 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 13 John O'Neill Democratic 1862 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
  • ▌Green tickY Columbus Delano (Republican) 50.5%
  • ▌Charles Follett (Republican) 49.5%
Ohio 14 George Bliss Democratic 1862 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Ohio 15 James R. Morris Democratic 1862 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Ohio 16 Joseph W. White Democratic 1882 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Ohio 17 Ephraim R. Eckley Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 18 Rufus P. Spalding Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 19 James A. Garfield Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.

Oregon

See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon and 1864 United States Senate election in Oregon

Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island and 1864 United States Senate election in Rhode Island

South Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina

South Carolina did not hold elections to the 39th Congress.

Tennessee

See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee

Elections held late, on August 3, 1865.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 None (vacant due to Civil War) New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Tennessee 2 None (vacant due to Civil War) New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Tennessee 3 None (vacant due to Civil War) New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Tennessee 4 None (vacant due to Civil War) New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Tennessee 5 None (vacant due to Civil War) New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Tennessee 6 None (vacant due to Civil War) New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Tennessee 7 None (vacant due to Civil War) New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Tennessee 8 None (vacant due to Civil War) New member elected.
Unionist gain.
  • ▌Green tickY John W. Leftwich (Unionist) 47.99%
  • ▌John Bullock (Unionist) 17.21%
  • ▌ R. S. Saunders (Unknown) 16.87%
  • ▌William C. Dunlap (Conservative) 15.06%
  • ▌ William Hunter (Unknown) 2.87%[19]

Texas

See also: List of United States representatives from Texas

Texas did not hold elections to the 39th Congress.

Utah Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont

See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[20]
Vermont 1 Frederick E. Woodbridge Republican 1863 Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 2 Justin S. Morrill Republican 1854 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Justin S. Morrill (National Union) 72.0%
  • ▌Robert K. M. Ormsby (Democratic) 27.8%
Vermont 3 Portus Baxter Republican 1860 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Portus Baxter (National Union) 74.0%
  • ▌Giles Harrington (Democratic) 25.9%

Virginia

See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia, 1865 United States Senate election in Virginia, and 1865 United States Senate special election in Virginia

Virginia did not hold elections to the 39th Congress.

Washington Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

West Virginia

See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia and 1865 United States Senate election in West Virginia
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
West Virginia 1 Jacob B. Blair Unconditional
Unionist 		1863 Incumbent retired.
Unconditional Unionist hold.
West Virginia 2 William G. Brown Sr. Unconditional
Unionist 		1863 Incumbent retired.
Unconditional Unionist hold.
West Virginia 3 Kellian Whaley Unconditional
Unionist 		1863 Incumbent re-elected.

Wisconsin

See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin

Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 8, 1864.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[24]
Wisconsin 1 James S. Brown Democratic 1862 Incumbent withdrew from election.
National Union gain.
Wisconsin 2 Ithamar Sloan Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected on National Union ticket.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 3 Amasa Cobb Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected on National Union ticket.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 4 Charles A. Eldredge Democratic 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 5 Ezra Wheeler Democratic 1862 Incumbent retired.
National Union gain.
Wisconsin 6 Walter D. McIndoe Republican 1862 Special Incumbent re-elected on National Union ticket.
Republican hold.

Non-voting delegates

See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives

38th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Arizona Territory at-large New district New seat.
New delegate elected on an unknown date in 1864.
Republican gain.
Montana Territory at-large New district New seat.
New delegate elected.[n]
Democratic gain.

39th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Arizona Territory at-large Charles Debrille Poston Republican 1864 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected September 6, 1865.
Republican hold.
Colorado Territory at-large Hiram Pitt Bennet Conservative Republican 1861 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
Dakota Territory at-large John B. S. Todd Democratic 1862 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Idaho Territory at-large William H. Wallace Unionist 1860 (Wash. Territory)
1862 (unknown)
1863 		Unknown if incumbent retired or lost.
New delegate elected October 10, 1864.
Democratic gain.
Montana Territory at-large Samuel McLean Democratic 1864 Incumbent re-elected to the term starting March 4, 1865.[n]
Nebraska Territory at-large Samuel Gordon Daily Republican 1860 (won contest) Unknown if incumbent retired or lost.
Republican hold.
New Mexico Territory at-large
Utah Territory at-large
Washington Territory at-large

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Excludes states admitted after the start of Congress.
  2. ^ a b Including late elections.
  3. ^ a b Represents the combined results of the Republican and Unionist candidates in the last election cycle.
  4. ^ In comparison to the combined results of the Republican and Unionist candidates in the last election cycle.
  5. ^ a b c Includes 1 Independent Republican, John R. Kelso, elected in MO-04.
  6. ^ Including Unconditional Unionists.
  7. ^ New state.
  8. ^ Changed from at-large.
  9. ^ Although "An Act to establish a uniform time for holding elections for electors of President and Vice President in all the States of the Union (28th Congress, 2nd Session, Chapter 1, 5 Stat. 721, enacted January 23, 1845) was only for presidential elections, the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections.
  10. ^ Readmitted state.
  11. ^ Not admitted until July 24, 1866.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rejected election.
  13. ^ There were a total of 50 vacancies remaining, after the readmission of Tennessee.
  14. ^ a b Date speculative, but presumed to be in 1864[26] and 1865.[27]

References

  1. ^ 14 Stat. 391
  2. ^ "IL District 05 - Special Race - May 19, 1864". Our Campaigns. March 10, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  3. ^ "The Resignation of Hon. Henry G. Stebbins, M.C." The New York Times. October 26, 1864. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  4. ^ "NY District 1 - Special Election Race - Nov 08, 1864". Our Campaigns. March 18, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  5. ^ "MD District 2 Race - Nov 07, 1865". Our Campaigns. March 9, 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  6. ^ "MA District 6 - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1865". Our Campaigns. January 26, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  7. ^ "NY District 16 - Special Election - Nov 07, 1865". Our Campaigns. May 11, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  8. ^ a b History of Nevada, p. 87.
  9. ^ History of Nevada, p. 88–89.
  10. ^ Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 195, 196.
  11. ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  12. ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  13. ^ "Vote of the Knoxville District," Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator, 13 September 1865, p. 2.
  14. ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  15. ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  16. ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  17. ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  18. ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  19. ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  20. ^ "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  21. ^ "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  22. ^ "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  23. ^ "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  24. ^ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  25. ^ "Our Campaigns - AZ Territorial Delegate - Initial Election Race - Aug 02, 1864".
  26. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate - Initial Election Race - Nov 08, 1864". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  27. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 07, 1865". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  28. ^ "Our Campaigns - AZ Territorial Delegate Race - Aug 02, 1865". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  29. ^ "Our Campaigns - ID Territorial Delegate Race - Oct 10, 1864". www.ourcampaigns.com.

Bibliography

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