Alpha Phi Omega

Alpha Phi Omega
ΑΦΩ
The official crest of Alpha Phi Omega.
Founded	(1925-12-16) December 16, 1925 (age 98) Lafayette College
Type	Service
Scope	International
Motto	Be a Leader, Be a Friend, Be of Service
Colors	Blue       and Gold       (Royal Blue and Old Glory Gold)
Symbol	Diamond (jewel) , Golden Eagle (bird), Sturdy Oak (tree)
Flower	Forget-me-not
Publication	Torch & Trefoil
Chapters	United States 361 Active (of 733 charters),  Philippines 250,  Australia 1, Petitioning Groups in the U.S. 9
Cardinal Principles	Leadership, Friendship and Service
Headquarters	14901 E. 42nd St. Independence, Missouri USA
Website	http://www.apo.org

Alpha Phi Omega (commonly known as APO, but also ΑΦΩ, A-Phi-O, and A-Phi-Q) is a co-ed service fraternity organized to provide community service, leadership development, ^[1] and social opportunities to college students. Chapters of the fraternity exist in the United States, the Philippines, and Australia.^[2] The purpose of the fraternity is "to assemble college students in a national service fraternity in the fellowship of principles derived from the Scout Oath and Scout Law of the Boy Scouts of America; to develop leadership, to promote friendship, and to provide service to humanity; and to further freedom that is our national, educational, and intellectual heritage."^[2]

Unlike many other fraternities, APO's primary focus is to provide volunteer service within four areas: service to the community, service to the campus, service to the fraternity, and service to the nation as participating citizens.^[2] Being primarily a service organization, the fraternity restricts its chapters from maintaining fraternity houses to serve as residences for their members. This also encourages members of social fraternities that have houses, to also join APO.

Alpha Phi Omega is the largest fraternity on college campuses in the United States. The fraternity has chapters at over 350 colleges, a current active membership of approximately 17,000 and has over 350,000 alumni.^[3][1] Chapters range in size from a handful of active members to over two hundred active members, independent of each college's size.

It was founded on December 16, 1925 at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, by Frank Reed Horton and 13 other students who were former Boy Scouts and scouters as a way to continue participating in the ideals of Scouting at the college level.^[2]. The six advisors also inducted were four members of the Lafayette College faculty: President John H. MacCracken, Dean Donald B. Prentice, Professors D. Arthur Hatch and Harry T. Spengler; one local Scouting official, Herbert G. Horton, and one national Scouting official, national director of the Boy Scouts of America, Ray O. Wyland. ^[4] The founders insisted that all those gaining membership must pledge to uphold the fraternity's three cardinal principles of Leadership, Friendship, and Service.

Typical fraternity projects include blood drives, tutoring, charity fundraising events, Scouting events, used book exchange, campus escort initiatives, and housing construction/rehabilitation. Signature projects are the annual National Service Week, in the first full week of November, and the National Spring Youth Service Day in April. Many of the operations of individual chapters are left to their own discretion, though most chapters have membership requirements which require a certain number of hours of service each semester.

The official publication of the fraternity is the Torch & Trefoil.^[5] First published as the Lightbearer in February 1927, the name was changed to the Torch and Trefoil by the decision of the Fifth Alpha Phi Omega National Convention in December 1934. The new name was from the Torch as the emblem of Education and the Trefoil as the emblem of Scouting.^[6] A version is published quarterly by the national organization of the United States, as well as a separate version by the national organization of the Republic of the Philippines. The Lightbearer is now published as a separate daily publication during Alpha Phi Omega National Conventions, and distributed to convention attendees.

The International Council of Alpha Phi Omega (ICAPO) is a coordinating council of the Alpha Phi Omega National Organizations. During the 1980s, contact between Alpha Phi Omega (USA) and Alpha Phi Omega (Philppines) increased. National presidents Earle Herbert (USA) and Carlos "Caloy" Caliwara (Philippines) as well as other leaders in the two organizations concluded there was a need for an international coordinating body to promote the ideals of the fraternity around the world.

ICAPO was created at the 1994 Dallas-Fort Worth Alpha Phi Omega (USA) national convention with the signing of the charter document. Meetings followed at the 1995 Alpha Phi Omega (Philippines) and the 1996 Phoenix Alpha Phi Omega - USA national convention. At the 1996 convention, a formal set of operating policies for the council was signed and the first officers were elected. ICAPO meetings now occur in conjunction with Alpha Phi Omega national conventions in the USA and the Philippines. ^[7]

As stated in the charter of ICAPO:^[7] "The purpose of the ICAPO is to promote the principles and ideals of Alpha Phi Omega, as originally exemplified by Frank Reed Horton, around the world. To this end, the Council aids in introducing and establishing collegiate-based Alpha Phi Omega organizations in countries where it is not now located and assists in institutionalizing Alpha Phi Omega organizations in countries where it is currently introduced or established. It serves as an official link among the variously established independent national Alpha Phi Omega organizations, and works to promote a deeper understanding and an increased working relationship among the independent national organizations."

While the ICAPO binds both Alpha Phi Omega (USA) and Alpha Phi Omega (Philippines) into one larger international organization, the respective national organizations operate as individual organizations with a high degree of autonomy. Alpha Phi Omega (USA) has committed to the establishment of Alpha Phi Omega in Guam, and Alpha Phi Omega (Philippines) has committed to the establishment of Alpha Phi Omega in Australia.^[8]

In the United States, Alpha Phi Omega is organized into five levels.^[9]

1. There are over 350 Chapters and a number of Alumni Associations. Each chapter has student brothers who perform service and elect their officers, as well as Faculty, Scouting, and Service Advisors drawn from the college and local communities. Each Chapter usually has a Sectional Representative appointed by the local Sectional Chair.
2. There are around sixty Sections consisting of geographically close chapters. Each is headed by a Sectional Chair who is elected to a one year term at each Section's annual Conference. Many Sectional Chairs have a group of volunteer Sectional Staff, usually consisting of alumni of various chapters.
3. There are eleven Regions consisting of geographically close sections and chapters. Each is headed by an elected Regional Director who is a member of the National Board, and heads a group of volunteer Regional Staff, usually consisting of alumni of various chapters. Each Director is elected by the chapters in that Region.
4. There is the National Board of Directors, comprising the elected National Officers, the Regional Directors, and others. These officers are elected at the biennial National Convention to two-year terms and include the National President, National Vice-President, six National Program Directors. Appointed officials include the International Relations Directors, National Archivist, Legal Counsel and others. Alpha Phi Omega has a National Office in Independence, MO. Here the employees run the Fraternity's day-to-day operations, including the National Executive Director and others.
5. The supreme authority is the National Convention, which meets every two years. It consists of one or two voting delegates from each chapter and all the members of the National Board of Directors. These voting delegates consider changes to the Fraternity's policies, Bylaws, and Articles of Incorporation for the National Board of Directors to handle between Conventions. All members of the Fraternity are invited to attend, to participate in leadership development seminars, service projects, and fellowship events.

In 1950, Alpha Phi Omega had 227 chapters in the United States. The first chapter outside the US was organized in the Philippines that year. Many Filipinos were active in the Boy Scouts. Sol Levy, an APO member from Washington State introduced the organization to Filipino Scouts. Librado Ureta, a graduate student at Far Eastern University in Manila, was among the audience. Inspired by Levy's words, he read the publications and shared them with fellow Eagle Scouts and students on the FEU campus. He asked their opinion about Brother Levy's desire and the response was good. On 2 March 1950, the Alpha Phi Omega International Service Fraternity was chartered on campus.^[10]

Alpha Phi Omega grew rapidly in the Philippines. By its third year, seven chapters had been chartered at Manila and Visayan schools and it was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission as a nonstock, nonprofit, and nondividend corporation. Alpha Phi Omega (Phil.) Inc. was the first branch of the fraternity to be chartered outside the USA.^[10]

Alpha Phi Omega of the United States offers active membership (brotherhood) to be granted to all students enrolled at colleges and universities with active chapters of Alpha Phi Omega.^[9] Individual chapters are granted flexibility in determining the level of activity of Graduate Students at their institution.^[9] Honorary membership may be granted by either active chapters or by the National Board of Directors.^[9]

Until 1967, current or former membership in Scouting was a requirement to become an active brother. For example, in the Alpha Phi Omega National Constitution in 1957:

Article III, Section 2: Active membership shall be granted to college students who are or have been previous affiliated with the Boy Scouts of America or any Boy Scout Movement recognized by the International Association, and no restrictions as to Scout rank attained shall be imposed as a membership qualification.^[11]

Being a boy scout as a youth was not required. Bill Clinton was a cub scout, but not a scout while growing up and was able to join Alpha Phi Omega as a student, and the bylaws also allowed for men to qualify by registering with their local council in positions such as merit badge counsellor or College Scouter Reserve.

The Fraternity was opened fully to women in 1976. All members are called "Brothers", regardless of gender. The Fraternity views "Brothers" as a gender-neutral term. Before women were allowed to join Alpha Phi Omega, several sororities, parallel in ideals but independent in structure, were formed for women who had been Camp Fire Girls or Girl Scouts. These include Gamma Sigma Sigma and Omega Phi Alpha. Also, several chapters had "little sister" groups, some of which (like the Jewels of Tau) formed separate organizations.

In the early 1970's, co-ed membership was proposed by several chapters but failed to reach the two-thirds majority support at the National Conventions which was required to alter the organization's bylaws. In some chapters prior to 1976, women were allowed to pledge and their membership was reported to the national organization using only the womens' first initial to hide their gender. These were later changed to full names after 1976. ^{[citation needed]}

At the Alpha Phi Omega 1974 National Convention, the Fraternity allowed chapters to have women as affiliate members of the fraternity. At the Alpha Phi Omega 1976 National Convention in Atlanta, Georgia, the decision was made to formally welcome females as full members of the fraternity. As with many major changes, this one caused a great deal of consternation, especially among several long-established chapters. Many of these chapters threatened to disassociate with the national fraternity if they were forced to become co-ed. In order to preserve the unity of the fraternity as a whole, a "gentleman's agreement" was crafted during the 1976 National Convention that formally allowed chapters that were all-male prior to the 1976 National Convention to remain all-male as long as their current charters remain in effect and they don't go inactive. It was felt that with the course of time, all would go coed.

At the July 2005 National Board of Directors meeting, a resolution was passed that ruled that Chapters must practice membership policies without regard to gender. The resolution calls for the formation of a committee to assist the current all-male chapters (on co-educational campuses) in their transition to co-ed status. A decision by the 2006 National Convention on December 30, 2006, has essentially upheld the Board's previous resolution, adding additional clarifications to the transitional process for the all-male chapters, including a timeline for completion of their transition to co-educational status by the 2008 National Convention, and the establishment of a committee consisting of active members and alumni to assist with the process.^[12]

As of 2007, the all-male chapters at co-educational institutions in the United States are:

Delta, Auburn University Gamma Lambda, Clemson University Gamma Chi, Samford University Zeta Theta, Drexel University Kappa Alpha, Lamar University Kappa Delta, Florida A&M University Nu Mu, University of Minnesota Duluth

Pi Zeta, Tuskegee University Pi Chi, Duquesne University Sigma Xi, University of Maine Tau Zeta, Texas Southern University Phi Zeta, Fort Valley State University Chi Nu, Grambling State University Psi Delta, University of Maine at Machias

On December 30, 2006, the 2006 National Convention in Louisville, Kentucky elected the first female National President of the organization, Maggie Katz.^[13]

The 1st and 2nd National Conventions of Alpha Phi Omega were conducted by mail ballot prior to the St. Louis National Convention held in 1931. The 1967 Constitutional Convention in Norman, OK is not considered a National Convention, as it was a special conference.^[2] Conventions were not held during World War II (1942 and 1944).

• 1st - Manila - (1953)^[20]
• 13th - Mount Makiling,Los Baños, Laguna - (1985)^[20]
• 14th - - (1987)
• 15th - Davao City - (1989) ^[20]
• 16th - - (1991)
• 17th - - (1993)
• 18th - Zamboanga City - (1995)^[20]
• 19th - Baguio City, Benguet - (1997)^[20]
• 20th - Davao City - (1999)^[20]
• 21st - Olongapo City, Zambales - (2001)^[21]
• 22nd - Bacolod City, Negros Occidental - (2003)^[22]
• 23rd - Surigao City, Surigao del Norte - (2005)^[21]
• 24th - Tagaytay City, Cavite (Theme: "APO Now and Beyond: Sustaining the Gains of Leadership, friendship and Service".)^[23] - (2007)^[24]
• 25th - Cebu City, Cebu/Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental - (2009)^[22]

• Frank Reed Horton and his leadership of Alpha Phi Omega
• H. Roe Bartle (also known as "The Chief") and his leadership of Alpha Phi Omega
• List of notable Alpha Phi Omega members

• "The APO History" in "Alpha Phi Omega Torch and Trefoil" diamond jubilee program for the 13th National Biennial Convention, Boy Scouts of the Philippines, Mt. Makiling, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, December 1985.
• Barkhurst, Robert C. (1993) [1993]. Alpha Phi Omega, National Service Fraternity 1923-1993 (1st edition ed.). {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

• Alpha Phi Omega - USA National website
• Alpha Phi Omega - Philippines National website
• International Council of Alpha Phi Omega information

• List of all U.S. chapters is available here (includes links to individual chapter websites)

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