View source for User:SusunW/Women's nationality

You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:
This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 206.189.32.0/20 has been blocked by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~}}. You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 07:33, 6 August 2027. Your current IP address is 206.189.44.186.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 206.189.0.0/16 has been blocked by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~}}. You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 07:37, 6 August 2027. Your current IP address is 206.189.44.186.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
This IP address range has been globally blocked.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis.
The IP address or range 206.189.32.0/20 has been globally blocked by ‪EPIC‬ for the following reason(s):

Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected

This block will expire on 08:48, 2 July 2025. Your current IP address is 206.189.44.186.

Even while globally blocked, you will usually still be able to edit pages on Meta-Wiki.

If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

Other useful links: Global blocks · Help:I have been blocked
You can view and copy the source of this page:
{{Distinguish|ethnicity}}
https://www.loc.gov/item/2016878768/
https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-plain-speaker-proof-of-publishing/131141801/
'''Women's nationality''' encompasses the history and conditions under which a woman was entitled to [[nationality]], or an individual, legal identity as a subject or national of a sovereign state. Nationality defines a woman's membership in a country, rather than the socio-politico-civil rights she is entitled to from being a citizen of a state, or the [[ethnic group]] with which she may affiliate. In the field of international law, nationality statutes were codified in the nineteenth century using [[Customary law|customary practices]] and [[religious law]] to define who were members of the state and who were foreigners. [[Sexism|Sex discriminatory]] laws relating to the acquisition, retention, and transmission of nationality were adopted in almost every country in the world. Based on a premise of women's subordination to men, dependent nationality was implemented as a protection for family units and required married spouses to have the same nationality. These laws required a woman to gain the nationality of her husband upon marriage and lose her own nationality, so that their children had a distinct path to the nationality of the father. Unmarried women were often denied the right to immigrate based upon fear that they could not support themselves and their children's nationality was often undefined. Conflicts in the various nationality laws gave rise to [[statelessness]], creating a class of people who could not obtain protection or diplomatic assistance from any nation. 

Women's rights activists recognized that for them to gain civil rights domestically, and not arbitrarily lose rights by automatic naturalization in another country, independent nationality was essential. Having their own nationality would also allow women to pass on their nationality to their children, regardless of whether those children were [[Legitimacy (family law)|legitimate]]. From the early twentieth century, activists began pressing for change in international law. The [[Inter-American Commission of Women]] worked with women's rights organizations globally to compile a legal comparison of laws and lobbied the [[League of Nations]] to address the issues. In 1933, their work led to adoption by the [[Pan-American Union]] of the first international agreement on women's rights, the [[Convention on the Nationality of Women]], which provided that nationality of a woman did not change upon marriage within the Americas. Continued activism throughout the century led to the adoption of numerous international treaties and conventions to protect nationality and prevent arbitrary [[denaturalization]], such as the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons]] (1954), the [[Convention on the Nationality of Married Women]] (1957), the [[Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness]] (1961), the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (1965), the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] (1979), and the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] (1989). There are still some countries which do not allow women to have individual nationality and prohibit children from acquiring nationality from their mothers.

==Nationality vs. citizenship==
The difference between [[nationality]] and [[citizenship]] has roots in the ancient world, contrasting the Roman ''[[Civitas]]'', those who were united by common laws and status, to the Greek ''[[Polis]]'', those who politically participated in their own governance.{{sfn|Parolin|2009|pp=19-20}} More specifically, the Roman concept linked persons to the territory or state without regard to their ethnicity, whereas the Greeks defined participation based upon common ethnic identification through shared bloodlines, language, and ritual.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019|p=34}} With the emergence of [[organized religion]]s, ideological belief, or [[nationalism]], became a unifying characteristic of identity for humanity. In other words, belief was open to anyone and territorial polities could be united by language groups to maximize the potential spread of ideology.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019|p=34}} [[Customary law|Customary practices]] and [[religious law]] became the foundations of [[statutory law]]s which defined belonging or membership, roles and responsibilities of people within societies, and personal status, as well as who was considered an outsider, or foreigner.{{sfn|Donahoe|2017|loc=foundation for law}}{{sfn|Ezer|2016|p=65}}{{sfn|Kapur|2020|p=412}}

Nationality, or an individual, legal identity as a subject or national of a sovereign state,{{sfn|Boll|2007|p=66-67}} describes a person's relationship to the state. It does not define the socio-politico-civil rights one may derive from being a citizen of a state,{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=Part II}}{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=73}} or the [[ethnic group]] with which one may affiliate.{{sfn|Boll|2007|p=67}} In other words, nationality describes the relationship of a person to the state under international jurisdiction and citizenship describes their relationship within the state under domestic statutes. Different regulatory agencies monitor legal compliance for nationality and citizenship.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=4}} Although some states, particularly those with colonial ties to Britain, commonly use the terms interchangeably, they have different and specific meaning in law,{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=4}}{{sfn|Kondo|2001|pp=2-3}} and do not reflect any specific type of governance or any domestic guarantees of rights.{{sfn|Villazor|2017|pp=1707-1708}} Defining nationality is necessary to establish the rights and obligations of subjects and to define the protections from the state to which nationals are entitled.{{sfn|Escobar|2015|p=1}}{{sfn|Boll|2007|p=114}}{{sfn|United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women|Chinkin|2003|pp=2-3}} Within a federal state at any given time, there is only one nationality, but there can be multiple levels of citizenship,{{sfn|Decottignies|1957|p=11}} whereas within a [[confederation]], there are multiple nationalities of member states which typically hold in common a single citizenship scheme, as in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].{{sfn|Decottignies|1957|p=12}} Because of the [[Master Nationality Rule]], if a person holds [[Multiple citizenship|dual nationality]], they may be treated as if they have only a single nationality, typically where they are domiciled, in requests for diplomatic assistance in another state and may not seek protection from a state against another state of which they are a national.{{sfn|Joseph|1969|p=9}} 

Although the criteria for nationality differs between countries, its foundation is typically based upon either [[jus soli]] (right of soil), [[jus sanguinis]] (right of blood), or a combination of the two. Jus soli recognizes nationality of people born in a nation; whereas, jus sanguinis stems from the person's ancestry.{{sfn|United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women|Chinkin|2003|p=3}} If nationality is not acquired at birth, processes for [[naturalization]], (and its opposite, [[denaturalization]]), are outlined in laws designed to allow foreign persons to acquire (or lose) rights equivalent to native persons.{{sfn|Rallu|2011|p=41}}{{sfn|Unterman|2014|p=317}} Beyond these basic premises, there were two distinct schools of thought with regard to legislation on women's nationality — dependent nationality, which protects family units by requiring married spouses to have the same nationality, and independent nationality, based upon protecting individual rights.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=74}}{{sfn|Horn|2014|p=326}} In addition, marital status, [[Legitimacy (family law)|legitimacy]], and location, were traditionally factors in the ability of a woman to pass on her nationality to her children.{{sfn|Grossman|2001|p=854}}{{sfn|Fisher|2015|p=3}}{{sfn|Rahman|Sharifuddin|Hafidz|2021|pp=43-44}} 

==Historic background==
Since globally, throughout history, the vast majority (85-90%) of people have married,{{sfn|Quisumbing|Hallman|2005|p=416}} the contractual and legal requirements of marriage are significant not only for social, but also economic development.{{sfn|Erickson|2005|p=2}} From ancient times marriage has been linked to political order because it defines who belongs, or does not belong, to the family unit and joins different kinship groups to each other, creating alliances.{{sfn|Hudson|Bowen|Nielsen|2020|p=104}}{{sfn|Ebrey|1993|p=45}}{{sfn|Robins|1993|p=30}} Collective identity in the ancient world was based upon kinship ties and shared cultural identity. The intermixing of ethnicities was objectionable and to limit foreign intermarriage, strict adherence to policies controlling the [[Endogamy|suitablility of marriage partners]] emerged. During the period before the [[common era]], it was generally unacceptable for people to [[Exogamy|marry outside of their cultural group]] and later their [[confessional community]].{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019|p=33}}{{sfn|Jany|2020|p=93}} Although from prehistoric times women who married were typically detached from their original tribe or nation and attached to that of their spouse, the codification of the custom occurred in Roman law, although nationality did not have the same modern connotation.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|1923|p=162}}

As tribal organization was replaced by imperial structures, heads of state emerged and allegiance shifted from kinship to a ruler.{{sfn|Jany|2020|pp=91-92}} Rulers were responsible for security in the realm and management of the economy.{{sfn|Jany|2020|p=84}} In exchange for protection, subjects paid taxes and owed loyalty to the head of state and his leadership.{{sfn|Jany|2020|p=85}} Status in the ancient world derived from service to the ruler, and over time moved away being based upon kinship to being based upon military service. These emergent [[feudalism|feudal systems]] would be refined, until they became dominant in the [[Middle Ages]].{{sfn|Gabriel|2009|p=66}} Marriage in the ancient world was often ''[[Manus marriage|cum manu]]'' meaning the wife was legally incapacitated and under the control of her husband.{{sfn|Jany|2020|p=98}} From the 7th century B.C.E. in India, the [[Manusmriti|Laws of Manu]] subordinated women to their male relatives.{{sfn|Donahoe|2017|loc=Search "Law of Manu"}} In ancient China, under the [[Han dynasty]] (206 B.C.E. to 219 C.E.) a legal code called the [[Three Obediences and Four Virtues]] required subordination of women throughout their lives to their father, husband, or sons, and eliminated legal rights for women.{{sfn|Gao|2003|pp=116-117}} From the end of the 7th century in Japan, family registration required enrollment by the male head of household.{{sfn|Haruko|1984|pp=79-80}} Although originally registration was for taxation and conscription purposes,{{sfn|Akiko|2005|p=446}} and women retained individual rights,{{sfn|Akiko|2005|p=456}} by the [[Edo period]] (1603 to 1867) women's legal subordination to men was fully established.{{sfn|Haruko|1984|p=96}} In the West, these laws had their origins in religious ideology and in the customary practice of Normandy, which declared that upon marriage a husband and wife became one flesh. After the [[Norman Conquest]] these customs, known as [[coverture]], spread in the [[Middle Ages]] to England, becoming part of [[English common law]].{{sfn|Basch|1979|p=347}} 

Over the course of the 19th century, legislation in many nations sought to define the relationship of subjects to the state and introduced [[Sexism|sex discriminatory]] laws relating to the acquisition, retention, and transmission of nationality.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=73}} The first of these rules conveying legal rights to nationality appeared in France.{{sfn|Boll|2007|p=65}} Codifications in the 19th century, such as the French [[Napoleonic Code]] of 1804, the US [[United States nationality law#Nationality laws 1790–1866|Naturalization Act of 1855]], and the [[History of British nationality law|British Naturalisation Act of 1870]] among others, led to widespread legal disqualification of women, unequal parental authority, and the automatic loss of a woman's nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=73}}{{sfn|Cott|2009|p=89}} In essence, upon marriage, a woman's legal identity merged with her husband's and her physical body; all of her property, including wages; her ability to enter contracts, or bring suit in court; and her ability to create an independent residence disappeared.{{sfn|Kerber|1998|p=15}}{{sfn|Batlan|2020|pp=317-318}} Trade and the prevalence of foreign rule spread these customary practices for marriage and inheritance throughout Europe and [[Colonization|conquest]] spread them to colonies throughout the world.{{sfnm|1a1=Erickson|1y=2005|1p=2|2a1=Moran|2a2=Pipkin|2y=2019|2pp=1-2|3a1=Kerber|3y=1998|3pp=11-12|4a1=Stevens|4y=1933|p=2}} Colonization and trade necessitated defining the rights afforded to those who belonged to a nation and those who were foreigners in a realm.{{sfn|Bozeman|1994|p=207}} Customary terms of [[Succession of states|state succession]] developed which specified how rights and obligations would be impacted by the predecessor and successor nations, but also how other parties would be affected.{{sfn|Emanuelli|2003|p=1279}} Colonizers often adopted a delayed nationality provisions for inhabitants,{{sfn|Emanuelli|2003|p=1290}} or applied different rules for native populations and colonial settlers by decreeing that law which were in force at the time of acquisition remained in force.{{sfn|Glenn|2008|pp=4-5}}

By the 1870s, the field of international law was developing, as jurists realized that courts would need to settle legal matters in cases involving multiple jurisdictions and to determine which laws were applicable.{{sfn|Marglin|2018|pp=85, 91}} Questions about nationality became central to the debate on international private law. While it was clear that nationals within their own country were subject to national law, it was less clear what law should be followed for [[Extraterritorial jurisdiction|nationals who were abroad]].{{sfn|Marglin|2018|pp=92-93}} Also unclear was whether religious affiliation and [[religious law]] as an ideology of nationalism through united culture, as opposed to sovereign territorial boundaries established legal nationhood.{{sfn|Marglin|2018|pp=107-108}} Between 1851 and 1873, debate ensued between politicians and scholars, with many countries adopting policies that nationality, rather than territorial boundaries or [[ethnicity]], should regulate applicable laws in cases of jurisdictional dispute.{{sfn|Marglin|2018|pp=92-94, 108-109}} In 1873, the [[Institute of International Law]] was founded to create cooperation among those involved in the field for the development of international law.{{sfn|Marglin|2018|p=94}} Nationality was one of the three components, the others being treaty obligations and public property and debt, codified to ensure continuity of customary rules.{{sfn|Emanuelli|2003|p=1282}}

==Legal issues==
Among the issues facing women were loss of nationality upon marriage or naturalization, re-acquisition of nationality at the dissolution of marriage, and restrictions in transmitting nationality to their children.{{sfn|Stephens|1933|pp=2-7}} Conflicts in nationality laws created a type of legal limbo, or [[statelessness]] in which a woman lost her nationality in one state, but did not gain the nationality of another.{{sfn|Bredbenner|1998|p=27}} The policies which led to loss of nationality were "often the result of [[Institutional racism|systemic racial discrimination]]", according to scholars, Michelle Foster and Timnah Rachel Baker.{{sfn|Foster|Baker|2021|p=85}} [[Laurie Fransman]], a leading expert on British nationality law,{{sfn|Wintour|2020}} called the legal practice of changing a woman's nationality a legal fiction, as it assumed that one nation had the ability to confer the nationality of another nation upon a subject, when in fact their only authority was to define who could acquire or lose their own nationality.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=143}} As an example, Mexican feminist [[Elena Arizmendi Mejía]] married a German national in 1918.{{sfn|Hernández Juárez|2018|p=4}} By virtue of the [[Mexican nationality law|1886 Mexican Law of Alienship and Naturalization]], women automatically obtained their husbands' nationality at marriage.{{sfn|Hernández Juárez|2018|p=62}} [[German nationality law]]s required families to have uniform nationality of the husband and father, so if a man naturalized all members of his family were considered to have naturalized.{{sfn|Fahrmeir|1997|p=734}} Arizmendi's husband naturalized as a United States citizen in 1924.{{sfn|Naturalization records|1924}} German prohibitions against dual nationality required that persons who naturalized in another country were no longer German.{{sfn|Fahrmeir|1997|pp=734, 751}} Under Mexican law until 1934, a woman's nationality was required to be the same as her husband's,{{sfn|Hernández Juárez|2018|pp=6-7}} meaning that Mexico considered that Arizmendi became a US national when her husband naturalized.{{sfn|Cano|2003|p=18}} Mexican nationals were excluded from the quotas imposed by the [[Emergency Quota Act|Immigration Acts of 1921]] and [[Immigration Act of 1924|1924]],{{sfn|MacDonald|2014}} but, under the terms of the [[Cable Act|1922 US Cable Act]], foreign women could not automatically acquire a husband's nationality. They were required to individually apply to acquire US nationality.{{sfn|Batlan|2020|p=327}}  

===Loss of nationality===
====By marriage====
Until 1910, in almost every country globally except in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, nationality laws concerning men and women were unequal. They required that upon marriage a wife automatically lost her own nationality and received her husband's nationality.{{sfn|Stratton|1992|p=203}}{{sfn|Stephens|1933|p=2}} Even in those countries where the law did not address the matter tradition assumed that a married woman obtained her nationality from her husband.{{sfn|Sapiro|1984|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Augustine-Adams|2002|pp=10-13}} For example, the first Argentine nationality statue, Law 346 (1869), had no provisions for the loss of nationality,{{sfn|Habib|2016|p=3}} but eleven cases came before the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Argentine Supreme Court]] between 1867 and 1902, which confirmed that an Argentine woman who married a foreigner lost her nationality and a foreign woman married to an Argentine man gained his nationality.{{sfn|Augustine-Adams|2002|pp=10-13}} This view of nationality, dependent upon family unity, was based on traditions of spiritual unity, male superiority as head of the family, and the obligation of a husband to provide economic support for his legal dependents.{{sfn|Zavareh|Ghaffarian|Ghamkhar|2018|pp=109-110}}{{sfn|Sorensen|McLanahan|1987|p=660}} Legal protections for dependent nationality recognized that a single nationality was necessary for a family unit because laws governing family relationships and inheritance were impracticable if more than one jurisdiction applied.{{sfn|Zavareh|Ghaffarian|Ghamkhar|2018|p=109}} Giving entire families the same nationality, eliminated the potential for divided loyalty to the state, which might threaten national interests.{{sfn|United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women|Chinkin|2003|p=5}} It also recognized that legal issues might arise from a mother having different nationality than her children.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=82}} The consequences of dependent nationality included loss of rights to which a woman had been accustomed in her place of origin, as well as loss of the state's protection.{{sfn|United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women|Chinkin|2003|p=5}} 

Under the terms of France's Napoleonic Code of 1804, women who married followed their husbands' nationality. The code made no differentiation for French women who married foreign men or foreign women who married French men.{{sfn|Cott|1998|p=1458}} The Napoleonic Code was implemented in the Netherlands in  1809,{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}} and automatically bestowed upon a wife the nationality of her husband.{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}} The same provisions were enacted in Russia in 1864,{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=3}} in Portugal under the Civil Code of 1867,{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=4}} and in Spain under the first Civil Code enacted in 1889.{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|p=279, 287–288}} The first phase of derivative nationality for women in the English-speaking world, impacted foreign women who married nationals. In the United States, the Naturalization Act of 1855 stated that foreign women who married American men became US nationals, but it did not address whether American women marrying foreign men lost their nationality.{{sfn|Sapiro|1984|pp=9–10}} The law was based upon the British Aliens Act of 1844, which specified that foreign women married to British subjects were to be considered as British.{{sfn|Bredbenner|1998|p=15}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=122}} However, it was not until passage of the 1870 British Naturalization Act that all British women automatically derived their nationality from their husbands.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=526}} The United States followed suit requiring all women to have the same nationality as their husband by virtue of the [[Expatriation Act of 1907]]. The law automatically and retroactively denaturalized, any American woman who had married a foreigner.{{sfn|Sapiro|1984|p=10}}{{sfn|Batlan|2020|p=319}} Similarly, the 1869 Ottoman nationality law (tâbiiyet-i osmaniye kanunnamesi),{{sfn|Hanley|2016|pp=277, 285}}{{#tag:ref|Will Hanley, a history professor at [[Florida State University]],{{sfn|Dailey|2021}} states that the [[etymology]] of tâbiiyet includes associations with allegiance, nationality, and subjecthood, or an affiliation to a sovereign, but does not translate as citizenship.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=278}}|group="Note"}} provided that foreign women acquired Ottoman nationality through marriage,{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=294}} but an amendment to the law in 1909 required all women to derive the nationality of their husband upon marriage.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=292}} The Ottoman amendments were influenced by and were very similar to provisions in the 1894 Persian nationality law.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=292}}

Typically the loss of a wife's nationality was without her formal consent, as legal opinion assumed that by consenting to marry, she had agreed to the legal conditions of marriage.{{sfn|Stratton|1992|p=203}}{{sfn|Zavareh|Ghaffarian|Ghamkhar|2018|p=111}}{{sfn|Kerber|1998|p=42}} Likewise, there were rarely provisions for protecting women who did not automatically obtain their spouses' nationality.{{sfn|Irving|2019|p=389}} Japanese law was an exception. In 1873 the Great Council of State issued Proclamation 103, which allowed for registration of marriages between aliens and Japanese nationals. It provided that if a foreign woman married a Japanese man, she would become a Japanese national, but a Japanese woman would only lose her Japanese nationality if she did not acquire her foreign husband's nationality upon her marriage.{{sfn|Nagatomo|2016|p=63}}{{sfn|Kondo|2016|p=2}} France modified its civil code in 1889 to allow a woman to retain her nationality if she did not automatically acquire her husband's, which prompted similar legislation in Bulgaria, China, Costa Rica, Italy, Mexico, Nicaragua, Portugal, and Switzerland.{{sfn|Reeves|1923|p=98}} Between 1910 and 1930, reformers pressed for domestic laws to allow women to consent to loss of their nationality and to stipulate that unless her husband's nation granted a wife nationality her own would not be lost.{{sfn|Stratton|1992|p=203}} Growing attention to the matter occurred during World War I, when some women who had lost their nationality through marriage were considered to be [[enemy alien]]s or spies. Such women's loyalty was called into question and in some cases they became targets for their property to be confiscated to prevent them aiding enemies of the state.{{sfn|Hernández Juárez|2018|p=26}} Women became vulnerable to statelessness and had no consular office from whom to seek protection.{{sfn|Hernández Juárez|2018|p=29}}

====By naturalization and denaturalization====
The myth of [[monoculturalism]] has often been the underpinning of national identity and thus nationality policy.{{sfn|Chung|Kim|2012|p=198}}{{sfn|Douglas|2005|p=378}} The ability of an immigrant to assimilate into the mainstream society has been foundational to whether naturalization was possible.{{sfn|Boswell|2003|p=319}} Entering a country as an immigrant was restricted by numerous provisions to keep undesirable immigrants out. These often included prohibitions against people with criminal records or who engaged in immoral behaviors, those who had disabilities or diseases, people who were unable to support themselves (including aged persons), those whose political or religious beliefs were radically different (including [[Polygamy|polygamists]]), and people whose race or ethnicity might be detrimental to the harmony of society.{{sfn|Unterman|2014|pp=317-318}}{{sfn|Schwarz|2012|pp=54-56}} Single women, despite meeting criteria for immigration, were often rejected because of the fear that they would resort to [[prostitution]] to support themselves or would become [[Public charge rule|dependent upon state support]].{{sfn|Unterman|2014|p=318}} As with nationality acquired at birth, for married women, naturalization was typically automatic upon a husband's change in nationality until the 20th century.{{sfn|Reeves|1923|p=98}}

According to sociologist [[David Scott FitzGerald]], every independent country in the Americas restricted immigration for at least one ethnic group in the period between 1803 and 1930.{{sfn|FitzGerald|2017|p=11}} For example, in the United States, nationality from 1790 was limited to free White persons, and after passage of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] at the conclusion of the [[American Civil War|civil war]] was expanded to include Africans and descendants of Africans.{{sfn|Douglas|2005|p=372}} Non-White persons, including Native Americans, [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations Canadians]],{{sfn|Hoxie|2006|p=330}}{{sfn|Molina|2010|p=179}} Mexican, and Asian nationals, were routinely barred from naturalization,{{sfn|Boswell|2003|p=322}} until 1940 when the Nationality Act was amended to include anyone of a race "indigenous to the Western Hemisphere",{{sfn|Molina|2010|p=200}} and 1952 when the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|McCarran-Walter Act]] abolished racial restrictions against the naturalization of people from Asian countries.{{sfn|Boswell|2003|p=323}} Because a wife derived her nationality from her husband, if he was ineligible to be a US national, his wife was also barred, even if she had been an American at birth. Although the Cable Act ostensibly granted married women individual nationality in 1922, it did not remove racial disqualifications and wives who married ineligible foreigners continued to lose their nationality,{{sfn|Sapiro|1985|pp=11-12}} until an amendment of 1931 removed the requirement that the husband had to be eligible for naturalization.{{sfn|Gardner|2005|p=146}} 

The Australian colonies, began passing legislation to restrict African and Asian immigrants in the 1860s.{{sfn|Digby|1903|p=145}}{{sfn|Bagnall|Sherratt|2021|p=287}} In 1901 the Commonwealth of Australia replaced the [[Federal Council of Australasia]] and that same year implemented the [[White Australia policy]], which would restrict immigration and naturalization in the country until 1973.{{sfn|Kaye|1996|p=61}}{{sfn|Thwaites|2017|p=4}} Liberia from 1848 and later Sierra Leone, nations founded by former slaves, both passed constitutions that restricted nationality to Black descendants.{{sfn|Manby|2010|p=42}} Racial qualifications also appeared in nationality policies of other African nations as they gained independence.{{sfn|Manby|2010|pp=42, 65}} Libya restricted nationality to people of Arab descent, but the restriction did not apply to women.{{sfn|Manby|2010|p=65}} Other countries also had racial restrictions for naturalization and immigration including Canada between 1910 and 1947,{{sfn|Matas|1985|p=8}}{{sfn|FitzGerald|2017|p=10}} Panama between 1909 and 1945,{{sfn|FitzGerald|2017|p=11}} and Nazi Germany from 1933, until its demise.{{sfn|Weil|2008|p=188}} Each of these three countries had laws at the time that did not allow wives to naturalize separately from their husbands.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=49, Part II}}{{sfn|Girard|2013|p=30}}{{sfn|de Hart|van Oers|2006|p=342}} 

The legacy of colonialism and the processes of state succession during decolonization were also factors in statelessness caused by racism.{{sfn|Foster|Baker|2021|p=97}} Colonists often believed that they were superior to native inhabitants.{{sfn|Boswell|2003|p=319}} For example, in Britain, the crown recognized from 1350 that all persons born within the territories of the [[British Empire]] were subjects.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=130}} Those born outside the realm — except children of those serving in an official post abroad, children of the monarch, and children born on a British ship — were considered by [[common law]] to be foreigners.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=131}} British Nationality Acts did not extend beyond the bounds of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], meaning that under Britain's rules of conquest, [[Jurisprudential reception|laws in place]] at the time of acquisition remained in place until changed.{{sfn|Glenn|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=130}}

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26405298

===Transmitting nationality to offspring===
In European nations, it was common for children to derive their nationality from their fathers. Under British common law, single women, including divorcées, were not allowed to be parents thus their children could not derive nationality maternally and were stateless unless legitimated by their father.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=138}}{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=525}} In Latin America, from the time of each nation's independence, it was typical for children who were not born in the country to derive nathionality from either of their parents.{{sfn|Acosta|2016|p=3}}

===Re-acquisition of nationality===
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.hoil/stlsnsr0001&div=8&start_page=23&collection=hoil&set_as_cursor=15&men_tab=srchresults
Laws of some countries allowed repatriation after the termination of a marriage by death or divorce, while others did not.{{sfn|United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women|Chinkin|2003|p=5}} There was an assumption that as long as she was "covered" (in coverture), a woman shared her husband's nationality, but if the marriage ended, she could resume her prior nationality.{{sfn|Crane|1925|p=55}} If laws prevented a woman from regaining her nationality of origin or she was unable to return to her prior nation, she faced potential statelessness.{{sfn|United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women|Chinkin|2003|p=5}} In the United States, the ambiguous nature of the law before 1907,{{sfn|Sapiro|1984|pp=9–10}} meant that [[Nellie Grant]], daughter of President [[Ulysses S. Grant]], who divorced her British husband had to obtain an individual Act of Congress in 1898 to reacquire her U.S. nationality.{{sfn|Kerber|1998|p=41}} After 1907, a woman could regain her nationality by filing a declaration and returning to the U.S.,{{sfn|Crane|1925|p=55}} but after 1922, she could only reaquire her U.S. nationality through naturalization.{{sfn|Crane|1925|p=56}} Typically to regain nationality women had to prove that their marriage had dissolved. This presented various problems, like in the case of Irma Bornheim, a Swiss woman who had married a Jewish, German man. When she applied during the Second World War for restoration of her nationality, because her husband was deported by the Nazis, her request was denied because he was classified as missing, but she was granted refugee status to return to Switzerland.{{sfn|Studer|2001|p=623}}

===Dual nationality===
Prohibiting dual nationality emerged as a result of war between powerful states, as a means of limiting the possibility that enemies could infiltrate the armed services in time of war.{{sfn|Niyonzima|1995|p=895}} This war logic ignored the ties many immigrants and refugees maintained for their country of origin, their patriotism toward their new home, and the fact that the blanket prohibition barred obtaining nationality from any country, disregarding whether they were an ally or not.{{sfn|Niyonzima|1995|pp=895, 898}} Bans against dual nationality could be used to expatriate women, even if their domestic law did not require derivative nationality at marriage. Such was the case in Chile, which from its founding allowed foreigners, who were engaged in a profession and were married to Chilean women, to be nationals.{{sfn|Vetancourt Aristeguieta|1959b|p=130}} However, between 1925 and 1957, if a Chilean automatically acquired other nationality because of marriage, their Chilean nationality was cancelled because of a prohibition against dual nationality.{{sfn|Ribera Neumann|2002|pp=18-19}}{{sfn|Echeverría|2016|p=5}}

==Global overview==
https://www2.ed.gov/policy/rights/guid/ocr/raceoverview.html
In the 20th century, there was a growing recognition in the period by activists and jurists alike that marriage between parties of different nationalities, statelessness, and dual nationality were international concerns because of conflicts between national laws.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|pp=82, 86-91}}{{sfn|U.S. Senate Committee on Immigration|1933|p=20}} Increasingly, from the 1930s, the [[League of Nations]] developed treaties codifying international law to address disparate nationality laws.{{sfn|Stratton|1992|p=209}} These changes were based on legal systems recognizing individual rights, specifically the idea that married persons could have different nationalities in an [[egalitarianism|egalitarian system]].{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=82}} Laws designed to protect individual nationality recognize that [[civil rights]] guaranteed for citizens of nations vary, for example, the ability to terminate a marriage or inherit property.{{sfn|United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women|Chinkin|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Zavareh|Ghaffarian|Ghamkhar|2018|pp=112, 114}} Independent nationality statutes also protect against threats to national security which might arise from forced nationality, as opposed to patriotic consent to nationality.{{sfn|Zavareh|Ghaffarian|Ghamkhar|2018|p=113}} 

The consequences of independent nationality include difficulty in maintaining a residence for the family if domestic law where the family wish to reside restricts immigration of foreigners. Another issue results from the vulnerability and dependency that an immigrant spouse has upon its partner until requirements of residency or nationality have been met.{{sfn|United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women|Chinkin|2003|p=7}} Denial of a derivative nationality for a foreign husband can have serious repercussions on families because of legal restrictions on an alien's ability to obtain employment, property, or residency.{{sfn|Cott|2009|p=87}} 

Numerous international treaties and conventions have been adopted to protect nationality and prevent arbitrary [[denaturalization]], such as the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons]] (1954),{{sfn|Foster|Baker|2021|p=102}} the [[Convention on the Nationality of Married Women]] (1957),{{sfn|Foster|Baker|2021|p=101}} the [[Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness]] (1961),{{sfn|Foster|Baker|2021|p=102}} Article 5 of the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (1965),{{sfn|Foster|Baker|2021|pp=86-87}} Article 9(1) of the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] (1979), and Article 7 of the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] (1989).{{sfn|Foster|Baker|2021|p=101}}

===Americas===
===Latin America===
Prior to 1910, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay did not require women to assume the nationality of their husband.{{sfn|Stratton|1992|p=203}}{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=2}} The first Argentine nationality law of 1869, had no provisions for the loss of nationality,{{sfn|Habib|2016|p=3}} but eleven cases came before the [[Supreme Court of Argentina|Argentine Supreme Court]] between 1867 and 1902, which confirmed that an Argentine woman who married a foreigner lost her nationality and a foreign woman married to an Argentine man gained his nationality.{{sfn|Augustine-Adams|2002|pp=10-13}} In 1902, the Supreme Court of Argentina definitively ruled that marriage was not a factor in a woman acquiring or losing nationality.{{sfn|Augustine-Adams|2002|pp=12–13}} Under the 1822, 1823, and 1828 Constitutions of Chile, foreign men married to Chilean women were Chilean, as long as they lived in the country and were engaged in a profession.{{sfn|Valdebenito Infante|1973|p=141}} However, between 1925 and 1957, if a woman acquired the nationality of a foreign husband under the law of the husband's country, she was denationalized because dual nationality was not permitted.{{sfn|Ribera Neumann|2002|pp=18-19}}{{sfn|Echeverría|2016|p=5}} From the adoption of its first constitution in 1870,{{sfn|Mirow|2015|p=165}} Paraguay made no gendered distinctions in acquiring nationality and had no requirement for women to lose their nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=52, Section II}}{{sfn|Wold|1928|p=47}} With the adoption of the 1940 constitution, denaturalization was required upon acquisition of another nationality, but from 1959, dual nationality with Spain was permitted.{{sfn|Brey|2016|p=5}} Similarly, Uruguay's first constitution of 1830 was silent on loss of nationality by marriage, but did provide for denaturalization if a person obtained another nationality.{{sfn|Margheritis|2015|p=3}} Under Title II, Article 53 of the Uruguayan Civil Code of 1868 an undivorced married woman was required to maintain the same domicile as her husband.{{sfn|Herrera y Obes|Rodriguez Caballero|Requena|Narvaja|1868|p=7}} In Latin American jurisprudence, the principle of [[jus domicilii]] tied nationality to the place where one had established their [[Domicile (law)|legal residency]].{{sfn|Smith|2023|p=38}} Amendments to the Civil Code in Uruguay 1895 and 1914 did not change the requirement for a married woman to maintain the same domicile as her husband.{{sfn|Azarola|1895|p=26}}{{sfn|Berinduague|Piñeyro del Campo|Vargas|Castro|1914|p=54}} Although the Constitution of 1918, continued to bar dual nationality,{{sfn|Margheritis|2015|p=4}} Uruguay recognized dual nationality in 1919.{{sfn|Bevelander|Spång|2014|p=24}}{{#tag:ref|From 1921, Uruguay provided passports, acknowledging that they did not confer nationality upon foreigners, to alien women married to Uruguayan men, if their marriage had made them stateless.{{sfn|Wold|1928|p=57}}|group="Note"}}

In the rest of Latin America, the states which had an automatic expatriation for women, upon marriage in the nineteenth century, included Argentina (1867),{{sfn|Augustine-Adams|2002|pp=8–9}} Bolivia (1830),{{sfn|Stevens|1933|pp=4–5, Part II}} Brazil (1860),{{sfn|Jerónimo|2016|p=5}} Colombia (1843),{{sfn|Vetancourt Aristeguieta|1959a|p=141}}{{#tag:ref|According to Venezuelan scholar of nationality laws in South America, Francisco Vetancourt Aristeguieta, as Number 3 of Article 5 in the 1843 Constitution of New Granada required foreign women to become New Granadians (Colombians), it was also likely that New Granadian women married to foreign men lost their nationality as well.{{sfn|Vetancourt Aristeguieta|1959a|p=141}} At least two cases regarding loss of nationality by marriage, in 1888 and 1923, were heard by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)|Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].{{sfn|Stevens|1933|pp=13-14, Part II}}|group="Note"}} Costa Rica (1841),{{sfn|Vindas Matamoros|Escobar Vega|2008|pp=40-41}} Cuba (1889),{{sfn|Stephens|1933|p=20, Section II}}{{sfn|Betancourt|1916|p=49}} the Dominican Republic (1845),{{sfn|Soriano Cienfuegos|2013|p=128}}{{#tag:ref|The Dominican Republic adopted the Napoleonic Code in its original French version and did not translate it into Spanish until 1862.{{sfn|Soriano Cienfuegos|2013|p=128}} Article 12 of the French code required a foreign woman to acquire the French nationality held by her husband and Article 19 denationalized French women who married foreigners.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=55}}|group="Note"}} Ecuador (1852),{{sfn|Vetancourt Aristeguieta|1961|p=54}}{{#tag:ref|Scholar José Aniceto Pozo Montenegro stated that the Constitution of 1845 required foreign women who married Ecuadorian men to acquire their spouses' nationality upon marriage, but did not change the status of Ecuadorian women who married foreigners.{{sfn|Pozo Montenegro|2014|p=40}} However, Vetancourt Aristeguieta stated that although the constitution of 1852 did not state specifically that married Ecuadorian women lost their nationality by marriage to a foreigner, Article 6, number 3, implied that they did.{{sfn|Vetancourt Aristeguieta|1961|p=54}} He also stated that that the 1837 Constitution had deprived foreign women of their nationality upon the naturalization of their husbands.{{sfn|Vetancourt Aristeguieta|1961|p=50}}|group="Note"}} El Salvador (1886),{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=58, Section II}} Guatemala (1877),{{sfn|Soriano Cienfuegos|2013|p=134}}{{#tag:ref|Guatemala adopted the Peruvian Civil Code in 1877, which remained in place until 1933.{{sfn|Soriano Cienfuegos|2013|p=134}} The Peruvian Code from 1852 required a married woman to have the same nationality as her husband.{{sfn|Bonifaz Stagnaro|1946|p=212}}|group="Note"}} Honduras (1906),{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=38, Part II}}{{#tag:ref|From 1848, foreign men who married Honduran women gained Honduran nationality, but foreign women did not change nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|Hoyo|2016|p=6}} In 1880, Honduras adopted the Chilean Civil Code which required married women to have the same domicile as their spouse,{{sfn|Zúniga|Uclés|Zelaya|1880|pp=73, 87}} but did not require, until 1906 that women were required to have the same nationality as their husband.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=38, Part II}}|group="Note"}} Mexico (1823),{{sfn|Augustine‐Adams|2006|pp=22-23}} Peru, and Venezuela.{{sfn|Reeves|1923|p=98}} Those that prevented denaturalization after 1889, if the wife did not acquire her husband's nationality at marriage were Costa Rica, Mexico, and Nicaragua.{{sfn|Reeves|1923|p=98}}
The Cuban Constitution of 1911 allowed native Cuban women to retain their nationality upon marriage, but required a foreign woman married to a Cuban man to derive nationality from her husband.{{sfn|Vetancourt Aristeguieta|1960|p=72}} Brazil issued Decree Nº 21.076 in 1932, eliminating the requirement for a woman to take the nationality of her foreign spouse.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=8, Part II}}{{sfn|''Decreto Nº 21.076''|1932}} 

In 1933, the first international agreement regarding women's equal rights was adopted by the [[Pan-American Union]].{{sfn|Amorosa|2019|p=416}} The [[Convention on the Nationality of Women]], prepared by the [[Inter-American Commission of Women]] was ratified by 19 of the independent states of the Americas,{{sfn|Amorosa|2019|pp=433-434}}{{#tag:ref|Venezuela was the sole non-signatory. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States, and Uruguay all signed with only El Salvador, Honduras, and the United States having reservations for their legislatures to approve modifying their domestic laws.{{sfn|Convention on the Nationality of Women|1933}}|group="Note"}} and provided that "neither matrimony nor its dissolution affects the nationality of the husband or wife or of their children".{{sfn|Horn|2014|p=326}} Shortly after the treaty ratification, numerous countries began modification of their constitutional provisions by eliminating women's derivative nationality – Colombia,{{sfn|Escobar|2015|p=4}}{{sfn|Giraldo Gómez|1987|p=6}} Honduras and Venezuela (1936),{{sfn|Eder|1951|p=60}} Bolivia (1938),{{sfn|Leiva Salinas|2020|p=5}} El Salvador{{sfn|''Bulletin of the Pan American Union''|1939|p=353}} and Nicaragua (1939), Cuba (1940),{{sfn|Eder|1951|p=60}}{{#tag:ref|The provisional constitution of 1935 first allowed married women individual nationality in Cuba.{{sfn|Lazcano y Mazón|1952|p=778}}|group="Note"}} and Ecuador (1946).{{sfn|Eder|1951|p=60}}. The Costa Rican Options and Naturalizations Act of 1950, provided that a married woman's nationality could not be lost unless she chose to accept her spouse's nationality. This was modified on 6 June 1995, by Article 1 of Law No. 7514, making nationality an inalienable right.{{sfn|Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones|2019}} Women in the Dominican Republic no longer lost their nationality by marriage after the adoption of the 1994 Constitution.{{sfn|Sagás|2017|p=3}} The Guatemalan Nationality Law of 1894, gave a foreign woman the right to obtain or relinquish nationality independently, if her husband naturalized. Changes to the Civil Code in 1933 allowed Guatemalan women to retain their original nationality if they specified a choice to do so, in their marriage contract.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=31, Section II}} The 1945 Constitution of Guatemala granted gender equality.{{sfn|Ruggiero|2013|p=108}} Article 9 of the Honduran Constitution of 1936 provided that nationality for women and children could not be lost by a change in marital status.{{sfn|Matos|1941|p=302}} It also instituted a provision for loss of nationality if naturalized by another country.{{sfn|Hoyo|2016|p=10}}

From independence, all of the [[South American]] countries adopted a policy that birth in the country established a person's nationality.{{sfn|Acosta|2016|p=6}} Some of the states, for example, Colombia from 1866 and Ecuador from 1830, also followed the principle of jus domicilii, meaning residence in the country was required to retain nationality.{{sfnm|1a1=Echeverría|1y=2017|1p=3|2a1=Vetancourt Aristeguieta|2y=1961|2p=49|3a1=Acosta|3y=2016|3p=6-7}}{{#tag:ref|Others which had this requirement included Bolivia, Chile, and Cuba.{{sfn|Bonifaz Stagnaro|1946|p=210}}|group="Note"}} For children born abroad, it was typical for them to derive nationality from either of their parents, but there were exceptions.{{sfn|Acosta|2016|p=3}} In Brazil a mother could only transmit nationality to an illegitimate child from 1824 to 1934, when a constitution was adopted defining nationality as being derived from birth to a Brazilian father or mother.{{sfn|Jerónimo|2016|pp=4, 8}}{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=7, Part II}} Between 1830{{#tag:ref|According to legal scholar, Francisco J. Andrés Santos, the 1830 Civil Code adopted by Bolivia was a literal translation of the Napoleonic Code of France.{{sfn|Andrés Santos|2014|p=303}} British jurist, [[John Westlake (law scholar)|John Westlake]], stated that the French code only allowed women to transmit nationality to unrecognized, illegitimate children. He said that legitimate, [[Legitimation#Family law|legitimated]], or recognized illegitimate children derived their status from their fathers.{{sfn|Westlake|1858|p=18}}|group="Note"}} and 1839, children in Bolivia could only derive nationality from their fathers.{{sfn|Leiva Salinas|2020|p=3}} The 1871 Costa Rican Constitution specified that for children born abroad, who were not legitimate or legitimated or were unrecognized by their fathers, nationality derived from the mother.{{sfn|Stephens|1933|pp=16-17, Section II}} From the adoption of the 1885 Civil Code, a mother's authority was only recognized for illegitimate children in Costa Rica, as in general it was considered that only legitimate children could receive protection from the state.{{sfn|Vindas Matamoros|Escobar Vega|2008|pp=43-44}} From 1950, children in Costa Rica were able to derive their nationality from either parent.{{sfn|Alvarado Quesada|2015|p=7}} Cuban children who were illegitimate followed the nationality of the first person to recognize them and could only obtain the mother's nationality if the father did not acknowledge his paternity.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=20, Part II}} From 1940, Cuban children could derive nationality from either parent.{{sfn|Vetancourt Aristeguieta|1960|p=74}} From the adoption of the 1886 Constitution of El Salvador, only unrecognized, illegitimate children could obtain nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=57, Section II}} A constitutional change in 1939 in El Salvador allowed children to derive their nationality maternally.{{sfn|''Bulletin of the Pan American Union''|1939|p=353}} From 1946, Ecuadorian children could not be deprived of their nationality, by either a change in their parents' status or because of dual nationality.{{sfn|Asanza Espinoza|2014|pp=48, 90}} After adoption of the Constitution of 1871, illegitimate children born to Guatemalan mothers could choose to obtain Guatemalan nationality by residing in the country or declaring their intent within one year of obtaining their majority.{{sfn|Sarazua|2020|p=4}} Under the terms of the Immigration Act of 1936 children born to a Guatemalan mother and foreign father were not nationals.{{sfn|Sarazua|2020|p=8}} These requirements were negated by adoption of a new constitution in 1945 which eliminated conditions based on legitimacy,{{sfn|Milhollan|1979|pp=8-9}}{{sfn|Ruggiero|2013|pp=105, 108}} From 1906 in Honduras, a mother's nationality could only be derived for her children, even in the case of illegitimacy, if the child was unrecognized by the father.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|pp=37-38, Part II}} The Honduran Constitution of 1936, allowed children to derive nationality from either parent.{{sfn|Hoyo|2016|p=5}}

|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Mexico}}[[Mexican nationality law|Mexico]]
| {{dts|1823}}{{sfn|Augustine‐Adams|2006|pp=22-23}}
| {{dts|1857}}{{sfn|Augustine‐Adams|2006|p=22}}
| {{dts|1934}}{{sfn|Augustine‐Adams|2006|p=30}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1843}}{{sfn|Hernández Juárez|2018|p=60}} (see details (2))
| {{dts|1969}}{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2005|p=177}}
| {{dts|1974}}{{sfn|Hoyo|2015|p=4}}
| {{dts|1917}}{{sfn|Hoyo|2015|p=14}}
| {{dts|1974}}{{sfn|Hoyo|2015|p=4}}
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Panama}} [[Panamanian nationality law|Panama]]
| {{dts|1843}}{{sfn|Vetancourt Aristeguieta|1959a|p=141}}
| {{dts|1888}}{{sfn|Uribe|1901|p=854}} (see details)
| {{dts|1941}}{{sfn|Rodríguez Serna|2016|p=5}} 
| {{dts|1830}}{{sfn|Vetancourt Aristeguieta|1959a|p=135}}
|
|
| {{dts|1888}}{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|p=181}} 
|
| <small>The Naturalization Law (Ley 145) of 1888 stated in Article 17 that wives and minor children (under age 21) derived the nationality of the husband or father.{{sfn|Uribe|1901|p=854}} This was challenged in two court cases before the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)|Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].{{sfn|Stevens|1933|pp=13-14, Part II}} As Panama gained independence prior to the 1923 ruling,{{sfn|Stevens|1933|pp=13-14, Part II}}{{sfn|Rodríguez Serna|2016|p=3}} its laws were ambiguous on whether Panamanian-born women lost their nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|del Moral|2006|p=177}}{{sfn|Illueca|1945|p=140}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Peru}} [[Peruvian nationality law|Peru]]
| {{dts|1836}}{{sfn|Villarroel Smeall|2001|p=17}}{{sfn|Stevens|1933|pp=4-5, Part II}}
| {{dts|1836}}{{sfn|Villarroel Smeall|2001|p=17}}{{sfn|Stevens|1933|pp=4-5, Part II}}
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|Maestre Alfonso|1987|pp=341, 364}}{{sfn|Pazo Pineda|2015|p=4}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1839}}{{sfn|Pazo Pineda|2015|pp=3-4}}{{sfn|Bonifaz Stagnaro|1946|p=211}}
|
|
| {{dts|1834}}{{sfn|Pazo Pineda|2015|p=3}} 
|
| <small>(1) Under the Constitution of 1933, wives were required to derive nationality from their husbands, but a birthright national could retain her nationality, unless she renounced it. Foreign wives' nationality remained an automatic derivation from the spouse.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=54, Section II}} Article 93 of the 1979 Constitution of Peru, provided that neither marriage nor its dissolution impacted Peruvian nationality.{{sfn|Maestre Alfonso|1987|pp=341, 364}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Puerto Rico}} [[Puerto Rican citizenship and nationality|Puerto Rico]] <br><small>[[Unincorporated territories of the United States|Unincorporated territory of the United States]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|p=288}}
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|p=288}}
| {{dts|1934}}{{sfn|Bredbenner|1998|p=241}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1902}}{{sfn|''Revised Statutes''|1902|pp=817-818}} 
| {{dts|1902}}{{sfn|''Revised Statutes''|1902|pp=817-818}}
|
| {{dts|1934}}{{sfn|Orfield|1934|p=110}}
|
| <small> 1) The US Nationality Act of 1934 contained provisions allowing Puerto Rican women who had lost nationality because of marriage prior to 2 March 1917 to repatriate.{{sfn|Bredbenner|1998|p=241}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|US}} [[United States nationality law|United States]]
| {{dts|1855}}{{sfn|Sapiro|1984|p=3}}
| {{dts|1855}}{{sfn|Kerber|1998|p=41}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1922}}{{sfn|Batlan|2020|p=324}} (see details (2)) 
| not applicable
| {{dts|1866}}{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=61, Part II}} (see details (3))
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (see details (4))
| {{dts|1934}}{{sfn|Orfield|1934|p=110}}
| <small>1) While the Naturalization Act of 1855 specified that foreign wives gained US nationality, the law created confusion as to whether it applied to American women who married aliens.{{sfn|Sapiro|1984|pp=9-10}} For example, [[Nellie Grant]], daughter of President [[Ulysses S. Grant]], reacquired her US nationality in 1898 by an Act of Congress, after a divorce from a British husband.{{sfn|Kerber|1998|p=41}} The confusion caused by the 1907 statute was definitively ended with the passage of the [[Expatriation Act of 1907]], which tied all wives' nationality to that of their husband.{{sfn|Sapiro|1984|p=10}} 2) The passage of the [[Cable Act]] in 1922 granted limited individual nationality to married women. It was dependent upon her husband's ability to naturalize and if she had lost her nationality because of marriage and lived abroad, whether she could return to the United States to be naturalized.{{sfn|Hacker|2014|p=59}} 3) Under the Civil Rights Act of 1866, children born on US soil were nationals, regardless of the status of their parents.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=61, Part II}} Children born abroad could not derive nationality from their mothers until 1934.{{sfn|Kerber|1998|p=43}}{{sfn|Volpp|2005|p=420}} 4) Children born abroad outside of wedlock have different requirements for deriving nationality depending on if the US-national parent was their father or mother.{{sfn|Augustine-Adams|2001|p=103}}{{sfn|Spiro|2015|p=11}}</small>

Dual nationality other than in Uruguay, began to be accepted from the 1970s in Latin America, for example, in Panama (1972), Peru (1980), El Salvador (1983), Colombia (1991), Dominican Republic (1994), Costa Rica and Ecuador (1995), Brazil (1996), and Mexico (1998). Argentina, Chile, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Paraguay only allow dual nationality for countries with which they have signed specific treaties.{{sfn|Jones-Correa|2001|pp=998-999}}

===Canada and the United States===
Nationality legislation for Britain did not extend beyond the bounds of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1911.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=130}} This resulted in various colonies passing nationality regulations which applied to local jurisdictions and conflicted with other places in the realm. For example, a person who was naturalized in Canada would be considered a foreigner, rather than a British national, in Australia, Britain, or South Africa.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=526}}{{sfn|Girard|2013|p=34}} [[Upper Canada]] passed a Nationality Act in 1849 requiring foreign wives to derive the nationality of their spouse. Quebec's Civil Code of 1866 had the same provisions.{{sfn|McCord|1867|p=7}} In 1867, the colonies of [[Province of Canada|Canada]], [[New Brunswick#Colony of New Brunswick (1784–1867)|New Brunswick]], and [[History of Nova Scotia#17th century|Nova Scotia]] were united as the [[Canadian Confederation]].{{sfn|Martin|1995|p=1}} The following year, a statute extended derivative nationality for foreign women to the rest of Canada.{{sfn|''Colonization Circular''|1871|p=48}} From 1869 to 1985, [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] women in Canada who were [[Indian Register|Status Indians]], under the provisions of the [[Indian Act]], were required to follow the status of their husband. This meant primarily that if a Native woman married a person who was not a Status Indian, she lost their Native status.{{sfn|Green|2001|p=723}} Until 1951, Indiginous registration applied only to Native males, who had Native blood with a tribal affiliation. His children or legal wife derived their Native status from their father or husband.{{sfn|Blackburn|2009|p=72}}{{sfn|Iacovetta|2019|p=412}}

In 1881, the passage of the Act Respecting Naturalization and Aliens required all Canadian women to have the same nationality as their husbands.{{sfn|Burt|1993|p=213}}{{sfn|Girard|2013|p=28}} Following the British decision to implement a common nationality code across the realm in 1911, Canada passed the Naturalization Act of 1914,{{sfn|Girard|2013|pp=35-36}} which entrenched dependent nationality until 1947, with two exceptions.{{sfn|Girard|2013|p=52}} Breaking with the idea of a common British code on the issue,{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=548}} Canada passed an amendment to its Nationality Act in 1931 which introduced the idea of consent, meaning that foreign women could only derive Canadian nationality from a husband, if she requested it.{{sfn|Girard|2013|p=52}} The amendment also provided that if a woman would become stateless because she did not derive her husband's nationality at marriage, she could not be denaturalized in Canada.{{sfn|Iacovetta|2019|p=401}} Nonetheless, abolishing dependent nationality in 1947, did not repatriate those women who had previously lost their nationality until the law was amended in 1950.{{sfn|Girard|2013|p=52}} 

With regard to children, Canadian law followed British law, meaning that legitimate children derived their nationality from their fathers and illigitimate children obtained their mother's nationality, until 1977.{{sfn|Foot|Osborne|2017}}{{sfn|''Retention of Citizenship''|2016}} That year, new nationality legislation was passed to address discrepancies which had existed since Canada enacted independent nationality regulations from Britain in 1947. Some these [[Lost Canadians]] were descendants of people who died, such as servicemen, before Canada created a separate nationality policy from Britain.{{sfn|Foot|Osborne|2017}} Provisions in the 1947 law provided Canadian nationality would be extened to Newfoundland, which joined Canada in 1949, and allowed non-aliens born in Canada who were British subjects to remain British,{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=889}} unless Britain determained they were ineligible.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=896}} Also omitted from Canadian nationality were the children of women who had been denaturalized because of marriage to a foreigner or the naturalization of their spouse in a foreign country, or of war brides who came to Canada with their Canadian husbands and children, but who failed to register as Canadian. Others whose births were not registered and were not nationals included refugee children brought to Canada for adoption, children born in the [[Ideal Maternity Home]], children born to rural mothers in hospitals at the US border, Indigenous children born to parents who feared their children would be removed and placed in residential schools and children born in Canada to immigrants ineligible for naturalization, like Chinese Canadians.{{sfn|Foot|Osborne|2017}} The law of 1977 eliminated discrimination by legitimacy and prohibitions against dual nationality.{{sfn|Foot|Osborne|2017}}{{sfn|''Retention of Citizenship''|2016}} Changes to the Indian Act in 1985 reversed requirements for Indigenous women to derive their nationality and Native status from their husbands, granted tribal governments the right to determine their own membership rules, and established procedures for women who had lost their status and their children to recover their status.{{sfn|Green|2001|pp=716, 723}} Amendments to the nationality laws in 2005, 2009 and 2015 restored nationality to persons born abroad to Canadian nationals, war brides and their children, and the descendants of people who died prior to Canada developing its own nationality scheme in 1947.{{sfn|Foot|Osborne|2017}} 

===Caribbean===
====Former French colonies====
As a part of the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]], Haiti, known as [[Saint-Domingue]], and the other colonies in the [[French Antilles]] were subject to the provisions of the [[Code Noir]] decreed by [[Louis XIV]] in 1685. The Code was designed to control the social relations between blacks and whites in the Caribbean, and was eventually extended to Louisiana in 1724.{{sfn|Roberts|1971|p=152}} The code provided that freed persons were naturalized and contained provisions for [[manumission]] and [[emancipation]] of slaves.{{sfn|Roberts|1971|p=153}} Though it did not prohibit the marriage of blacks and whites, it carried substantial fines for owners who produced illegitimate children with slaves, decreeing that the father had to give the child to a hospital as a slave who was ineligible for future emancipation, unless he married his slave woman in a church, automatically manumitting her and the children through the marriage.{{sfn|Roberts|1971|p=153}}{{sfn|Garrigus|1980}}{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} Children followed the status of the mother, regardless of the father's status, thus if she was a slave her children were slaves and if she was free her children were free.{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} 

In 1771, [[Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry]] a magistrate in the northern district of the Saint-Domingue Court of Justice, compiled the manuscripts of legal documents into a compendium. In 1780, he was authorized by the [[Secretary of State of the Navy (France)|Secretary of State of the Navy]], the [[Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix|Marquis de Castries]], to convert the compendium into a code.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|p=202}} In 1784, the first of six volumes of the ''Loix et constitutions des colonies françaises'' ("Laws and Constitutions of the French Colonies") was published, which detailed all of the colonial laws issued between 1550 and 1784.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|pp=202, 206}} He was unable to complete a formal Colonial Code before he left Saint-Domingue for France in 1788.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|pp=206-207}} Having separate codes for the colonies and [[metropole]] was a characteristic of the empire and created little unity and standardization in French law.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|pp=189-190}} Thus, the [[French Constitution of 1791]], which gave legitimacy to the French Revolution and human rights protections by incorporating the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]], did not include any of the colonies or possessions of France in Africa, Asia, or the Americas.{{sfn|Blaustein|Sigler|1988|pp=81-112}} In response, the [[Haitian Revolution]] began that year and lasted until independence from France was declared in 1804.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|p=207}}{{sfn|Steward|1915|p=iii}} The abolition of slavery in 1794 granted French nationality to all men in the French colonies,{{sfn|Heuer|2009|p=532}} but the reestablishment of slavery in 1802, made the status of colonial subjects confusing.{{sfn|Heuer|2009|pp=521, 533}} The 1802 [[Coup d'état]] of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] rolled back gains made during the [[French Revolution|French Revolutionary period]], re-establishing the law and customs in effect before the Revolution of
1789.{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=36}}

In 1805, the [[Napoleonic Code]], the French Civil Code, was implemented in the French Antilles and [[French Guiana]]. The provisions contained in it applied only to the white French in the colonies, as the Code Noir was reimposed for people of color.{{sfn|Gainot|2009}} Under the Civil Code, women were legally incapacitated and paternal authority was established over children.{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} Upon marriage, a woman automatically acquired the same nationality as her spouse.{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} Illegitimate children were barred from inheritance and nationality could only be transmitted through a father.{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=32}}{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=3}} Between 1805 and 1846, liberated slaves, those found on illegal slaving vessels, had a special status in the French colonies and were assigned to public works projects. Between 1831 and 1846, when the liberated slaves were freed, they worked as apprentices. In 1848 slavery was abolished for the second time. Freedom disrupted the social order, as it established [[patrilineality|patrilineal affiliations]] for family members.{{sfn|Gainot|2009}} Simultaneously with the abolition of slavery, the Civil Code was extended to all of the inhabitants in the colonies of France.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}} 

From 1848, those persons who settled in the colonies and were from France were considered nationals who had full rights and were subject to French law. However, those born in the new territories were considered to be nationals without citizenship.{{sfn|Grandmaison|2006|pp=38-39}} The Nationality Law of 1889 allowed women who would become stateless to retain their French nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} When it passed, it specifically applied to the metropole, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion, but was not extended to the other colonies until 1897.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=717}}
In 1927, France passed a new Nationality Law, which under Article 8, removed the requirement for married women to automatically derive the nationality of a husband and provided that her nationality could only be changed if she consented to change her nationality.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}} It also allowed children born in France to native-born French women married to foreigners to acquire their nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} When it was implemented it included Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion but was extended to the remaining French possessions in 1928.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}}
In 1945, a new Code of French Nationality was passed, which conferred once again automatic French nationality on foreign wives of French men, but allowed mothers who were French nationals to pass their nationality to children born outside of France.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} It expressly applied to Algeria, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion and was extended to the Overseas Territories in 1953, but in the case of the latter had distinctions for the rights of those who were naturalized.{{sfn|Plender|1974|pp=717-718}}

With the passage of the Constitution of 1958, nationality provisions were standardized for France, Overseas Departments, and Overseas Territories.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Revisions to the Nationality Code in 1973, included a provision that a child born in French territory derived French nationality if either of its parents were born in a French colony or territory, allowing for the possibility that the parent's place of birth might no longer be part of the French realm.{{sfn|Plender|1974|pp=718-719}}  It eliminated language in previous legislation differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate children, providing that if either parent was a French national the child was a French national.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=722}} The 1973 Code also allowed the foreign husband of a French national to obtain French nationality by declaration, provided that he was living with his wife and adjudged to be able to assimilate to French culture.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}

The [[Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)|Republic of Haiti]] was granted independence from France in 1825,{{sfn|Cabanis|Martin|1996|p=444}} and that same year adopted a Civil Code, which was based on the French [[Napoleonic Code]], with significant differences. Only people with African or indigenous blood could be naturalized.{{sfn|Cabanis|Martin|1996|pp=444-445}} Nationality could be obtained through birth in Haiti or birth abroad to a Haitian, regardless of legitimacy.{{sfn|Cabanis|Martin|1996|pp=446, 448}} The  1843 constitution introduced the requirement for Haitian women married to foreigners to be denationalized and dispossessed of their property, although the children of such unions were considered to be Haitians.{{sfn|Justin|1905|pp=95-97}} A law was passed on 30 October 1860 stating that marriage did not alter a woman's nationality,{{sfn|Justin|1905|pp=98-100}} but reversed when the 1874 Constitution reinstated a provision for a Haitian woman married to a foreigner to acquire her husband's nationality.{{sfn|Justin|1905|pp=101-103}} An 1884 amendment clarified that a Haitian woman who married a foreigner automatically lost her Haitian nationality and could repatriate only upon the death of her spouse and following the procedures for naturalization. For foreign women who married Haitian men automatically acquired Haitian nationality.{{sfn|Justin|1905|pp=103-104}} 

The Haitian Nationality Law was amended in 1942 and thereafter no longer required married women to lose their nationality. A new repatriation process did not require them to naturalize as a foreigner, allowing them to simply make a declaration in the prosecutor's office of the place of residence stating her desire to retrieve Haitian nationality.{{sfn|Lamy|1953|p=14}} The Constitutions of 1964 and 1971 granted derivative nationality by choice to foreign women marrying Haitian men, but required that the marriage certificate renounce any other nationality. Haitian women were unable to pass on nationality to children legally recognized by their fathers until passage of the Nationality Law of 6 November 1984. Between 1984 and the passage of the 1987 Constitution, children born abroad to Haitian parents were considered foreigners unless both parents were Haitians.{{sfn|Gousse|2015}}

====Former British colonies====
In the British Caribbean, ten nations recognized dual nationality from the time of their independence. These included – Antigua (1981), Barbados (1966), Belize (1981), Dominica (1978), Grenada (1973), Jamaica (1962), Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983), Saint Lucia (1979), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979), and Trinidad and Tobago (1988).{{sfn|Jones-Correa|2001|pp=998-999}}

===Current situation===
In all countries of South America, marriage is the basis for relaxed naturalization processes, typically meaning residency periods are shortened and in some cases the documentation necessary is reduced.{{sfn|Acosta|2016|p=8}} With the exception of Paraguay and Uruguay each country allows repatriation through various legal processes if nationality has been lost.{{sfn|Acosta|2016|p=9}} None of the countries in South America allow nationals from birth to be denaturalized, but naturalized persons can be deprived of their nationality for various offenses.{{sfn|Acosta|2016|pp=11-12}}  

===Europe===
Individual nationality for women became law for women in France in 1927, Denmark and Sweden in 1950, Germany in 1953, the Netherlands in 1964, Finland in 1968, Spain in 1975, Portugal in 1981, and Greece in 1984.{{sfn|de Hart|van Oers|2006|p=342}} 

*{{cite web |last1=Acosta |first1=Diego |title=Report on Citizenship Law: The South American and Mexican Cases |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43325/EUDO_CIT_COM_2016_01.pdf?sequence=1 |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820133611/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43325/EUDO_CIT_COM_2016_01.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=September 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Akiko |first1=Yoshie |translator-last=Goodwin |translator-first=Janet R. |title=Gender in Early Classical Japan: Marriage, Leadership, and Political Status in Village and Palace |journal=[[Monumenta Nipponica]] |date=Winter 2005 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=437-479 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066400 |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=[[Sophia University]] |location=Tokyo, Japan |issn=0027-0741 |oclc=6015285937}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|''Colonization Circular''|1871}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Aliens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GIzkDtohqQC&pg=PA48 |journal=Colonization Circular |volume=30 |year=1871 |publisher=Her Majesty's Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners |location=London |pages=47-54 |oclc=1181249269}}
*{{cite web |last1=Alvarado Quesada |first1=Paola |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Costa Rica |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/38288/EUDO_CIT_CR_2015_20.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101203132/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/38288/EUDO_CIT_CR_2015_20.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=December 2015 |edition=Translation of the original |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Amorosa |first1=Paolo |title=Pioneering International Women’s Rights? The US National Woman’s Party and the 1933 Montevideo Equal Rights Treaties |journal=[[European Journal of International Law]] |date=May 2019 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=415-437 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chz025 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/30/2/415/5536723 |access-date=13 September 2023 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, Oxfordshire |issn=1464-3596 |oclc=1111079377}}
*{{cite book |last1=Andrés Santos |first1=Francisco J. |editor1-last=Duve |editor1-first=Thomas |title=Entanglements in Legal History: Conceptual Approaches |doi=10.12946/gplh1 |date=2014 |series=Global Perspectives on Legal History |volume=1 |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for European Legal History]] |location=Frankfurt am Main |chapter=Napoleon in America?: Reflections on the Concept of 'Legal Reception' in the Light of the Civil Law Codification in Latin America |chapter-url=https://www.rg.mpg.de/1009790/gplh_1_andres-santos.pdf |pages=297–313 |isbn=978-3-944773-00-1}}
*{{cite thesis |last1=Asanza Espinoza |first1=Janeth Del Carmen |title=La Movilidad Humana y su Incidencia en el otorgamiento de la Nacionalidad Ecuatoriana por Naturalización producto del Matrimonio o Unión de Hecho |url=http://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/bitstream/25000/3052/1/T-UCE-0013-Ab-32.pdf |type=Abogado |publisher=[[Universidad Central del Ecuador]] |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811202242/http://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/bitstream/25000/3052/1/T-UCE-0013-Ab-32.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2017 |location=Quito |language=Spanish |trans-title=Human Mobility and Its Impact on the Granting of Ecuadorian Nationality by Naturalization as a Result of Marriage or De Facto Union |date=August 2014 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last=Augustine-Adams |first=Kif |author-link=Kif Augustine-Adams |date=Winter 2002 |title='She Consents Implicitly': Women's Citizenship, Marriage, and Liberal Political Theory in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century Argentina |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17411/pdf |journal=[[Journal of Women's History]] |volume=13 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |pages=8–30 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2002.0001 |s2cid=145419401 |issn=1042-7961 |oclc=357514548}}{{subscription required|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Azarola |first1=Enrique |title=Proyecto de codigo civil para la republica o. del Uruguay |url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Wi_MJUzKbxMC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&vq=%22codigo%20civil%22%2C%20uruguay&dq=%22codigo%20civil%22%2C%20uruguay&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q |date=1895 |publisher=Imprenta de Dornaleche y Reyes |location=Montevideo, Uruguay |language=Spanish |trans-title=Draft Civil Code for the O[riental] Republic of Uruguay |oclc=456844580}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bagnall |first1=Kate |last2=Sherratt |first2=Tim |title=Missing Links: Data Stories from the Archive of British Settler Colonial Citizenship |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/5/article/794331/pdf |doi=10.1353/jwh.2021.0025 |access-date=14 September 2023 |year=2021 |volume=32 |issue=2 |journal=[[Journal of World History]] |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |pages=281–300 |issn=1045-6007 |oclc=9144129385}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Baldwin |first1=M. Page |title=Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act |journal=[[Journal of British Studies]] |date=October 2001 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=522-556 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3070746 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |issn=0021-9371 |oclc=4637986477}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Batlan |first1=Felice |title='She Was Surprised and Furious': Expatriation, Suffrage, Immigration, and the Fragility of Women's Citizenship, 1907–1940 |journal=Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties |date=July 2020 |volume=XV |issue=Special Issue |pages=315–349 |url=https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Batlan-06-20-Website-2.pdf |access-date=11 December 2020 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |location=Palo Alto, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715224254/https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Batlan-06-20-Website-2.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2020 |issn=1553-7951}}
*{{cite book |last1=Berinduague |first1=Martín |last2=Piñeyro del Campo |first2=L. |last3=Vargas |first3=Eduardo |last4=Castro |first4=Juan P. |title=Código Civil de la República Oriental del Uruguay |url=https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=civil_codes |date=1914 |edition=New |publisher=Librería Nacional A. Barreiro y Ramos |location=Montevideo, Uruguay |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115193148/https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=civil_codes |archive-date=15 January 2022 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Civil Code of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay |oclc=822599164 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Betancourt |first1=Angel C. |title=Código Civil (Cuba) |date=1916 |publisher=Rambla, Bouza y Compañia |location=Havana |edition=2nd |url=https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=civil_codes |language=Spanish |trans-title=Cuban Civil Code |oclc=1114360786}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bevelander |first1=Pieter |last2=Spång |first2=Mikael |title=From Aliens to Citizens: The Political Incorporation of Immigrants |journal=Discussion Paper Series |date=January 2014 |url=https://docs.iza.org/dp7920.pdf |access-date=15 September 2023 |publisher=[[IZA Institute of Labor Economics]] |location=Bonn, Germany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521153127/https://docs.iza.org/dp7920.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2022 |issn=2365-9793 |oclc=931483936 |id=Paper #7920 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Boll |first=Alfred Michael |title=Multiple Nationality And International Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr6Y45439A0C&pg=PA67 |date=2007 |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-14838-3}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bonifaz Stagnaro |first1=Jorge |title=La condición jurídica del extranjero en el Perú |journal=Revista de la Universidad Católica |date=December 1946 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=206-348 |url=http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/bitstream/handle/123456789/53565/la%20condicion%20juridica%20del%20extranjero.pdf |access-date=11 January 2021 |trans-title=The Legal Status of the Foreigner in Peru |publisher=[[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] |location=Lima |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222195940/http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/bitstream/handle/123456789/53565/la%20condicion%20juridica%20del%20extranjero.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2018 |language=Spanish}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Boswell |first1=Richard A. |title=Racism and U.S. Immigration Law: Prospects for Reform After '9/11?' |journal=Journal of Gender, Race & Justice |date=2003 |issue=7 |pages=315-356 |url=https://repository.uclawsf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1057&context=faculty_scholarship |access-date=10 September 2023 |publisher=[[Iowa College of Law]] |location=Iowa City, Iowa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910175450/https://repository.uclawsf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1057&context=faculty_scholarship |archive-date=10 September 2023 |issn=1550-7815 |oclc=193981356}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bozeman |first1=Adda Bruemmer |title=Politics and Culture in International History: From the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsculturei00adda/page/207/mode/1up |date=1994 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |isbn=978-1-56000-735-7}}
*{{cite web |last1=Brey |first1=Elisa |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Paraguay |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/45687614.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117144834/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/45687614.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Burt |first=Sandra D. |editor-last1=Burt |editor-first1=Sandra D. |editor-last2=Code |editor-first2=Lorraine |editor-last3=Dorney |editor-first3=Lindsay |title=Changing Patterns: Women in Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/changingpatterns00burt/page/213/mode/1up |edition=2nd |year=1993 |publisher=[[McClelland & Stewart]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |chapter=6. The Changing Patterns of Public Policy |pages=212-242 |isbn=978-0-7710-2854-0}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Camiscioli |first1=Elisa |title=Intermarriage, Independent Nationality, and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August 1927 |journal=[[French Politics, Culture & Society]] |date=Summer–Fall 1999 |volume=17 |issue=3-4 |pages=52-74 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843081 |access-date=3 January 2021 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |location=New York, New York |issn=1537-6370 |oclc=205909023}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Cano |first1=Gabriela |author-link=Gabriela Cano Ortega |title=Se llamaba Elena Arizmendi |journal=Revista de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico |url=https://www.revistadelauniversidad.mx/download/024951d0-9aa0-41b9-afc0-e6c727a1d5d9?filename=se-llamaba-elena-arizmendi |date=April 2003 |issue=622 |pages=17–29 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] |location=Mexico City, Mexico |language=Spanish |trans-title=Her Name Was Elena Arizmendi |issn=0185-1330 |oclc=820033859}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Chung |first1=Erin Aeran |last2=Kim |first2=Daisy |title=Citizenship and Marriage in a Globalizing World: Multicultural Families and Monocultural Nationality Laws in Korea and JapanFamilies and Monocultural Nationality Laws in Korea and Japan |journal=[[Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies]] |date=Winter 2012 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=195-219 |doi=10.2979/indjglolegstu.19.1.195 |url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls/vol19/iss1/8 |access-date=10 September 2023 |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |issn=1080-0727 |oclc=7785101853}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Convention on the Nationality of Women|1933}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Convention on the Nationality of Women (Inter-American); December 26, 1933 |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/intam02.asp |website=[[Avalon Project]] |publisher=[[Yale Law School]] |access-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201227161000/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/intam02.asp |archive-date=27 December 2020 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |date=December 26, 1933 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Cott |first1=Nancy F. |author1-link=Nancy F. Cott |title=Marriage and Women's Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2649963 |doi=10.1086/ahr/103.5.1440 |access-date=9 September 2023 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |date=December 1998 |volume=103 |issue=5 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=1440-1474 |issn=0002-8762 |oclc=5137606250}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Crane |first1=Lucius F. |title=The Nationality of Married Women |journal=[[Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law]] |date=1925 |series=3 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=53-60 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/753027 |access-date=30 September 2023 |publisher=Society of Comparative Legislation |location=London, UK |issn=1479-5949 |oclc=9971527743}}
*{{cite news |last1=Dailey |first1=Ryan |title=FSU Eyes Candidates to Replace Thrasher as President |url=https://www.news4jax.com/news/2021/05/14/fsu-eyes-candidates-to-replace-thrasher-as-president/ |access-date=27 June 2021 |agency=News Service of Florida |date=14 May 2021 |newspaper=[[WJXT|News 4 Jax]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514221911/https://www.news4jax.com/news/2021/05/14/fsu-eyes-candidates-to-replace-thrasher-as-president/ |archive-date=14 May 2021 |location=Jacksonville, Florida |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Decottignies |first1=Roger |last2=Sy |first2=Seydou Madani |title=International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law |volume=1: National Reports - U: Uganda-Uruguay |date=2020 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-232816-3 |pages=165-170 |edition=1976 reprint |url=https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1515/9783112328163 |chapter=Upper Volta |chapter-url=https://www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/document/doi/10.1515/9783112328163-009/html}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Decreto Nº 21.076''|1932}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Decreto Nº 21.076, de 24 de fevereiro de 1932 |url=https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1930-1939/decreto-21076-24-fevereiro-1932-507583-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html |website=Portal da Câmara dos Deputados |publisher=[[Câmara dos Deputados]] |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124010302/https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1930-1939/decreto-21076-24-fevereiro-1932-507583-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html |archive-date=24 November 2020 |location=Brasília |language=Portuguese |trans-title=Decree No. 21,076, of 24 February 1932 |date=24 February 1932 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=de Hart |first1=Betty |last2=van Oers |first2=Ricky |editor1-last=Bauböck |editor1-first=Rainer |editor2-last=Ersbøll |editor2-first=Eva |editor3-last=Groenendijk |editor3-first=Kees |editor4-last=Waldrauch |editor4-first=Harald |title=Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States |url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=TW1ZAQAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA342&dq=%22Nationality%22%20%22germany%22%2C%20married%20women%2C%201953&pg=PA342#v=onepage&q=%22Nationality%22%20%22germany%22,%20married%20women,%201953&f=false |date=2006 |volume=1: Comparative Analyses |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |chapter=7. European Trends in Nationality Law |pages=317-358 |isbn=978-90-5356-920-7}}
*{{cite journal |last=Digby |first=Everard |title=Immigration Restriction in Australia |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jclilcs9005&div=19 |access-date=14 September 2023 |journal=Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation |date=1903 |volume=5 |issue=1 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |pages=143–153 |issn=1479-5973 |oclc=9971472368}}{{subscription required|via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Donahoe |first1=Amanda E. |editor1-last=Sandal |editor1-first=Nukhet A. |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies |date=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, New York |chapter=[[DOI:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.75|Gender, Religion, and International Relations]] |isbn=978-0-19-084662-6}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Douglas |first1=J. Allen |title=The 'Priceless Possession' of Citizenship: Race, Nation and Naturalization in American Law, 1880-1930 |journal=[[Duquesne Law Review]] |date=2005 |volume=43 |issue=3-4 |url=https://dsc.duq.edu/dlr/vol43/iss3/4 |access-date=10 September 2023 |publisher=[[Thomas R. Kline School of Law of Duquesne University]] |location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910182002/https://dsc.duq.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3477&context=dlr |archive-date=10 September 2023 |issn=0012-7213 |oclc=192766542 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ebrey |first1=Patricia Buckley |title=The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7a0wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |date=1993 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=978-0-520-08158-1}} 
*{{cite journal |last1=Erickson |first1=Amy Louise |title=Coverture and Capitalism |journal=[[History Workshop Journal]] |date=Spring 2005 |issue=59 |pages=1-16 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472782 |access-date=19 December 2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |issn=1363-3554 |oclc=5546550765}}
*{{cite web |last1=Echeverría |first1=Gabriel |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Chile |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40849/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_07.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403215821/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40849/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=3 April 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=April 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Echeverría |first1=Gabriel |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Ecuador |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79665825.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105174623/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79665825.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=February 2017 |url-status=live}} 
*{{cite journal |last1=Eder |first1=Phanor J. |translator-last=Elola Fernandez |translator-first=Javier |title=Efectos del matrimonio sobre la nacionalidad de las mujeres |url=https://revistas-colaboracion.juridicas.unam.mx/index.php/boletin-derecho-comparado/article/viewFile/8780/7877 |journal=Boletin del Instituto de Derecho Comparado de México |date=1951 |volume=11 |pages=52-63 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]] |access-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912234125/https://revistas-colaboracion.juridicas.unam.mx/index.php/boletin-derecho-comparado/article/viewFile/8780/7877 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |location=Mexico City, Mexico |language=Spanish |trans-title=Effects of Marriage on Women's Nationality |issn=0186-4335 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Escobar |first1=Cristina |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Colombia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/35997/EUDO-CIT_2015_10-Colombia.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306173547/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/35997/EUDO-CIT_2015_10-Colombia.pdf?sequence=3 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=May 2015 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ezer |first1=Tamar |title=Forging a Path for Women's Rights in Customary Law |journal=Hastings Women's Law Journal |date=Winter 2016 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=65-86 |url=https://repository.uclawsf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1366&context=hwlj |access-date=6 September 2023 |publisher=[[Hastings College of the Law]] |location=San Francisco, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906155834/https://repository.uclawsf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1366&context=hwlj |archive-date=6 September 2023 |issn=1061-0901 |oclc=8521989255 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=Betsy |title=Why Non-Marital Children in the MENA Region Face a Risk of Statelessness |journal=Harvard Human Rights Journal Online |date=January 2015 |pages=1-8 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Children/BirthRegistrationMarginalized/B.Fisher_1.pdf |access-date=5 September 2023 |publisher=[[Harvard Law School]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008105640/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Children/BirthRegistrationMarginalized/B.Fisher_1.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2022 |issn=1557-5624 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=FitzGerald |first1=David Scott |author-link=David Scott FitzGerald |editor1-last=Shachar |editor1-first=Ayelet |editor2-last=Bauböck |editor2-first=Rainer |editor3-last=Bloemraad |editor3-first=Irene |editor4-last=Vink |editor4-first=Maarten |title=The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship |date=2017 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198805854 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, New York |chapter=[[DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198805854.013.6| The History of Racialized Citizenship]] |isbn=978-0-19-880585-4}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Flournoy Jr. |first1=Richard W. |title=The New Married Women's Citizenship Law |journal=[[Yale Law Journal]] |date=December 1923 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=159-170 |doi=10.2307/789418 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/789418 |access-date=30 September 2023 |publisher=[[Yale Law School]] |location=New Haven, Connecticut |issn=0044-0094 |oclc=5544410365}}
*{{cite web |last1=Foot |first1=Richard |last2=Osborne |first2=Peggy Ann |title=Lost Canadians |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lost-canadians |website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |access-date=16 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411175746/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lost-canadians |archive-date=11 April 2023 |location=Toronto, Ontario |date=25 July 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Michelle |last2=Baker |first2=Timnah Rachel |title=Racial Discrimination in Nationality Laws: A Doctrinal Blind Spot of International Law? |journal=Columbia Journal of Race & Law |date=January 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=83-146 |doi=10.7916/cjrl.v11i1.8018 |url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/f8fz-7204 |access-date=10 September 2023 |publisher=[[Columbia Law School]] |location=New York, New York |issn=2155-2401 |oclc=8974805109}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gabriel |first1=Richard A. |title=Thutmose III: A Military Biography of Egypt's Greatest Warrior King |url=https://1lib.mx/book/2324425/85be2f |date=2009 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Potomac Books]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-59797-373-1}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Gao |first1=Xiongya |title=Women Existing for Men: Confucianism and Social Injustice against Women in China |journal=Race, Gender & Class |date=2003 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=114-125 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41675091 |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=[[Southern University at New Orleans]] |location=New Orleans, Louisiana |issn=1082-8354 |oclc=9975493237}}
*{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Martha Mabie |title=The Qualities of a Citizen: Women, Immigration, and Citizenship, 1870–1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TREG1alRBgIC |year=2005 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-08993-5}}
*{{cite web |last1=Gil |first1=Ana Rita |last2=Piçarra |first2=Nuno |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Portugal |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66204/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_1.pdf?sequence=11814/62284/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2019_04.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626151026/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66204/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_1.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=February 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Giraldo Gómez |first1=Alicia |title=Los derechos de la mujer en la legislación colombiana |journal=Repertorio histórico |date=1987 |volume=38 |issue=250 |pages=1–21 |url=http://observatorio.unillanos.edu.co/portal/archivos/23Historia%20leyes%20%20mujeres%20colombia.pdf |access-date=1 January 2021 |trans-title=The Rights of Women in Colombian Law |publisher=Academia Antioqueña de Historia |location=Medellín |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211112114/http://observatorio.unillanos.edu.co/portal/archivos/23Historia%20leyes%20%20mujeres%20colombia.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |language=Spanish |issn=0122-3232 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Girard |first1=Philip |title='If two ride a horse, one must ride in front': Married Women's Nationality and the Law in Canada 1880–1950 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/502771/pdf |doi=10.3138/chr.1349 |date=March 2013 |journal=[[Canadian Historical Review]] |volume=94 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |access-date=21 April 2021 |pages=28–54 |issn=0008-3755 |oclc=4960260033}}{{subscription required|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Glenn |first1=Jane Matthews |title=Mixed Jurisdictions in the Commonwealth Caribbean: Mixing, Unmixing, Remixing |journal=Electronic Journal of Comparative Law |date=May 2008 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |url=https://www.ejcl.org/121/art121-10.pdf |access-date=8 February 2021 |publisher=Tilburg University, Schoordijk Institute |location=Tilburg, Netherlands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026034654/https://www.ejcl.org/121/art121-10.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2020 |issn=1387-3091}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=Joyce |title=Canaries in the Mines of Citizenship: Indian Women in Canada |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Political Science]] |date=December 2001 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=715–738 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3232880 |access-date=21 April 2021 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] for the [[Canadian Political Science Association]] |location=Ottawa, Ontario |doi=10.1017/S0008423901778067 |jstor=3232880 |s2cid=154776141 |issn=0008-4239 |oclc=937311398}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Grossman |first1=Andrew |title=Nationality and the Unrecognised State |journal=[[International and Comparative Law Quarterly]] |date=October 2001 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=849-887 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/incolq50&i=859 |access-date=5 September 2023 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |issn=0020-5893 |oclc=9963161887}}{{subscription required|via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Guerry |first1=Linda |last2=Rundell |first2=Ethan |title=Married Women's Nationality in the International Context (1918-1935) |journal=Clio |date=2016 |volume=43 |issue=1: Gender and the Citizen |pages=73-94 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26242543 |access-date=19 December 2020 |publisher=Éditions Belin |location=Paris |issn=2554-3822 |oclc=7788119453}}
*{{cite web |last1=Habib |first1=Javier I. |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Argentina |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40846/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_04.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035542/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40846/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_04.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hanley |first1=Will |title=What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not |journal=[[Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association]] |date=November 2016 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=277-298 |doi=10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05 |access-date=26 June 2021 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] for the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association |location=Bloomington, Indiana |issn=2376-0699 |oclc=6883463202}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Haruko |first1=Wakita |title=Marriage and Property in Premodern Japan from the Perspective of Women's History |journal=[[The Journal of Japanese Studies]] |date=Winter 1984 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=73-99 |doi=10.2307/132182 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/132182 |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=The Society for Japanese Studies |location=New York, New York |issn=0095-6848 |oclc=7781153719}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hartkamp |first1=Arthur S. |title=Civil Code Revision in the Netherlands: A Survey of Its System and Contents, and Its Influence on Dutch Legal Practice |journal=[[Louisiana Law Review]] |date=September 1975 |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1059-1090 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235280525.pdf |access-date=5 February 2021 |publisher=[[Louisiana State University]] |location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205173610/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235280525.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2021 |issn=0024-6859 |oclc=8092736363}}
*{{cite thesis |last1=Hernández Juárez |first1=Saúl Iván |title=Mi esposo y mi nación: la nacionalidad de las mujeres casadas en México, 1886–1934 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43282141 |type=PhD |publisher=[[El Colegio de México]] |access-date=16 January 2021 |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans-title=My Husband and My Nation: The Nationality of Married Women in Mexico, 1886–1934 |date=December 2018 |oclc=1091580488}}
*{{cite book |last1=Herrera y Obes |first1=Manuel |last2=Rodriguez Caballero |first2=Antonio |last3=Requena |first3=Joaquin |last4=Narvaja |first4=Tristan |title=Código civil para el Estado Oriental del Uruguay promulgado por el gobierno provisorio en 23 de enero de 1868 |url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Z9zlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage |date=1868 |volume=1, 2, & 3 |publisher=Imprenta de la Tribuna |location=Montevideo, Uruguay |edition=official |language=Spanish |trans-title=Civil Code for the Oriental State of Uruguay Promulgated by the Provisional Government on 23 January 1868 |oclc=57646873}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hoxie |first1=Frederick E. |title=What Was Taney Thinking? American Indian Citizenship in the Era of Dred Scott |journal=Chicago-Kent Law Review |date=December 2006 |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=329–359 |url=https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3580&context=cklawreview |access-date=March 5, 2021 |publisher=[[Chicago-Kent College of Law]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125053024/https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3580&context=cklawreview |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |issn=0009-3599 |oclc=143598229 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Hoyo |first1=Henio |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Honduras |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40848/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_06.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101103109/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40848/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_06.pdf;jsessionid=5006FCB298AA4EAACA40481955F8EDB6?sequence=1 |archive-date=1 November 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=April 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Hoyo |first1=Henio |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Mexico |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36701/EUDO_CIT_CR_2015_16.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116183200/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36701/EUDO_CIT_CR_2015_16.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=August 2015 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Valerie M. |last2=Bowen |first2=Donna Lee |last3=Nielsen |first3=Perpetua Lynne |title=The First Political Order: How Sex Shapes Governance and National Security Worldwide |url=https://1lib.mx/book/5541064/81a058 |date=2020 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-231-55093-2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Iacovetta |first=Franca |title='In the Case of a Woman' or 'The Headache': Married Women's Nationality and Canada's Citizenship Act at Home and Europe, 1946–50 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09612025.2018.1484327?journalCode=rwhr20 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2018.1484327 |date=April 2019 |journal=[[Women's History Review]] |volume=28 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon |access-date=21 April 2021 |pages=396–420 |s2cid=149559911 |issn=0961-2025 |oclc=8044926765}}{{subscription required|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Irving |first1=Helen |editor1-last=Irving |editor1-first=Helen |title=Constitutions and Gender |url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=necnDwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA389#v=onepage& |date=2019 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |location=Cheltenham, Gloucestershire |edition=Paperback |chapter=14. Citizenship and Nationality |pages=387-412 |isbn= 978-1-78471-695-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jany |first1=János |title=Legal Traditions in Asia: History, Concepts and Laws |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43728-2 |date=2020 |series= Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice |volume=80 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-03-043728-2 |pages=83-116 |chapter=Persian Law |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-43728-2_4}}
*{{cite web |last1=Jerónimo |first1=Patrícia |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Brazil |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/38885/EUDO_Cit_CR_2016_01.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020090513/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/38885/EUDO_Cit_CR_2016_01.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=January 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jones-Correa |first1=Michael |title=Under Two Flags: Dual Nationality in Latin America and Its Consequences for Naturalization in the United States |journal=[[International Migration Review]] |date=Winter 2001 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=997-1029 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00050.x |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3092000 |access-date=17 September 2023 |publisher=[[Center for Migration Studies of New York]] |location=New York, New York |issn=0197-9183 |oclc=7784691669}}
*{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Cuthbert |title=Nationality and Diplomatic Protection: The Commonwealth of Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalitydiplo00jose/page/9/mode/1up |date=1969 |publisher=[[Albertus Willem Sijthoff|A. W. Sijthoff]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |oclc=13067}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=Ratna |title=Gender and the 'Faith' in Law: Equality, Secularism, and the Rise of the Hindu Nation |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |date=2020 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=407-431 |doi=10.1017/jlr.2020.42 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C5E07F5372F318B2A95D6C6B89CB2993/S0748081420000429a.pdf/gender-and-the-faith-in-law-equality-secularism-and-the-rise-of-the-hindu-nation.pdf |access-date=6 September 2023 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |issn=0748-0814 |oclc=9029137388}}
*{{cite journal |last=Kaye |first=Stuart B. |author-link=Stuart Kaye |title=Forgotten Source: The Legislative Legacy of the Federal Council of Australasia |url=https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NewcLawRw/1996/5.pdf |access-date=14 September 2023 |journal=Newcastle Law Review |date=1996 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=57–71 |publisher=[[University of Newcastle (Australia)|University of Newcastle]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516133813/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NewcLawRw/1996/5.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2017 |location=Newcastle, New South Wales |issn=1324-8758 |oclc=9069165047 |via=[[Australasian Legal Information Institute]] |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kloek |first1=Joost |last2=Mijnhardt |first2=Wijnand |translator-last=Jackson |translator-first=Beverly |title=Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1800, Blueprints for a National Community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EsKX3r0Mv4C&pg=PA134 |date=2004 |publisher=Uitgeverij Van Gorcum / [[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=London |isbn=978-90-232-3964-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kondo |first1=Atsushi |editor1-last=Kondo |editor1-first=Atsushi |title=Citizenship in a Global World |date=2001 |series=Migration, Minorities and Citizenship |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |isbn=978-0-333-99388-0 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1-4 |doi=10.1057/9780333993880_1}}{{subscription required}}
*{{cite web |last1=Kondo |first1=Atsushi |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Japan |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46566132.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205121730/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46566132.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=October 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lazcano y Mazón |first1=Andrés María |title=Las Constituciones de Cuba |date=1952 |publisher=Ediciones Cultura Hispánica |location=Madrid |pages=774-843 |url=http://ru.juridicas.unam.mx/xmlui/handle/123456789/11055 |language=Spanish |trans-title=The Constitutions of Cuba |chapter=Proyecto de reforma integral de dicha ley constitucional de 1935 [Comprehensive Reform Project of Said Constitutional Law of 1935] |chapter-url=https://archivos.juridicas.unam.mx/www/bjv/libros/6/2525/35.pdf |oclc=1887957}}
*{{cite web |last1=Leiva Salinas |first1=Maria Lorena |translator-last1=Rubio Grundell |translator-first1=Lucrecia |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Bolivia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66427/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_2.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221171308/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66427/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_2.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones|2019}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Ley de opciones y naturalizaciones: Ley n.º 1155 |url=https://www.tse.go.cr/pdf/normativa/leyopcionesynaturalizaciones.pdf |website=[[Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica]] |publisher=Government of Costa Rica |access-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214105351/https://www.tse.go.cr/pdf/normativa/leyopcionesynaturalizaciones.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2020 |location=San José, Costa Rica |language=Spanish |trans-title=Options and Naturalizations Law: Law No. 1155 |date=2019 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Llewellyn-Jones |first1=Frederick |title=The Nationality of Married Women |journal=Transactions of the Grotius Society |date=1929 |volume=15 |pages=121-138 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/742756 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=[[Grotius Society]] |location=London |issn=1479-1234 |oclc=5544683551}}
* {{cite web |last1=MacDonald |first1=Victoria-María |title=Demanding their Rights: The Latino Struggle for Educational Access and Equity |url=https://www.nps.gov/heritageinitiatives/latino/latinothemestudy/education.htm |website=American Latino Theme Study |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527073313/https://www.nps.gov/heritageinitiatives/latino/latinothemestudy/education.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2020 |location=Washington, D. C. |date=2014 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book |last1=Manby |first1=Bronwen |title=Citizenship Law in Africa: A Comparative Study |date=2010 |publisher=Open Society Foundations, Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy (AfriMAP), Open Society Justice Initiative |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-1-936133-29-1 |edition=2nd |url=https://www.unhcr.org/4cbc60ce6.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215021424/https://www.unhcr.org/4cbc60ce6.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2021 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Margheritis |first1=Ana |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Uruguay |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/35998/Eudo_CIT_2015_11.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=15 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316125954/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/35998/Eudo_CIT_2015_11.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=16 March 2016 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=May 2015 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Ged |title=Britain and the Origins of Canadian Confederation: 1837-67 |url=https://archive.org/details/britainoriginsof0000mart/page/1/mode/1up |date=1995 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |location=Basingstoke, Hampshire |isbn=978-0-333-52288-2}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Matas |first1=David |author-link=David Matas |title=Racism in Canadian Immigration Policy |journal=Refuge |date=1985 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=8-9 |url=https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/download/21485/20160/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |publisher=[[York University]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922102739/https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/download/21485/20160/ |archive-date=22 September 2022 |issn=1920-7336 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Matos |first1=José |title=Curso de derecho internacional privado |date=1941 |publisher=Tipografía nacional |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=Spanish |trans-title=Private International Law Course |quote=Art. 9 - Ni el matrimonio ni su disolución afectan la nacionalidad de los cónyuges o de sus hijos |oclc=5384443}}
*{{cite book |last1=McCord |first1=Thomas |title=The Civil Code of Lower Canada: Together with a Synopsis of Changes in the Law References to the Reports of the Commissioners |url=https://archive.org/details/civilcodelowerc02progoog/page/n225/mode/1up |date=1867 |publisher=Dawson Brothers |location=Montreal, Quebec |oclc=1198647021}}
*{{cite web |last1=Milhollan |first1=David |title=Matter of Hernandez |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2012/08/17/2712.pdf |website=[[United States Department of Justice]] |publisher=Board of Immigration Appeals |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217080202/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2012/08/17/2712.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2022 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=21 June 1979 |id=A-2113495, Interim Decision #2712 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mirow |first1=Matthew C. |title=Latin American Constitutions: The Constitution of Cádiz and its Legacy in Spanish America |date=2015 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139198356 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |chapter=5. Latin American Constitutionalism after Independence |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/550410F72CF2AD1974F15F75BE232DA9/9781139198356c5_p145-200_CBO.pdf/legacy_of_the_constitution_of_cadiz.pdf |pages=145-200 |isbn=978-1-139-19835-6}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Molina |first1=Natalia |title='In a Race All Their Own': The Quest to Make Mexicans Ineligible for U.S. Citizenship |journal=[[Pacific Historical Review]] |date=May 2010 |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=167–201 |doi=10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.167 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.167 |access-date=December 11, 2020 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, California |jstor=10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.167 |issn=0030-8684}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nagatomo |first1=Diane Hawley |title=Identity, Gender and Teaching English in Japan |url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=QaTQCwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA63#v=onepage |date=2016 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |location=Bristol, UK |isbn=978-1-78309-520-9}} 
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Naturalization records|1924}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Petitions for Naturalization and Petition Evidence 1923, New York County, New York: Robert Duersch |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9M8-P7BH?i=638&cc=1999177 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=[[FamilySearch]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Labor]] |date=7 March 1924 |location=Washington, D. C. |id=volume 618, certificate #148093, microfilm images 639–640}}
*{{cite thesis |last1=Pozo Montenegro |first1=José Aniceto |title=La Nacionalidad y la Naturalización Ecuatoriana, su relación con otras Legislaciones |type=Abogado |url=http://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/bitstream/25000/5365/1/T-UCE-0013-Ab-381.pdf |publisher=[[Universidad Central del Ecuador]] |access-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712173709/http://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/bitstream/25000/5365/1/T-UCE-0013-Ab-381.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2018 |location=Quito |language=Spanish |trans-title=Ecuadorian Nationality and Naturalization: Its Relationship with Other Legislation |date=September 2014}}
*{{cite book |last1=Quisumbing |first1=Agnes |last2=Hallman |first2=Kelly |editor1-last=Lloyd |editor1-first=Cynthia B. |title=Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2-dAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT436 |date=2005 |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |location=Washington, D. C.|isbn=978-0-309-09528-0|chapter=7. The Transition to Marriage|pages=416-505}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=Syed Ahmed Khabir Bin Abdul |last2=Sharifuddin |first2=Shakirah Binti Ahmad |last3=Hafidz |first3=Mirza Batrisyia Binti Mohd |title=Citizenship Rights in Malaysia: A Constitutional Reform |journal=Current Legal Issues |date=2021 |issue=3 |pages=41-49 |url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/17824/1/ARTICLE%206.pdf |access-date=5 September 2023 |publisher=[[National University of Malaysia]] |location=Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025060434/http://journalarticle.ukm.my/17824/1/ARTICLE%206.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2022 |issn=2550-1704 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rallu |first1=Jean Louis |title=Naturalization Policies in France and the USA and Their Impact on Migrants' Characteristics and Strategies |journal=Population Review |date=2011 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=40-61 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/42/article/417899/pdf |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Sociological Demography Press |location=Wilmington, Delaware |issn=0032-471X |oclc=5183523955}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Reeves |first1=Jesse S. |title=Nationality of Married Women |journal=[[American Journal of International Law]] |date=January 1923 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=97-99 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-international-law_1923-01_17_1/page/97/mode/1up |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=[[American Society of International Law]] |location=Concord, New Hampshire |issn=0002-9300 |oclc=5545428470}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Retention of Citizenship''|2016}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Retention of Citizenship Prior Attaining 28 Years Old |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/canadian-citizenship/acquisition-loss/retention-prior-attaining-28-years-old.html |publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212150041/https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/canadian-citizenship/acquisition-loss/retention-prior-attaining-28-years-old.html |archive-date=12 February 2021 |location=Ottawa, Ontario |date=22 January 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Ribera Neumann |first1=Teodoro |title=La nacionalidad chilena luego de la Reforma Constitucional de 2005 - La Jurisprudencia y la Práctica Administrativa |url=https://bibliotecadigital.indh.cl/bitstream/handle/123456789/511/La_nacionalidad_chilena_luego_de_la_reforma_de_2005_-_05_abril_2010_Libro_soc._de_Derecho_Constitucional_Francisco_Cumplido.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=Biblioteca Digital |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429142303/https://bibliotecadigital.indh.cl/bitstream/handle/123456789/511/La_nacionalidad_chilena_luego_de_la_reforma_de_2005_-_05_abril_2010_Libro_soc._de_Derecho_Constitucional_Francisco_Cumplido.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=29 April 2021 |location=Santiago, Chile |language=Spanish |trans-title=Chilean Nationality after the 2005 Constitutional Reform: Jurisprudence and Administrative Practice |date=2002 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Robins |first1=Gay |title=Women in Ancient Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTSA88SVHCMC&pg=PA30 |date=1993 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-95469-4}} 
*{{cite thesis |last1=Ruggiero |first1=Raymond N. |title=The Origins of a Democratic National Constitution: The 1945 Guatemalan Constitution and Human Rights |url=https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:183887/datastream/PDF/view |type=PhD |publisher=[[Florida State University]] |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320102404/https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:183887/datastream/PDF/view |archive-date=20 March 2020 |location=Tallahassee, Florida |date=Spring 2013}}
*{{cite web |last1=Sagás |first1=Ernesto |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Dominican Republic |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50045/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_16.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101231521/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50045/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_16.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |edition=Translation of the original |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Salenko |first1=Alexander |title=Country Report: Russia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60230/RSCAS_EUDO_CIT_2012_1.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415093439/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60230/RSCAS_EUDO_CIT_2012_1.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2023 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=July 2012 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sapiro |first1=Virginia |author-link=Virginia Sapiro |title=Women, Citizenship, and Nationality: Immigration and Naturalization Policies in the United States |journal=[[Politics & Society]] |date=March 1984 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1177/003232928401300101 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249674290_Women_Citizenship_and_Nationality_Immigration_and_Naturalization_Policies_in_the_United_States |access-date=December 11, 2020 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |issn=0032-3292 |oclc=4650679194}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Schwarz |first1=Tobias |title=Políticas de inmigración en América Latina: el extranjero indeseable en las normas nacionales, de la Independencia hasta los años de 1930 |journal=Procesos |date=2012 |volume=36 |pages=39–72 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4544586.pdf |access-date=12 February 2021 |trans-title=Immigration Policies in Latin America: The Undesirable Foreigner in National Norms, from Independence to the 1930s |publisher=Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar |location=Quito |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212162640/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4544586.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2021 |language=Spanish |issn=1390-0099 |oclc=8056258725 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Alexis |title=Who Belongs In Eighteenth-Century Mexico?: A Fictional Model For Scholarly Communities and Viceregal Vassalage in ''Tardes Americanas'' |journal=Dieciocho |date=Spring 2023 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=31-50 |url=https://dieciocho.uvacreate.virginia.edu/46.1/3.Smith.46.1.pdf |access-date=15 September 2023 |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |location=Charlettesville, Virginia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602193630/https://dieciocho.uvacreate.virginia.edu/46.1/3.Smith.46.1.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2023 |issn=0163-0415 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Soriano Cienfuegos |first1=Carlos |title=Circulación de modelos y centralidad de los códigos civiles en el derecho privado latinoamericano |journal=Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado |date=January–April 2013 |volume=XLVI |issue=136 |pages=125-164 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/bmdc/v46n136/v46n136a5.pdf |access-date=3 January 2021 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]] |location=Mexico City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709083551/http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/bmdc/v46n136/v46n136a5.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2020 |language=Spanish |issn=2448-4873 |oclc=5728414289 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite conference |last1=Stevens |first1=Doris |author-link1=Doris Stevens |title=Report on the Nationality of Women |url=https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/dorp/apdf/0/5bc5/db81/1003437960.a.pdf?e=1608394874&h=57f31c27d478be7dc2c4c840b938dbeb |date=28 November 1933  |publisher=[[Inter-American Commission of Women]] |location=Washington, D.C. |conference=7th Conference of American Republics, Montevideo, December 1933 |via=[[Alexander Street Press|Alexander Street Press: Women and Social Movements]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Studer |first1=Brigitte |translator-last=Sturge |translator-first=Kat4e |title=Citizenship as Contingent National Belonging: Married Women and Foreigners in Twentieth-Century Switzerland |journal=[[Gender & History]] |date=November 2001 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=622-654 |doi=10.25595/1382 |url=https://genderopen.de/bitstream/handle/25595/1388/Studer_2001_Citizenship%20as%20Contingent%20National%20Belonging.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=8 September 2023 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Oxford, Oxfordshire |issn=0953-5233 |oclc=175270488}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tabachnik |first1=Maxim |title=Citizenship, Territoriality, and Post-Soviet Nationhood: The Politics of Birthright Citizenship in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova |url=https://1lib.mx/book/5243023/02962f |date=2019a |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-12881-4}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|''Bulletin of the Pan American Union''|1939}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The New Constitution of El Salvador |journal=Bulletin of the Pan American Union |date=June 1939 |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=353–361 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qV4qAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA353 |publisher=Pan American Union |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=19074966}}
*{{cite web |last1=Thwaites |first1=Rayner |title=Report On Citizenship Law: Australia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/46449/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_11.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101232538/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66909/RSC_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2020_03.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=May 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women |last2=Chinkin |first2=Christine |title=Women, Nationality and Citizenship |journal=Women2000 and Beyond |date=June 2003 |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/jun03e.pdf |access-date=2 January 2021 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |location=New York, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921173219/https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/jun03e.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2020 |issn=2071-1514 |oclc=614497525 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Unterman |first1=Katherine |title=How Laws Affect Lives: Deportation and Denaturalization with a Human Face |journal=[[Reviews in American History]] |date=June 2014 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=317-323 |doi=10.1353/rah.2014.0050 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/547703/pdf |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |issn=0048-7511 |oclc=5594929162}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Valdebenito Infante |first1=Alfonso |title=Evolución jurídica del régimen municipal en Chile (1541-1971) |url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=f9kJg_rgqi0C&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA141 |date=1973 |publisher=Editorial Jurídica de Chile |location=Santiago, Chile |language=Spanish |trans-title=Legal Rvolution of the Municipal Regime in Chile (1541-1971)
 |oclc=10778794}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Vetancourt Aristeguieta |first1=Francisco |title=Nacionalidad, naturalización y ciudadania en Hispano-América: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia |journal=Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales |date=1959a |issue=14 |pages=106-148 |url=http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/boletin/1959/BolACPS_1959_14_106-149.pdf |access-date=18 February 2021 |trans-title=Nationality, Naturalization and Citizenship in Hispanic America: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia |publisher=Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales |location=Caracas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111133029/http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/boletin/1959/BolACPS_1959_14_106-149.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2021 |language=Spanish |issn=0798-1457}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Vetancourt Aristeguieta |first1=Francisco |title=Nacionalidad, naturalización y ciudadania en Hispano-América: Chile, Cuba |journal=Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales |date=1959b |issue=15 |pages=129-147 |url=http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/boletin/1959/BolACPS_1959_15_129-147.pdf |access-date=18 February 2021 |trans-title=Nationality, Naturalization and Citizenship in Hispanic America: Chile, Cuba |publisher=Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales |location=Caracas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222170007/http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/boletin/1959/BolACPS_1959_15_129-147.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2021 |language=Spanish |issn=0798-1457}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Vetancourt Aristeguieta |first1=Francisco |title=Nacionalidad, naturalización y ciudadania en Hispano-América: Cuba, Costa Rica |journal=Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales |date=1960 |issue=18 |pages=70-88 |url=http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/boletin/1960/BolACPS_1960_18_70-88.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |trans-title=Nationality, Naturalization and Citizenship in Hispanic America: Cuba, Costa Rica |publisher=Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales |location=Caracas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227180207/http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/boletin/1960/BolACPS_1960_18_70-88.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2021 |language=Spanish |issn=0798-1457}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Vetancourt Aristeguieta |first1=Francisco |title=Nacionalidad, naturalización y ciudadania en Hispano-América: Ecuador |journal=Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales |date=September 1961 |issue=19 |pages=47-65 |url=http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/boletin/1961/BolACPS_1961_19_47-65.pdf |access-date=8 January 2021 |trans-title=Nationality, Naturalization and Citizenship in Hispanic America: Ecuador |publisher=Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales |location=Caracas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108192305/http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/boletin/1961/BolACPS_1961_19_47-65.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2021 |language=Spanish |issn=0798-1457}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Villazor |first1=Rose Cuison |title=American Nationals and Interstitial Citizenship |journal=[[Fordham Law Review]] |date=March 2017 |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=1673–1724 |url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5304&context=flr |access-date=March 9, 2021 |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |location=New York, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322121109/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5304&context=flr |archive-date=March 22, 2020 |issn=0015-704X |oclc=8090930759 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Viñas Farré |first1=Ramón |editor1-last=López |editor1-first=F. J. |title=Cursos de derecho internacional y relaciones internacionales de Vitoria-Gasteiz |date=2009 |publisher=Servicio Editorial Universidad del País Vasco |location=Bilbao, Biscay |isbn=978-84-9860-432-0 |pages=275-313 |language=Spanish |trans-title=International Law and International Relations Courses in Vitoria-Gasteiz |chapter=Evolución del derecho de nacionalidad en España: continuidad y cambios más importantes [Evolution of the Right of Nationality in Spain: Continuity and Most Important Changes] |chapter-url=https://www.ehu.eus/documents/10067636/10761851/2009-Ramon-Vinas-Farre.pdf/4895d2d7-7660-6e09-673f-00fc1c81fe2b}}
*{{cite web |last1=Vindas Matamoros |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Escobar Vega |first2=Johanna |title=La razonabilidad y proporcionalidad de la limitación matrimonial impuesta a la mujer costarricense en el artículo 16 inciso 2) del Código de Familia, desde el derecho fundamental de Igualdad y la perspectiva de género |url=https://repositorio.uned.ac.cr/reuned/bitstream/handle/120809/1561/limitaci%C3%B3n%20matrimonial%20impuesta%20a%20la%20mujer%20costarricense.pdf |publisher=[[Universidad Estatal a Distancia]] |access-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228202822/https://repositorio.uned.ac.cr/reuned/bitstream/handle/120809/1561/limitaci%C3%B3n%20matrimonial%20impuesta%20a%20la%20mujer%20costarricense.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2021 |location=San José, Costa Rica |language=Spanish |trans-title=The Reasonableness and Proportionality of the Marital Limitation Imposed on Costa Rican Women in Article 16, Paragraph 2) of the Family Code, from the Fundamental Right of Equality and the Gender Perspective |date=2008 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Weil |first1=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Weil |translator-last=Porter |translator-first=Catherine |title=How to Be French: Nationality in the Making since 1789 |url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=S3QuwFYfEccC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA188#v=onepage& |date=2008 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |isbn=978-0-8223-4348-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Westlake |first1=John |author-link=John Westlake (law scholar) |title=A Treatise on Private International Law: Or the Conflict of Laws, with Principal Reference to Its Practice in the English and Other Cognate Systems of Jurisprudence |url=https://archive.org/details/treatiseonprivat00west/page/18/mode/1up |date=1858 |publisher=William Maxwell |location=London, UK}}
*{{cite book |last=Wold |first=Emma |author-link1=Emma Wold |title=Effect of Marriage upon Nationality: Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization House of Representatives, 70th Congress, First Session |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhUlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA47 |year=1928 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D. C. |oclc=237585125}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zúniga |first1=Adolfo |last2=Uclés |first2=Cárlos Alberto |last3=Zelaya |first3=Jerónimo |title=Código civil de la república de Honduras |date=1880 |publisher=Tipografía nacional |location=Tegucigalpa |oclc=18450798 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112103444529&view=1up&seq=83&q1=sigue%20el%20domicilio%20del%20marido |language=Spanish |trans-title=Civil Code of the Republic of Honduras}}

==International women's movement involvement==
https://web.archive.org/web/20210329155644/https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=4777&file=EnglishTranslation
https://issuu.com/coconets/docs/jiosfall13-2
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mjil22&div=25&id=&page=
https://search-alexanderstreet-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C1462337#page/6/mode/1/chapter/bibliographic_entity%7Cdocument%7C1464749
https://search-alexanderstreet-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C1462336#page/6/mode/1
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org:9443/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/stlenctzr1&div=25&start_page=307&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=3&men_tab=srchresults
Sex discrimination in legal status began to be a focus of international women's groups in the first decades of the 20th century.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=74}} In 1905, the [[International Council of Women]] added a demand to address women's nationality to its platform of women's issues.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=75}} It was a logical segue for [[Women's suffrage|suffragists]] in international marriages like [[Harriot Stanton Blatch]], [[Crystal Eastman]], [[Ethel Mackenzie]], and [[Inez Milholland]] to extend the idea that rights should not be curtailed by marriage to the fight for individual nationality.{{sfn|Cott|2009|p=89}} In 1907, the United States adopted the [[Expatriation Act of 1907|Expatriation Act]], which automatically and retroactively bestowed a husband's citizenship status on any [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|American-born woman]] who had married a non-citizen.{{sfn|Batlan|2020|pp=319-320}}{{#tag:ref|The same was not the case for an American-born man who married a foreign spouse. Both she, and the children of an American citizen gained derivative nationality from her husband under the Naturalization Act of 1855.{{sfn|Smith|1998|p=part 1}}|group="Note"}} Passage of the law began a mobilization of American women to fight against being deprived of their citizenship. By 1914, British women were also holding protests regarding nationality.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=76}} 

Rather than declining after the major push to attain women's suffrage in Europe and the United States, international women's groups diversified their agendas.{{sfn|Sandell|2015|p=2}} While they struggled to unify on one single issue, and divisions of class, ethnicity, and race made cohesion difficult,{{sfn|Trigg|1995|p=52}} from the end of [[World War I]], international women's organizations were united by the idea that by working together, they could challenge their subordinate status to men as a human rights issue.{{sfn|Sandell|2015|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|Trigg|1995|p=79}} The three major international organizations operating at the time were the International Council of Women, the [[International Alliance of Women]], and the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom]] (WILPF){{sfn|Sandell|2015|p=2}} and they were joined by the [[All-Asian Women's Conference]], [[Equal Rights International]], the [[Inter-American Commission of Women]] ({{langx|es|Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres}}, CIM), the [[International Federation of University Women]], and the [[World Union of Women for International Concord]] in an effort to address women's nationality as a human rights issue.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=84}} 

At the [[Inter-Allied Women's Conference]], hosted from 10 February to 10 April 1919 as a parallel conference to the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]], women delegates brought up the issue of married women's nationality as an issue critical to defining peace terms because nationality was an international problem.{{sfn|Sluga|2000|p=500}}{{sfn|Siegel|2020|p=58}} Delegates of the Peace Conference rejected the idea in favor of each nation maintaining the ability to determine its own nationality requirements.{{sfn|Sluga|2000|p=500}} Following the Paris conference, in May, WILPF hosted the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom#Second International Women's Congress for Peace and Freedom, Zürich, 1919|Zürich Peace Conference]] and requested that an international commission be created by the League of Nations to research the question of matrimony between people of different nationalities. The following year, the International Alliance of Women formed a committee to study the issue{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=77}} and at its next Congress, in Rome in 1923, urged members of the organization's national chapters to pressure their governments to draft nationality laws that promoted equal treatment of spouses. They also sent a draft of proposals to be considered by the [[International Law Commission]] requesting that the League of Nations take action. In 1924, the International Council of Women's Congress held in [[Copenhagen]] unanimously resolved to promote international cooperation in addressing married women's nationality.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=78}}

The Committee of Experts appointed by the League of Nations agreed to consider the matter in 1925 because of the large number of married women who had become stateless as a result of various political actions.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|pp=78-79}} Though the committee collected input from governments over the next two years on the legal issues, they did not seek any input from women's organizations.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=79}} In 1927, [[Doris Stevens]], who would serve as chair of the [[Pan-American Union]]'s Inter-American Commission of Women from its creation in 1928 through 1938,{{sfn|Lee|2004|p=4}}{{sfn|Bredbenner|1998|pp=246–247}} became alarmed about the proposed conference to codify international law.{{sfn|Stevens|1930|p=2}} Fearing that such action would continue imposing existing discriminatory laws on women's nationality, she agreed to research the subject of women's nationality on an international basis and provide a report to the conference on the behalf of women's organizations.{{sfn|Stevens|1930|p=2}}{{sfn|Lee|2004|pp=1-2}} Working with [[Alice Paul]], a co-founder and leader of the [[National Woman's Party]], she undertook a massive international study to determine how national laws affected women's nationality.{{sfn|Lee|2004|p=1}}{{sfn|Zahniser|Fry|2014|p=261}} She met with feminists throughout Europe, including [[Luisa Baralt]] of [[Havana]], [[Ellen Gleditsch]] of [[Oslo]], [[Chrystal Macmillan]] and [[Sybil Thomas, Viscountess Rhondda]] of the UK, the [[Marquesa del Ter]] of Spain, [[Elena Văcărescu]] of Romania, and [[Maria Vérone]] of France, as well as members of the International Federation of University Women and other groups. She also held public meetings with the purpose of gathering data.{{sfn|Lee|2004|p=2}} 

In September 1927, Stevens went to [[Geneva]] to attend a preliminary meeting of the League of Nations, obtaining unanimous support from the delegates to review her report.{{sfn|Lee|2004|p=2}} She continued gathering data until January 1928 and then traveled to [[Havana]] to attended the [[Pan-American Conference]]. Stevens convinced the governing board of the Pan-American Union to found the Inter-American Commission of Women on 4 April 1928,{{sfn|Lee|2004|p=3}}{{sfn|Trigg|1995|p=57}} with the express purpose of creating a report giving an overview of women's civil and political equality needs for the 1933 conference.{{sfn|Lee|2004|p=1}} By August, Stevens was back in Paris working on the report and along with other suffragists picketed the French president, [[Gaston Doumergue]], to support an equal rights treaty.{{sfn|Ivy|1928|p=4}}{{sfn|''The Press-Courier''|1928|p=1}} She gathered data in Berlin, Geneva, Havana, London, Madrid, Paris, Washington, D. C., and other cities.{{sfn|Stevens|1930|pp=2-3}} She and Paul and compiled a report comparing the laws of 77 countries.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=2}} The complete document indexed all laws impacting women's nationality from each country. On one page, the law was given in the native language and on an accompanying page was translated. They also created an abstract with tables comparisons between countries.{{sfn|Lee|2004|p=1}} It was the first report ever to comprehensively analyze the civil and political rights of women in detail and it had been prepared solely by women.{{sfn|1933 resolutions|2008}}

On 13 March, 1930, Stevens went to [[The Hague]] for the first [[ League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930|World Conference on the Codification of International Law]], presented the abstract, and asked that the international community enact laws to protect women's nationality.{{sfn|Sickmon|1930|p=3}} Though the women attendees of the conference, led by Chrystal Macmillan, lobbied the 45 male delegates, from the beginning the men indicated little support and admitted they were allowing them to present their materials as a courtesy.{{sfn|Stevens|1930|p=3}}{{sfn|Horn|2014|p=326}} Among the women who also spoke at the conference were [[Margery Corbett Ashby]], British president of the International Alliance of Women; [[Lizzy van Dorp]], a Dutch legal scholar and suffragist; and French lawyer Maria Vérone.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=81}} When the delegates voted on the issue, only the United States delegation agreed to withhold approval of the nationality convention which proposed continuance of unequal existing laws for men and women.{{sfn|Stevens|1930|p=4}} When the final draft ''[[Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws]]'' was presented only 30 of the 40 nations signed the nationality proposal and the women in attendance vowed to continue their efforts to ensure that it was not ratified with discriminatory policies toward women.{{sfn|Horn|2014|p=326}}{{sfn|Stevens|1930|pp=5-6}}{{sfn|Hudson|1958|p=5}}

After the conference in October, [[Henni Forchhammer]], Denmark's delegate to the League of Nations and a vice president of the International Council of Women, presented the issue of women's nationality to the League of Nations for the first time.{{sfn|''Equal Rights''|1930b|p=cover}}{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=84}}{{sfn|Jacques|2017|p=327}} She argued against accepting the World Code of Law because of its discriminatory provisions on women's nationality.{{sfn|''Equal Rights''|1930a|p=cover}} She proposed that women's organizations be consulted on the issue and proposed a list of organizations.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=84}} The League agreed to the proposal and in 1931, the Committee of Representatives of Women's International Organizations, known among the participants as the Women's Consultative Committee on Nationality, was established.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=85}} The reports that the committee developed, advocating for individual women's nationality, between 1931 and 1932 were cautiously reviewed by both the League and the member governments.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|pp=85-86}} The [[World Union of Catholic Women's Organisations|International Union of Catholic Women's Leagues]], led by their Dutch president {{ill|Florentine Steenberghe-Engeringh|nl}}, also tried to influence the League. They advocated for dependent nationality for spouses to protect family unity.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=88}} Other Catholic women from [[St. Joan's International Alliance|St. Joan's Social & Political Alliance]] in London, refuted the need for unity of nationality for families, pointing out that the four South American countries which did allow separate nationality all recognized Catholicism as the [[State religion#Established churches and former state churches|State religion]]. [[Germaine Malaterre-Sellier]], who served on the board of the French branch of the International Council of Women, collected petitions signed by 8,000 men and women advocating for individual nationality for married women and submitted them in 1932 to the League on behalf of the International Commission of Catholic Women for the Nationality of the Married Woman.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=89}} The [[YWCA]]'s International Migration Service also weighed in on the issue in 1932 with the League of Nations. Their position was that neither dependent or independent nationality would resolve the issues faced by migrants and that a pragmatic approach was needed. They proposed that married women be allowed dual citizenship, so that if circumstances arose which might threaten her nationality she could not become stateless.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|pp=90-91}}

In 1933, Stevens attended the Seventh Pan-American Conference, in [[Montevideo]], Uruguay, to present their data to the 21 member countries.{{sfn|Ganzert|1936|pp=C-5, C-10}} The women proposed the first international resolution to recommend suffrage for women, which was rejected,{{sfn|Towns|2010|p=795}} and presented their report outlining the disparity between rights of men and women in the Americas.{{sfn|Ganzert|1936|pp=C-5, C-10}} After reviewing the data, the conference approved the [[Convention on the Nationality of Women]], the first international agreement ever adopted to solidify women's rights.{{sfn|1933 resolutions|2008}} The text stated, "There shall be no distinction based on sex as regards to nationality".{{sfn|Horn|2014|p=326}} The conference also passed the Inter-American Convention on Nationality, also known as the Montevideo Convention on Nationality, which established that neither marriage nor divorce could affect the nationality of the members of a family, solidifying protections for children's nationality.{{sfn|Horn|2014|p=326}}{{sfn|Hudson|1958|p=9}}{{sfn|United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women|Chinkin|2003|p=6}} Women's organizations urged the League of Nations to adopt a similar convention or allow member states to endorse the Inter-American Convention, in 1935.{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=93}}

In 1937, the ''Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws'' went into force and had provisions to eliminate the possibility of [[statelessness]] thereby preventing the possibility that a woman would lose her citizenship upon marriage if she was ineligible to be naturalized by her husband's country. It also solidified that a change in nationality could not occur without consent, nor could nationality be restored without the expressed request for same.{{sfn|de Groot|2013|p=3}} The [[United Nations]] took up the issue of women's nationality, assigning the [[Commission on the Status of Women]] to study the problem in 1948.{{sfn|Hudson|1958|p=12}} That year, the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] confirmed the right to nationality, but did not secure equal nationality rights for women and men.{{sfn|Horn|2014|p=326}} Though the Commission on the Status of Women recommended action in 1949, 1950, and 1951 to take steps to protect married women's nationality and prevent their statelessness because of legal conflicts, no action was taken. They also recommended that nationality laws should not make distinctions between the sex of nationals and that neither marriage nor its termination impact nationality of spouses. Finally in 1952, the International Law Commission began work on a draft proposal.{{sfn|Hudson|1958|p=13}} Independent nationality for married women would finally be elaborated in the 1957 [[Convention on the Nationality of Married Women]].{{sfn|Horn|2014|p=326}} Member states were not compelled to change their civil and common law provisions, thus there are still states which have unequal nationality laws and require that a married woman has the same nationality as her husband.{{sfn|Horn|2014|p=327}}

==National women's movement involvement (by continent)==
https://core.ac.uk/reader/217207320

==Africa==
https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=4778&file=EnglishTranslation&usg
https://documents.aucegypt.edu/Docs/GAPP/Citizenship_Report.pdf

''Le Roux v Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration'' (2011 (2) NR 606 HC), successfully overturned the prohibition for those born as Namibians to hold dual nationality.{{sfn|Menges|2011}}{{sfn|Hubbard|2021|pp=21-22}}
*{{cite web |last1=Hubbard |first1=Dianne |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Namibia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/69527/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626151036/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/69527/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=26 June 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=January 2021 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |last=Menges |first=Werner |title=Dual Citizenship Legal for Born Namibians |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/june/article/dual-citizenship-legal-for-born-namibians/ |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=[[The Namibian]] |location=Windhoek, Namibia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115063015/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/june/article/dual-citizenship-legal-for-born-namibians/ |archive-date=2012-01-15 |url-status=dead}}

In 1980, the [[Federation of Voltaic Women]] began working on revisions to the Family Code{{sfn|U.S. Department of State|1981|p=299}} and the new Persons and Family Code ({{langx|fr|Code des personnes et de la famille}}) was adopted in 1989, establishing gender equality in nationality laws.{{sfn|Manby|2015|p=22}}{{sfn|Bouda|2020}}

https://core.ac.uk/reader/217207320
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/branlaj33&div=20&start_page=293&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=22&men_tab=srchresults
[[Unity Dow]] In 2021, Sithabile Pauline Mathe, instituted a legal challenge to Botswana's prohibition of dual nationality. Mathe claimed that the Citizenship Act of 1998 was discriminatory as it required her children to choose between their father's and mother's heritage and swear an oath of allegiance which was not required of other nationals considered Botswanan by birth.{{sfn|''The Botswana Gazette''|2021}}{{sfn|Ontebetse|2021}} [[Judith Todd]]

Thandiwe Okeke v Minister of Home Affairs and The Controller of Immigration
*{{cite web |last1=Masengu |first1=Tabeth |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Malawi |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70655/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_8.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025184315/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70655/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_8.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2021 |url-status=live}} https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/malawi2&div=21&start_page=209&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults

https://web.archive.org/web/20130729140531/http://www.imow.org/wpp/stories/viewStory?storyid=1328
In 1996, the Constitutional Court declared Benin's previous family legislation, ''Coutumier du Dahomey'' (Customary Law of Dahomey) dating from 1931, unenforceable. Work began to change the Family Code, to promote equality in the rights and obligations of parents and change marriage and inheritance rules.{{sfn|Boko Nadjo|2004|p=2}} Failure of the National Assembly to pass the new family regulations, prompted activists from [[Women in Law & Development in Africa|Women in Law & Development in Africa-Bénin]] to launch a campaign including educators and students, human rights activists, trade unions, and women’s rights groups lobby for them to pass the legislation. On 12 April 2002, the campaign marched on the National Assembly and demanded a vote, though the legislators refused to allow them to enter.{{sfn|Boko Nadjo|2004|p=3}} They called a press conference and ultimately the legislature approved the legislation on 7 June 2002.{{sfn|Boko Nadjo|2004|p=4}} Though the law faced a constitutional challenge and modification, it went into effect in 2004.{{sfn|Boko Nadjo|2004|p=5}} {{sfn|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2013}}

*{{cite conference |last1=Boko Nadjo |first1=Geneviève |title=Le code des personnes et de la famille béninois |url=http://jafbase.fr/docAfrique/Benin/PresentationCodeFam.pdf |conference=Forum des ONG à Addis Abeba, Éthiopie les 6-7 octobre 2004 [NGO Forum, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 6-7 October 2004] |access-date=9 July 2021 |publisher=[[Women in Law & Development in Africa]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619184647/http://jafbase.fr/docAfrique/Benin/PresentationCodeFam.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2020 |location=Harare, Zimbabwe |language=French |trans-title=The Beninese Personal and Family Code |date=October 2004 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Bouda |first1=Paulin |title=L'acquisition de la nationalité burkinabé: Ce qu’il faut savoir |url=https://revuejuris.net/2020/09/17/lacquisition-de-la-nationalite-burkinabe-ce-quil-faut-savoir/ |website=RevueJuris.net |publisher=Revue Juridique du Faso |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712204120/https://revuejuris.net/2020/09/17/lacquisition-de-la-nationalite-burkinabe-ce-quil-faut-savoir/ |archive-date=12 July 2021 |location=Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso |language=French |trans-title=Acquiring Burkinabe Nationality: What You Need to Know |date=17 September 2020}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|CEDAW Committee|2014}} |last1=Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |author-link=Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |title=Preventing and Reducing Statelessness: Good Practices in Promoting and Adopting Gender Equality in Nationality Laws |url=https://www.unhcr.org/531a001c9.pdf |website=UNHCR |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217234156/http://www.unhcr.org/531a001c9.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2016 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |date=7 March 2014 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite conference |last1=Manby |first1=Bronwen |title=Nationality, Migration and Statelessness in West Africa |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ecowas2015/Nationality-Migration-and-Statelessness-in-West-Africa-REPORT-EN.pdf |conference=Ministerial Conference on Statelessness in the ECOWAS Region, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 23 to 25 February 2015 |conference-url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/54f588b04.pdf |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=UNHCR Regional Office for West Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612033213/https://www.unhcr.org/ecowas2015/Nationality-Migration-and-Statelessness-in-West-Africa-REPORT-EN.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2021 |location=Dakar, Senegal |date=June 2015 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite news |last1=Ontebetse |first1=Khonani |title=Woman Wants Dual Citizenship for her Adult Children |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/woman-wants-dual-citizenship-for-her-adult-children/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |date=16 March 2021 |newspaper=The Sunday Standard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626144324/https://www.sundaystandard.info/woman-wants-dual-citizenship-for-her-adult-children/ |archive-date=26 June 2021 |location=Gaborone, Botswana |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |author1=U.S. Department of State |title=Upper Volta |journal=Annual Human Rights Reports Submitted to Congress |date=1981 |volume=6 |pages=297-301 |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.intyb/huhelsnk0006&div=52&start_page=297&collection=hoil&set_as_cursor=5&men_tab=srchresults |access-date=14 July 2021 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=968619115 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|2013}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Benin: Forced Marriage, Including the Frequency, the Practice and the Groups Involved; Legislation; Protection and Assistance Provided by the State and Civil Society (2010-July 2013) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/52eb83e54.html |website=RefWorld |publisher=[[Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada]] |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021163628/http://www.refworld.org/docid/52eb83e54.html |archive-date=21 October 2017 |location=Ottawa, Ontario |date=22 July 2013 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Botswana Gazette''|2021}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Woman Takes Gov't to Court over Dual Citizenship |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/woman-takes-govt-to-court-over-dual-citizenship/#.YNc8ZkzLftU |access-date=11 July 2021 |date=18 March 2021 |newspaper=[[The Botswana Gazette]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626144032if_/https://www.thegazette.news/news/woman-takes-govt-to-court-over-dual-citizenship/#.YNc8ZkzLftU |archive-date=26 June 2021 |location=Gaborone, Botswana |url-status=live}}

==Americas==
[[Draft:Marcela Celorio]], [[Elena Arizmendi Mejia]]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3641229.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A6a034f356eab258729abc678e560e481

In 2010, a new constitution entered into force in the [[Dominican Republic]], under its terms nationality changed from jus soli to jus sanguinis. Under its terms, and Judgment 473/201 of the [[Constitutional Court of the Dominican Republic]] in the case of [[Juliana Deguis|Juliana Deguis Pierre]] children of Haitian-Dominicans, even if registered previously were disqualified as nationals because their parents had not been nationals and were migrants.{{sfn|Foster|Baker|2021|pp=95-96}} Her subsequent appeal led to a new Naturalization Law 168-13 in 2014, which repatriated 24,392 people, including Deguis, whose births had been registered as nationals of the Dominican Republic between 1929 and 2010. The law did not include an estimated 21,449 Haitian-Dominicans who had been born in the Dominican Republic but whose births were recorded as foreign.{{sfn|Canton|McMullen|2014}}
*{{cite magazine |last1=Canton |first1=Santiago A. |last2=McMullen |first2=Wade H. |title=The Dominican Republic and Haiti: Shame |work=[[Americas Quarterly]] |date=28 July 2014 |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/the-dominican-republic-and-haiti-shame/ |access-date=10 September 2023 |publisher=[[Americas Society]] |location=New York, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603145006/https://www.americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/the-dominican-republic-and-haiti-shame/ |archive-date=3 June 2023 |issn=1936-797X}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Michelle |last2=Baker |first2=Timnah Rachel |title=Racial Discrimination in Nationality Laws: A Doctrinal Blind Spot of International Law? |journal=Columbia Journal of Race & Law |date=January 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=83-146 |doi=10.7916/cjrl.v11i1.8018 |url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/f8fz-7204 |access-date=10 September 2023 |publisher=[[Columbia Law School]] |location=New York, New York |issn=2155-2401 |oclc=8974805109}}

==Asia==
https://scholarzest.com/index.php/ejrds/article/view/1713/1444
https://bebasnews.my/2021/10/27/can-a-child-born-out-of-wedlock-be-regarded-as-a-legitimate-child/
https://web.archive.org/web/20221025060434/http://journalarticle.ukm.my/17824/1/ARTICLE%206.pdf
https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/03/27/why-malaysia-born-illegitimate-children-with-foreign-mothers-are-stateless/1736828
https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-to-allow-automatic-citizenship-for-children-born-overseas-to-malaysian-mums
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/12259276.2018.1538646?scroll=top&needAccess=true
Women's groups, including the [[Alliansi Pelangi Antar Bangsa]] (Rainbow Alliance Between Nations, APAB), [[Jaringan Kerja Prolegnas Pro Perempuan]] (Network for Pro-Women National Legislation Programme, JKP3), and [[Keluarga Perkawinan Campuran Melati]] (Jasmine Flower Community of Mixed Marriages, KPC Melati) began pushing from the return of democracy for legal changes on the nationality of women. Many of the activists were in trans-national marriages and were effected by the laws which in cases of divorce granted custody of the children to the father or did not allow mothers married to foreigners to pass their nationality on to their children.{{sfn|Equal Nationality Rights|2007}}{{sfn|Winarnita|2008|p=305}} In 2006, these groups were successful in amending the Nationality Law No. 12 to allow children to derive nationality from their mothers and if their parents have different nationality, to hold dual nationality until they reach the age of eighteen at which time they must choose a single nationality.{{sfn|Winarnita|2008|p=305}}{{sfn|Noerdin|2013|p=44}}{{sfn|Harijanti|2017|p=11}} The modification also allowed an Indonesian woman the right to sponsor her foreign spouse for naturalization.{{sfn|Harijanti|2017|p=11}}

*{{cite web |last1=Harijanti |first1=Susi Dwi |title=Report On Citizenship Law: Indonesia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45372/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_04.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115134311/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45372/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_04.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2020 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=February 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Noerdin |first1=Edriana |editor1-last=Anastasia |editor1-first=Ayu |title=Indonesian Women's Movements: Making Democracy Gender Responsive |date=2013 |publisher=Women Research Institute |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |isbn=978-602-9230-03-1 |pages=41-84 |edition=First |url=https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/45078-EN-indonesian-womens-movements-making-democracy-gender-responsive.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101032219/https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/45078-EN-indonesian-womens-movements-making-democracy-gender-responsive.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2018 |chapter=2. Women's Organizations Amidst Political Openness}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Winarnita |first1=Monika Swasti |title=Motherhood as Cultural Citizenship: Indonesian Women in Transnational Families |url=https://www.academia.edu/1119345/Motherhood_as_Cultural_Citizenship_Indonesian_Women_in_Transnational_Families |journal=The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology |date=December 2008 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=304-318 |doi=10.1080/14442210802506412 |access-date=13 May 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxford |issn=1444-2213 |oclc=4902292836}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Equal Nationality Rights|2007}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Lessons from Indonesia's Nationality Law Reform Campaign |url=https://equalnationalityrights.org/news/80-lessons-indonesia-nationality-law-reform-campaign |website=Equal Nationality Rights |publisher=[[Women's Refugee Commission|Global Campaign for Equal Nationality Rights]] |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312233907/https://equalnationalityrights.org/news/80-lessons-indonesia-nationality-law-reform-campaign |archive-date=12 March 2021 |location=New York, New York |date=2007 |url-status=live}}

==Synopsis of legal status (by colonizer/continent)==
====Dutch Empire====
Dutch colonies followed the laws of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] and had no separate nationality laws until 1910.{{sfn|Sik|1980|p=6}} The first codification of nationality, inherited from France, was based upon the [[Napoleonic Code]] and implemented in the Netherlands in 1809.{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}} The Dutch Civil Code legally incapacitated married women, making them legal dependents, and automatically bestowed upon a wife the nationality of her husband.{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} It was revised in 1838, and established nationality provisions for persons within the territory of the Kingdom. In 1850, a Nationality Act was passed creating a nationality scheme, which provided differing rights to people living in the motherland and those living in the colonies.{{sfn|Sik|1980|p=5}} Those born in the Netherlands or descended of Dutch nationals had political rights and those who were native inhabitants in Dutch colonies were excluded from rights.{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|p=2}} The scheme was confusing, and was replaced by a new Nationality Act in 1892.{{sfn|Sik|1980|p=5}} Under its provisions, ''Nederlanders'' were people born in the kingdom or colonies to parents who were domiciled within the territories of the kingdom.{{sfn|Sik|1980|p=6}} Legitimate or legitimized children derived nationality from their father, and only illegitimate children could derive a mother's nationality.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|p=441}} The Levysohn Norman Amendment prevented the provisions from applicability to the non-European population of the Dutch East Indies, as it required that a parent or grandparent had resided in the Netherlands.{{sfn|Sik|1980|pp=6, 8}} 

On 10 February 1910 the Act on the Status of Netherlands Subjects other than Nederlander, was passed creating the citizenship regime for the [[Dutch East Indies]].{{sfn|Sik|1980|pp=5-6}} The terms of this act granted a status of second-class citizenship, known as "Dutch subject non-Dutch citizen" ({{langx|nl|Nederlands onderdaan niet-Nederlander}}), to natives of the East Indies.{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|p=3}} In 1927, the Act of 1910 was extended on 10 June to the [[Dutch Caribbean]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Suriname]].{{sfn|Ahmadali|Luk|2015|p=2}}{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|p=446}} It was modified to provide that those born in the Dutch Indies, [[Curaçao]], or Suriname, to parents domiciled in those colonies, or foundlings of unknown parentage, were subjects of the Netherlands. If the father was unknown, an illegitimate child derived the status of subject from its mother.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|p=446}} The 1910 Act no longer applied to Indonesia after its independence in 1949, was abolished in the Caribbean and Suriname in 1951, and ceased to apply in [[Western New Guinea]] in 1962, when that region became part of Indonesia.{{sfn|Sik|1980|p=6}}

====French Empire====
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/ajil5&div=22&start_page=325&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=27&men_tab=srchresults

The [[Ancien Régime]] of France developed a system of [[Feudalism|feudal allegiance]] in which subjects were bound together by a scheme of protection and service tied to land ownership.{{sfn|Lobingier|1932|p=192}} Possession of land was typically tied to military and court service and omitted women because they could not perform those obligations.{{sfn|Lobingier|1932|p=219}}{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=3}} Thus, French nationality also derived from place of birth in French territory, until the nineteenth century, but under feudal law married women were subjugated to the authority of their husbands under [[coverture]].{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=3}}{{sfn|Basch|1979|p=347}} 
As a part of the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]], Haiti, known as [[Saint-Domingue]], and the other colonies in the [[French Antilles]] (now known as Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy) were subject to the provisions of the [[Code Noir]] decreed by [[Louis XIV]] in 1685. The Code was designed to control the social relations between blacks and whites in the Caribbean, and was eventually extended to Louisiana in 1724.{{sfn|Roberts|1971|p=152}} The code provided that freed persons were naturalized and contained provisions for [[manumission]] and [[emancipation]] of slaves.{{sfn|Roberts|1971|p=153}} Though it did not prohibit the marriage of blacks and whites, it carried substantial fines for owners who produced illegitimate children with slaves, decreeing that the father had to give the child to a hospital as a slave who was ineligible for future emancipation, unless he married his slave woman in a church, automatically manumitting her and the children through the marriage.{{sfn|Roberts|1971|p=153}}{{sfn|Garrigus|1980}}{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} Children followed the status of the mother, regardless of the father's status, thus if she was a slave her children were slaves and if she was free her children were free.{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} 

Though attempts were made to codify the common law of the colonies in 1716, 1738, 1758, and between 1761 and  1768, none were successful.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|p=201}} In 1771, [[Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry]] a magistrate in the northern district of the Saint-Domingue Court of Justice, compiled the manuscripts of legal documents into a compendium. In 1780, he was authorized by the [[Secretary of State of the Navy (France)|Secretary of State of the Navy]], the [[Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix|Marquis de Castries]], to convert the compendium into a code.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|p=202}} In 1784, the first of six volumes of the ''Loix et constitutions des colonies françaises'' ("Laws and Constitutions of the French Colonies") was published, which detailed all of the colonial laws issued between 1550 and 1784.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|pp=202, 206}} He was unable to complete a formal Colonial Code before he left Saint-Domingue for France in 1788.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|pp=206-207}} Having separate codes for the colonies and [[metropole]] was a characteristic of the empire and created little unity and standardization in French law.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|pp=189-190}} Thus, the [[French Constitution of 1791]], which gave legitimacy to the French Revolution and human rights protections by incorporating the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]], did not include any of the colonies or possessions of France in Africa, Asia, or the Americas.{{sfn|Blaustein|Sigler|1988|pp=81-112}} In response, the [[Haitian Revolution]] began that year and lasted until independence from France was declared in 1804.{{sfn|Ghachem|1999|p=207}}{{sfn|Steward|1915|p=iii}} The abolition of slavery in 1794 granted French nationality to all men in the French colonies,{{sfn|Heuer|2009|p=532}} but the reestablishment of slavery in 1802, made the status of colonial subjects confusing.{{sfn|Heuer|2009|pp=521, 533}} The 1802 [[Coup d'état]] of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] rolled back gains made during the [[French Revolution|French Revolutionary period]], re-establishing the law and customs in effect before the Revolution of
1789.{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=36}}

In 1805, the [[Napoleonic Code]], the French Civil Code, was implemented in the French Antilles and [[French Guiana]]. The provisions contained in it applied only to the white French in the colonies, as the Code Noir was reimposed for people of color.{{sfn|Gainot|2009}} Under the Civil Code, women were legally incapacitated and paternal authority was established over children.{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} Upon marriage, a woman automatically acquired the same nationality as her spouse.{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} Illegitimate children were barred from inheritance and nationality could only be transmitted through a father.{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=32}}{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=3}} Between 1805 and 1846, liberated slaves, those found on illegal slaving vessels, had a special status in the French colonies and were assigned to public works projects. Between 1831 and 1846, when the liberated slaves were freed, they worked as apprentices. In 1848 slavery was abolished for the second time. Freedom disrupted the social order, as it established [[patrilineality|patrilineal affiliations]] for family members.{{sfn|Gainot|2009}} Simultaneously with the abolition of slavery, the Civil Code was extended to all of the inhabitants in the colonies of France.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}} 

From 1848, those persons who settled in the colonies and were from France were considered nationals who had full rights and were subject to French law. However, those born in the new territories were considered to be nationals without citizenship.{{sfn|Grandmaison|2006|pp=38-39}} Nationals in the older colonies of the Antilles, Guiana, Réunion and parts of India and Senegal were granted political rights, but those in Algeria were confirmed by a decree on 14 July 1865 were to be subjects and not citizens, unless they renounced their allegiance to native custom and possessed sufficient understanding of the obligations of citizenship.{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=100-101}} Under the [[Indigénat|Code de l'indigénat]] (Code of Indigenous Status) promulgated for Algeria in 1881, nationals in the new colonies followed customary law.{{sfn|Grandmaison|2006|p=42}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=103-104}}{{sfn|Merle|2002|p=91}} The Indigenous Code was extended to [[Cochinchina]] in 1881; [[New Caledonia]] and [[Senegal]] in 1887; [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]], [[French Polynesia]], and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] in 1897; [[Cambodia]] in 1898; [[Mayotte]] and [[Madagascar]] in 1901; [[French West Africa]] in 1904; [[French Equatorial Africa]] in 1910; [[French Somaliland]] in 1912; [[French Togoland]] in 1923; and [[French Cameroon]] in 1924.{{sfn|Merle|2002|p=93}} The Nationality Law of 1889 allowed women who would become stateless to retain their French nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} When it passed, it specifically applied to the metropole, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion, but was not extended to the other colonies until 1897.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=717}} Following the end of [[World War I]] France passed a law on 25 March 1915 that allowed subjects or protected persons who were non-citizen nationals of Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia and had established domicile in a French territory to acquire full citizenship, including the naturalization of their wives and minor children, by having received the cross of the [[Legion of Honor]], having obtained a university degree, having rendered service to the nation, having attained the rank of an officer or received a medal from the French army, who had married a Frenchwoman and established a one year residency; or who had resided for more than ten years in a colony other than their country of origin.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|pp=270-271}}{{sfn|Bousquet|1953|p=602}}

In 1927, France passed a new Nationality Law, which under Article 8, removed the requirement for married women to automatically derive the nationality of a husband and provided that her nationality could only be changed if she consented to change her nationality.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}} It also allowed children born in France to native-born French women married to foreigners to acquire their nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} When it was implemented it included Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion but was extended to the remaining French possessions in 1928.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} A decade later, the legal incapacity of married women was finally invalidated.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=56}} In an effort to amend marriage regulations in [[French Equatorial Africa]] and [[French West Africa]], in 1939, the French government passed the [[Mandel Decree]], to establish the principles of [[consent]] and standardize [[marriageable age]]. The decree invalidated the custom of [[child marriage]] and [[levirate marriage]], unless the widow agreed.{{sfn|Dobkin de Rios|1968|pp=395-396}} In 1945, a new Code of French Nationality was passed, which conferred once again automatic French nationality on foreign wives of French men, but allowed mothers who were French nationals to pass their nationality to children born outside of France.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} It expressly applied to Algeria, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion and was extended to the Overseas Territories in 1953, but in the case of the latter had distinctions for the rights of those who were naturalized.{{sfn|Plender|1974|pp=717-718}} The [[Jacquinot Decree]] of 1951, reasserted the provisions in the Mandel Decree and added clarifications that after the age of twenty-one, or a divorce, women were free of the control of their parent or guardian. It also established legal processes to determine bride prices, codifying formerly traditional customs into legal statues with penalties for non-compliance.{{sfn|Dobkin de Rios|1968|p=396}} With the passage of the Constitution of 1958, nationality provisions were standardized for France, Overseas Departments, and Overseas Territories. {{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Revisions to the Nationality Code in 1973, included a provision that a child born in French territory derived French nationality if either of its parents were born in a French colony or territory, allowing for the possibility that the parent's place of birth might no longer be part of the French realm.{{sfn|Plender|1974|pp=718-719}}  It eliminated language in previous legislation differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate children, providing that if either parent was a French national the child was a French national. {{sfn|Plender|1974|p=722}} The 1973 Code also allowed the foreign husband of a French national to obtain French nationality by declaration, provided that he was living with his wife and adjudged to be able to assimilate to French culture.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}

====Ottoman empire====
https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=aUMHEAAAQBAJ&lpg=PT95&ots=BkQvkW9uWL&dq=beratl%C4%B1lar%2C%20protege&pg=PT92#v=onepage&q=beratl%C4%B1lar,%20protege&f=false

Within the Ottoman Empire, the government was organized to maintain harmony with disparate groups assigning responsibility to persons in accord with their position within those social categories.{{sfn|Karpat|1974|p=9}} For six centuries, there was an internal organization that defined government functions for subjects by balancing religious and communal ties, with aptitudes and occupations without a centralized national ideology.{{sfn|Karpat|1974|p=2}} Ottoman subjecthood was strongly tied to religion and non-Muslims, if they were ''ahl al-Kitāb'' (People of the Book), meaning Jewish, Christian, or [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]], could benefit from being subjects by agreeing to pay a tax to the [[sultan]].{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=280}}{{sfn|Sonyel|1991|p=56}} Under a pact known as ''zimma'', in exchange for paying taxes, the sultan allowed these subjects freedom of religion and guaranteed their lives, property, and rights with an understanding that they were legally entitled to less status than Muslim subjects.{{sfn|Sonyel|1991|p=56}} The pact was agreed to by the leaders of the [[confessional community]], who managed the adherents and their internal organization under the religious law of their community.{{sfn|Sonyel|1991|p=57}} 

By the eighteenth century a political organization, known as the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]], managed the affairs of their respective religious communities and developed into the ''protégé system'' ({{langx|tr|beratlılar}}, protected persons).{{sfn|Masters|2004|pp=61-62}}{{sfn|Sonyel|1991|p=57}} Signing treaties with European powers, from the 1673 signing of a [[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|Capitulation]] with France, the Ottoman empire granted France control of certain Ottoman Christians, Austria control of some Ottoman Roman Catholics, [[most favoured nation]] status to British and Dutch traders, as well as specific rights to the [[Republic of Venice]] and [[Russian Empire]].{{sfn|Sonyel|1991|pp=57-58}} Under the terms of these treaties, foreign powers could recruit Ottoman subjects to serve their needs as [[Law of agency|commercial agents]], [[Consul (representative)|consuls]], or [[interpreters]], and extend to these protégés [[diplomatic immunity]] from prosecution and privileges of trade, including lowered [[Tariff|customs tariffs]]. Over time, abuses of the system led to a virtual monopoly of foreign trade by protégés, clandestine sales of [[letters patent]] ({{langx|tr|berats}}), and demands from foreign powers for protection to extend from individuals to entire communities.{{sfn|Sonyel|1991|p=58}} The influence on Ottoman subjects by European powers changed the perception of these minority groups in the empire, meaning that they were increasingly seen not as Ottoman subjects, but as [[resident aliens]].{{sfn|Sonyel|1991|p=59}}

To curb the disruptive effects of Europeans in the empire, from 1806, the Ottoman government began sending communiques to the foreign embassies demanding compliance with the terms of their agreements.{{sfn|Sonyel|1991|p=59}} Failing to achieve success diplomatically, [[Mahmud II]] began a series of reforms to reorganize the government and centralize its authority and administration.{{sfn|Sonyel|1991|pp=60-61}}{{sfn|Çiftçi|2019|p=17}} In 1826, he abolished the [[Janissary|Guild of Janissaries]] and established a modern army of conscripted subjects with the intent of creating a unified Ottoman identity.{{sfn|Çiftçi|2019|p=17}} Once the army was reorganized, he began to abolish and transform the other [[guild|guilds]] aiming to modernize the state.{{sfn|Çiftçi|2019|p=18}} Mahmud II drafted the [[Edict of Gülhane]], incorporating the observations of his foreign minister [[Mustafa Reşid Pasha]].{{sfn|Çiftçi|2019|p=18}}{{sfn|Goldschmidt Jr.|Boum|2018|p=165}} The Edict was designed to end bribery and corruption, and to create fair tax schemes and institutions to protect the basic rights of Ottoman subjects, but Mahmud II died in 1839 before it was promulgated.{{sfn|Goldschmidt Jr.|Boum|2018|p=165}} He was succeeded by his son [[Abdulmejid I]], who continued the reforms of his father.{{sfn|Goldschmidt Jr.|Boum|2018|p=165}}{{sfn|Harris|2017|p=93}} In November, after Mahmud II's death, Reşid declared the Edict, first of the [[Tanzimat|Tanzimat Edicts]] (Imperial Edicts of Reorganisation) in Istanbul's [[Gülhane Park]] to a gathering of ambassadors and dignitaries.{{sfn|Çiftçi|2019|pp=16, 19}}

The [[Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856]] ({{langx|tr|Islâhat Fermânı}}) categorized subjects by whether they were Muslim or non-Muslim, granting different civil statuses to each.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=284}} In 1863, new regulations upon protégés restricted the privileges they received in the empire and clarifying who were thereafter considered to be Ottoman subjects and who were foreigners.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|pp=284-285}} This change, led to nationality legislation and the passage of the 1869 Ottoman nationality law (tâbiiyet-i osmaniye kanunnamesi).{{sfn|Hanley|2016|pp=277, 285}}{{#tag:ref|Will Hanley, a history professor at [[Florida State University]],{{sfn|Dailey|2021}} notes that the [[etymology]] of tâbiiyet includes associations with allegiance, nationality, and subjecthood, or an affiliation to a sovereign, but does not translate as citizenship.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=278}}|group="Note"}} The law specified terms for the acquisition and loss of who was within the soverignty of the empire, rather than the domestic obligations and rights of citizenship.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|pp=277-278}} It described who was a subject, owing allegiance, and made provisions for wives, children, emigrants and immigrants.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=278}} Under its terms, children derived nationality from their fathers, foreigners born in the territory could acquire nationality at majority, and foreigners born elsewhere could obtain nationality after five years residency within the imperial realm.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=283}} Specific provisions included that [[Child abandonment|foundlings]] discovered within the territory; stateless persons living in the empire; Muslim women, who despite the ban on such marriages, had married Persian men and the children of such a union; unregistered persons who had not been counted in the Ottoman census, either because no census was taken or their births were unregistered, were all considered to be Ottoman.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=291}} Foreign women acquired Ottoman nationality through marriage, but could return to their original nationality upon the death of their spouse.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=294}} Nationality could also be granted based on special contribution or service to the nation.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=292}} Dual nationality was permitted, but was discouraged, as the government could choose not to recognize naturalization of an Ottoman subject by another state.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=295}}

In 1873, a property law was passed forbidding foreign husbands and children from inheriting from a Muslim woman. Subsequently a law passed in 1883 to prohibit Ottoman subjects from inheritance if they had taken other nationality.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=296}} These changes were made to curtail the types of extra-territorial abuses which had occurred under the protégé system.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=297}} Amendments made to the Nationality Law in 1909 included conveyance of nationality to adoptees and to children born on ships in Ottoman waters.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=291}} It also introduced in in Article 6 that foreign wives who acquired nationality by marriage could repatriate to their original nationality upon termination of the marriage; in Article 7 that foreign wives could only naturalize with their foreign husbands; and in Article 19 that women derived the nationality of their husband upon marriage.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=292}}{{#tag:ref|Hanley notes that these amendments were influenced by and were very similar to provisions in the 1894 Persian nationality law.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=292}}|group="Note"}} From 1909, Ottoman subjects were allowed to denaturalize with permission of the authorities, but doing so would result in banishment from the empire.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|pp=295-296}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Çiftçi |first1=Yusuf |title=Modernisation in the Tanzimat Period and the Ottoman Empire: An Analysis of the Tanzimat Edict within the Scope of the Modern State |journal=Maarif Mektepleri Uluslararası Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Dergisi |date=2019 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=14-24 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/914134 |access-date=26 June 2021 |publisher=Maarif Mektepleri |location=Ankara, Turkey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626174130/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/914134 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |issn=2619-9300 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |last1=Dailey |first1=Ryan |title=FSU Eyes Candidates to Replace Thrasher as President |url=https://www.news4jax.com/news/2021/05/14/fsu-eyes-candidates-to-replace-thrasher-as-president/ |access-date=27 June 2021 |agency=News Service of Florida |date=14 May 2021 |newspaper=[[WJXT|News 4 Jax]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514221911/https://www.news4jax.com/news/2021/05/14/fsu-eyes-candidates-to-replace-thrasher-as-president/ |archive-date=14 May 2021 |location=Jacksonville, Florida |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Goldschmidt Jr. |first1=Arthur |last2=Boum |first2=Aomar |title=A Concise History of the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVJPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT152 |edition=11th |year=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-429-97515-8}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hanley |first1=Will |title=What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not |journal=[[Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association]] |date=November 2016 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=277-298 |doi=10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05 |access-date=26 June 2021 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] for the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association |location=Bloomington, Indiana |issn=2376-0699 |oclc=6883463202}}
*{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Judith |authorlink=Judith Harris (poet) |title=Evelina: A Victorian Heroine in Venice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3kpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93 |year=2017 |publisher=Fonthill Media Ltd |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |isbn=978-1-78155-593-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Karpat |first=Kemal H. |editor-last=Karpat |editor-first=Kemal H. |title=The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orEfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 |year=1974 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |chapter=Introduction |pages=1-14 |isbn=90-04-03945-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Masters |first=Bruce |title=Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DkV4_ExCHYC&pg=PA61 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |isbn=978-0-521-00582-1}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sonyel |first1=Salahi R. |title=The Protégé System in the Ottoman Empire |journal=[[Journal of Islamic Studies]] |date=1991 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=56-66 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195448 |access-date=27 June 2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |issn=0955-2340 |oclc=4644014241}}

====Portuguese empire====
Portuguese law was first compiled in 1446 by the {{ill|Afonsine Ordinances|lt=Ordinances of Afonso V|pt|Ordenações Afonsinas}} ({{langx|pt|Ordenações Afonsinas}}), which established that the law of the kingdom was based in statues, case law and custom. Revised in 1521 by the {{ill|Manueline Ordinances|lt=Ordinances of Manuel I|pt|Ordenações Manuelinas}} ({{langx|pt|Ordenações Manuelinas}}), courts were granted the ability to interpret common law by opinion and create solutions for newly arisen situations. In areas of the kingdom without established High Courts, common law and local custom prevailed.{{sfn|Passinhas|2019|p=43}} Nationals were those born in the territory and leaving the territory without permission of the sovereign was grounds for denaturalization.{{sfn|Coates|2001|p=23}}
In 1603, the {{ill|Philippine Ordinances|lt=Ordinances of Philip I|pt|Ordenações Filipinas}} ({{langx|pt|Ordenações Filipinas}}) established that Portuguese nationals were children born on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] or adjacent islands, Brazil, or to an official in service to the crown in the Portuguese possessions of Africa or Asia, whose father was a native of Portugal, or whose mother was a native of Portugal and was married to a foreigner who had established domicile in Portugal for a minimum of ten years. Those who were not in service to the crown in the colonies (except Brazil) were not considered to be Portuguese.{{sfn|Jerónimo|2017|p=4}} A child could not derive nationality directly from its mother unless it was [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate]].{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=2}}

Portugal drafted its first [[Portuguese Constitution of 1822|constitution in 1822]], which defined subjects of the Portuguese crown as the children of a male native to any of the territories of the kingdom.{{sfn|Jerónimo|2017|pp=4-5}} The nationality scheme laid out in 1603 remained mostly unchanged except for some clarifications, such as legitimate children of a Portuguese father or illegitimate children of a Portuguese mother born abroad could be nationals if they resided in Portugal and children born to a Portuguese mother and foreign father could only derive Portuguese nationality upon reaching their majority and requesting it. Two new provisions included that foundlings discovered on Portuguese soil were considered nationals, as were [[freedmen]]. Naturalization was only available to foreign men who married Portuguese women, and only if they had investments in the country or provided service to the crown. Denaturalization resulted from service to, or receiving benefits from, a foreign government, or obtaining other nationality.{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=3}} Society was male-oriented and male-dominated, and women's roles were isolated to family concerns keeping them separated from everyday realities of society.{{sfn|Russell-Wood|1977|pp=3-4}} The father of a family was expected to provide for the well-being of his household.{{sfn|Russell-Wood|1977|p=5}} Women's legal status varied based upon their skin color. White women legally could serve as head of household absent the presence of the father figure, were able to administrate wills and inheritances, and could own land and inherit property. Slave and [[Amerindian]] women could seek arbiters to assist them in buying their freedom and could appeal to authorities for mistreatment. Any woman could petition the crown to assist them in legal disputes.{{sfn|Russell-Wood|1977|pp=8-10}}

A [[Constitutional Charter of 1826|new constitution]] was adopted in 1826 (which was in force from 1826 to 1828, 1834 to 1836, and 1842 to 1910) which granted nationality to anyone born on Portuguese soil. Birth by descent was accepted as establishing nationality, as long as the father lived in Portugal or was abroad in service to the monarch. Provisions stipulated that only illegitimate children could derive nationality from their mother and established that a nationality law was to define provisions for naturalization. The new nationality code was promulgated as the Decree of 22 October 1836, which established that grounds for naturalization included having reached majority, demonstrating adequate means of self-support, and having a minimum of two years residency, which could be waived if one had Portuguese ancestry.{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=3}} The Civil Code of 1867 reiterated similar nationality requirements to those that had previously been in effect, with the exception that a foreign woman, upon marriage to a Portuguese husband, automatically acquired Portuguese nationality.{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=4}} It also provided that Portuguese women who married foreigners lost their nationality, unless they would become stateless, and could not reacquire Portuguese status unless the marriage terminated and she lived in Portugal.{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=5}} It retained the provisions of the 1836 Decree for naturalization but increase residency to three years and added stipulations that applicants must have completed their military duties to their country of origin and that they have no criminal record.{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|pp=4-5}}

The nationality requirements remained stable and did not significantly change again until 1959, when a new Nationality Law (Lei n.º 2098) granted nationality to anyone born Portuguese territory, unless the parents were foreign diplomats.{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=5}}{{sfn|Jerónimo|2019|p=5}} Nationality if a child was born abroad could only be acquired automatically at birth if the Portuguese parents were abroad serving the crown; otherwise, nationality was at the discretion of officials and upon application required proof of that the birth had been registered in Portugal, that the applicant was [[Domicile (law)|domiciled]] in Portugal, and that they declared a desire to be a national. Married women continued to derive their nationality from their husband, with the exception that a woman could retain her nationality of origin if she specifically declared she did not want to be Portuguese and could prove that her country of origin allowed retention of her nationality after marriage.{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|pp=6-7}}

====Spanish empire====
Nationality in colonial Spanish America was based in custom, rather than law. People born in Spain or Spanish America were considered to be members of the community and those born outside of those territories, whether of Spanish descent or not, were considered to be foreigners.{{sfn|Herzog|1997|pp=248-249}} Typically, naturalization was interpreted as personal, something granted to an individual, who met specified criteria.{{sfn|Herzog|1997|p=253}} The first provisions for foreigners to be allowed to operate in Spanish territories were known as ''Carta de naturaleza'', established by royal decree in 1567.{{sfn|Herzog|1997|pp=250-251}}{{sfn|Salvatto|Carzolio|2015|p=680}} Naturalization gave an alien the same rights as a native, but did not change their legal status as a foreigner.{{sfn|Herzog|1997|pp=250-251}} To obtain a carta, an applicant to the [[Council of the Indies]]{{#tag:ref|''Cartas de naturaleza'' were local documents in the sense that obtaining approval from the Council of the Indies did not denote approval from other Spanish jurisdictions, such as the Council of Castile. Obtaining such naturalization was recognized in the local jurisdiction, but would not similarly be recognized in other parts of the realm.{{sfn|Herzog|1997|p=252}}|group="Note"}} had to confirm they had resided in the [[Spanish Empire]] for 20 years, had sufficient financial means to conduct business, and provide for their support and had been married to a native or a foreign national, who was born locally, for at least 10 years.{{sfn|Herzog|1997|p=251}} Non-whites or non-Christians were excluded, unless they obtained a ''gracias al sacar'', a royal certificate, which legally allowed them to operate as white persons, by ''limpieza de sangre'' (cleaning the blood).{{sfn|Herzog|1997|p=257}}{{sfn|Stolcke|2009|p=3}} The ability to change races was an important consideration in the Americas because the majority of immigrants to the Americas were male, thus there was widespread racial mixing,{{sfn|Kuznesof|2013|p=20}} and from 1514, a royal decree of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] encouraged mixed marriages as a way of creating a homogenous Spanish-Catholic society.{{sfn|Stolcke|2009|p=6}} From 1778, royal decree stipulated that marriages were to be contracted by equals.{{sfn|Kuznesof|2013|p=22}} Further, in order to leave their possessions to an heir, as opposed to the crown, illegitimate [[mestizo]] offspring needed to be legitimized.{{sfn|Kuznesof|2013|p=25}}

In colonial Latin America, as had been established by the [[Siete Partidas]] (Seven-Part Code) enacted by [[Alfonso X of Castile]] in the 13th century, families were organized with a male head of household, who controlled the power, required obedience, and provided support and protection.{{sfn|Kuznesof|2013|p=25}}{{sfn|Fiorentini Cañedo|2012|pp=17-19}} Married women were legally required to submit to their husband's authority to maintain family unity.{{sfn|Fiorentini Cañedo|2012|pp=27-30}} Women had latitude to execute contracts and documents, such as wills, and were able to appear in court, but were required to obtain permission from a father or spouse, though consent was typically given.{{sfn|Kuznesof|2013|p=25}}{{sfn|Fiorentini Cañedo|2012|p=29}} Women had equal property and inheritance rights; though administration of their assts was via the head of her household.{{sfn|Kuznesof|2013|p=25}}{{sfn|Fiorentini Cañedo|2012|p=31}} Women were not considered to be legal citizens.{{sfn|Hernández Pina|2013|p=39}} Instead, a wife's obligation was to fulfill the social role of mother and spouse, care for the education and moral upbringing of her children and remain secluded in her home. Her public interactions were expected to correspond to these roles, meaning that she was allowed to participate in activities to care of the sick and those which provided moral uplift.{{sfn|Fiorentini Cañedo|2012|p=35, 38}}{{sfn|Kuznesof|2013|p=21}} Spain's first constitution, the [[Constitution of Cadiz]], enacted in 1812,{{sfn|Hernández Pina|2013|p=38}} specifically recognized as nationals only "[a]ll free-men, born and bred up in the Spanish dominions, and their sons".{{sfn|Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|2016}} [[Freedmen]] from Africa and foreigners residing within Spanish territory were permitted to naturalize as Spanish.{{sfn|Peña|2002|p=6}} 

The law was passed during the period (1808-1814) when [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] was detained in France and Spanish juntas were organized to govern during his absence. Ferdinand's return to power and proclamation to reestablish an [[absolute monarchy]] led to the [[Spanish American wars of independence]].{{sfn|Kinsbruner|2000|pp=36-37}} In 1814 upon returning to Spain from captivity in France, [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] abrogated the constitution and reinstated an absolute monarchy, leading to [[Spanish American wars of independence|independence wars throughout Spanish America]].{{sfn|Peña|2002|p=15}}{{sfn|Carano|Sanchez|1980|p=144}} [[Trienio Liberal|Revolution in 1820]] reinstated the Constitution of Cádiz, but the return to power of Ferdinand in 1823, saw it suspended again.{{sfn|Chusid|2012|p=2}} Instability in the Spanish empire continued until 1874 with periods of conflict followed by calm only to erupt into insurrection again.{{sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020|p=193}} The Constitution of Cádiz was reinstated in 1836 and revoked a year later.{{sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020|p=179}} Two [[Carlist Wars]] followed by the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|1868 Revolution]], led to a democratic experiment and the drafting of a new constitution in 1869. The constitution called for significant colonial reforms, but before they could be acted upon the [[Third Carlist War]] and subsequent [[Restoration (Spain)|restoration of the monarchy]] ended its authority.{{sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020|pp=179–180}} A new constitution was adopted in 1876,{{sfn|Baumert|Paradinas Márquez|Sánchez Padilla|2020|p=194}} and in 1889 the first Spanish Civil Code was adopted.{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|p=279}} The Code was extended to [[Puerto Rico]], [[Panama]], the Philippines and Guam, establishing that nationality was acquired either from birth in Spanish territory or by descent from a Spanish national.{{sfn|Oehser|1943|p=476}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|p=279}} Legitimate children could derive nationality from a father, but only illegitimate children could derive Spanish nationality from a mother, as a married woman was required to take the nationality of her husband.{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287–288}} It also contained provisions for foreigners to naturalize.{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|p=287}}

The first constitutions of the nations of South America upon gaining their independence were written to include people born in the territory and exclude those born in Europe who might challenge the national sovereignty. Definitions emerged based upon who were nationals and who were foreigners. Rights of citizens differed based on these broad categories, excluding those who were criminal, illiterate, in debt, mentally incapacitated, or dependents, such as children, indentured persons or migrant workers, servants and women.{{sfn|Schwarz|2012|p=41}} To create a nation of ideal citizens, nationality was regulated through the lens of class, gender, and race.{{sfn|Schwarz|2012|p=44}} In opposition to colonial policies of exclusion, foreigners were welcomed in the early days of independence in Latin America and typically were regulated only by policies designed to protect the interests of the state.{{sfn|Schwarz|2012|pp=45-46}} At the turn of the twentieth century, the former Spanish colonies had codified who were undesireables based upon fairly similar characteristics.{{sfn|Schwarz|2012|p=44}} These traits included those who were non-European, criminal, suffered from chronic disease, or were unable to support themselves, or who might threaten the social order. Many of the nations began restricting the immigration of those of African, Asian, Caribbean, Middle Eastern, or Ottoman origin, as well as nomadic peoples.{{sfn|Schwarz|2012|pp=54-57}}

====United States empire====
Prior to 1898, all persons born in the possessions of the United States were treated as having been born in the United States, and upon acquisition, provisions were made for collective naturalization of the inhabitants. After that date, possessions were selectively judged to be foreign localities and not subject to the [[Citizenship Clause]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]].{{sfn|Venator-Santiago|2017|p=515}} Under the [[Insular Cases]] (1901–1922), the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] ruled that [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territories]] and [[Insular area|insular possessions]] of the United States, which were not on a path toward statehood, had limited applicability of the U.S. Constitution. At the time, these included [[Guam]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Puerto Rico]], acquired in 1898 at the end of the [[Spanish–American War]]. According to the decisions, those born in insular possessions or unincorporated territories were not eligible for citizenship, though they were considered nationals and could hold a U.S. passport and gain diplomatic protection from the United States.{{sfn|Spiro|2015|p=3}} Specifically, in ''[[Downes v. Bidwell]]'' (182 U.S. 244, 1901) the Supreme Court found that possessions of the United States were not part of it constitutionally because they were "inhabited by alien races, differing from us in religion, customs, laws, methods of taxation and modes of thought and therefore the administration of government and justice, according to [[Anglo-America|Anglo-Saxon]] principles, may for a time be impossible".{{sfn|Hein|2009|p=448}} Because of the rulings, all persons in the U.S. outlying possessions were considered U.S. non-citizen nationals.{{sfn|Villazor|2017|p=1676}} In ''[[Gonzales v. Williams]]'' (192 U.S. 1, 1904) the Supreme Court affirmed that non-citizen nationals were not aliens, or immigrants, causing Congress to pass in 1906, special provisions for persons born in unincorporated territories to naturalize in the United States.{{sfn|Hein|2009|p=448}}{{sfn|Venator-Santiago|2017|p=517}}
===Africa===
already cited as: (United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women|Chinkin|2003|p=x) https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/jun03e.pdf
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/black-women-and-international-law/african-women-and-the-gender-equality-regime-in-africa-from-patriarchy-to-parity/198633740775BFDEE43DEC096AB8F861
https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/54cb3c8f4.pdf
https://www.unhcr.org/ecowas2015/Nationality-Migration-and-Statelessness-in-West-Africa-REPORT-EN.pdf
https://www.unhcr.org/4cbc60ce6.pdf
https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/d5d1d086-1a0d-4088-b679-003e09e9c125/citizenship-law-africa-third-edition-20160129.pdf
https://academic-oup-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/book/2672/chapter/143096294?searchresult=1

Dependencies: Canary Islands [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous Community of Spain]], Ceuta [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous city of Spain]], French Southern and Antarctic Lands [[Overseas territory (France)|Overseas territory of France]], Madeira [[Autonomous Regions of Portugal|Autonomous Region of Portugal]],  Melilla [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous city of Spain]], Pelagie Islands [[Italy|Italian archipelago]], Plazas de soberanía Overseas Territory of Spain, Réunion Mayotte [[Overseas departments and regions of France|Overseas region of France]], Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha [[British Overseas Territory]], Socotra Archipelago [[Governates of Yemen|Governate of Yemen]]

====Algeria====
moved

====Angola====
moved

====Benin====
moved

====Botswana==== 
moved

====Burkina Faso====
moved

====Burundi====
moved

====Cameroon====
moved

====Cape Verde====
moved

====Central African Republic====
moved

====Chad====
moved

====Comoros====
moved

====Congo====
moved

====Democratic Republic of the Congo====
moved

====Djibouti====
moved

====Egypt====
moved

====Equatorial Guinea====
moved

====Eritrea====
moved

====Eswatini====
moved

====Ethiopia====
moved

====Gabon====
[[Gabonese nationality law]] 
moved

====The Gambia====
[[Gambian nationality law]]
moved

====Ghana====
[[Ghanaian nationality law]]
moved

====Guinea====
[[Guinean nationality law]] 
moved

====Guinea-Bissau====
[[Bissau-Guinean nationality law]] 
moved

====Ivory Coast====
[[Ivorian nationality law]]
moved

====Kenya====
[[Kenyan nationality law]]  
moved

====Lesotho====
[[Basotho nationality law]] 
moved

====Liberia====
[[Liberian nationality law]]
moved

====Libya====
[[Libyan nationality law]]
moved

====Madagascar====
[[Malagasy nationality law]] 
moved

====Malawi====
[[Malawian nationality law]]
moved

====Mali====
[[Malian nationality law]] 
moved

====Mauritania====
[[Mauritanian nationality law]] 
moved

====Mauritius====
[[Mauritian nationality law]]
moved

====Morocco====
[[Moroccan nationality law]] 
moved

====Mozambique====
[[Mozambican nationality law]]
moved

====Namibia====
[[Namibian nationality law]]
moved

====Niger====
[[Nigerien nationality law]] 
moved

====Nigeria====
[[Nigerian nationality law]]
moved

====Rwanda====
[[Rwandan nationality law]]
moved

====São Tomé and Príncipe====
[[São Toméan nationality law]]
moved

====Senegal====
[[Senegalese nationality law]]
moved

====Seychelles====
[[Seychellois nationality law]]  
moved

====Sierra Leone====
[[Sierra Leonean nationality law]]
moved

====Somalia====
[[Somali nationality law]]
moved

====Somaliland====
[[Somaliland citizenship and nationality]]
moved

====South Africa====
[[South African nationality law]] 
moved

====South Sudan====
[[South Sudanese nationality law]]
moved

====Sudan====
[[Sudanese nationality law]]
moved

====Tanzania====
[[Tanzanian nationality law]] 
moved

====Togo====
[[Togolese nationality law]] 
moved

====Tunisia====
[[Tunisian nationality law]] 
moved

====Uganda====
[[Ugandan nationality law]]
moved

====Western Sahara====
[[Sahrawi nationality law]] 
moved

====Zambia====
[[Zambian nationality law]]
moved

====Zimbabwe====
[[Zimbabwean nationality law]]
moved

===Asia===
Asia: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09612025.2016.1163924

====Afghanistan====
[[Afghan nationality law]]
moved

====Armenia====
[[Armenian nationality law]]

====Azerbaijan====
[[Azerbaijani nationality law]]
moved

====Bahrain====
[[Bahraini nationality law]] 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last=Alsabeehg |first=Zeineb |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Bahrain |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70577/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_2021_6.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324120018/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70577/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_2021_6.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=24 March 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2021 |url-status=live}}

====Bangladesh====
[[Bangladeshi nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last=Hoque |first=Ridwanul |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Bangladesh |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/44545/EudoCit_2016_14Bangladesh.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222003554/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/44545/EudoCit_2016_14Bangladesh.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2020 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=December 2016 |url-status=live}}

====Bhutan====
[[Bhutanese nationality law]] 

====Brunei====
[[Bruneian nationality law]] 
https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5ccab7d67.pdf#page=2&zoom=auto,-24,718
https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/604257d34.pdf#page=2&zoom=auto,-24,776

====Cambodia====
[[Cambodian nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last=Sperfeldt |first=Christoph |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Cambodia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45084/GLOBALCIT_2017_02_Cambodia.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121010836/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45084/GLOBALCIT_2017_02_Cambodia.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=January 2017 |url-status=live}}

====China====
[[Chinese nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last=Low |first=Choo Chin |title=Report on Citizenship Law: China and Taiwan |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43624/EudoCit_2016_10_Chn_Twn%20.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101072421/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43624/EudoCit_2016_10_Chn_Twn%20.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 January 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=October 2016 |url-status=live}}

====Cyprus====
[[Cypriot nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last=Trimikliniotis |first=Nicos |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Cyprus |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/34479/EUDOCitizenship_2015_01.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |edition=revised |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152250/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/34479/EUDOCitizenship_2015_01.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |archive-date=20 January 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2015 |url-status=live}}

====Georgia====
[[Georgian nationality law]] 
'''[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]n [[nationality law]]''' is regulated by the [[Constitution of Georgia (country)|Constitution of Georgia]], as amended; the Citizenship Law of Georgia and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|pp=8-10}} These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, an Georgian national.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|pp=9-10}} The legal means to acquire [[nationality]], formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as [[citizenship]]. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=4}}{{sfn|Rosas|1994|p=34}} Some countries use the terms nationality and citizenship as synonyms, despite their legal distinction and the fact that they are regulated by different governmental administrative bodies.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=4}} Colloquially, as in most former Soviet states, citizenship is often used as a synonym for nationality, because nationality is associated with ethnicity.{{sfn|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002|p=6}}{{sfn|Information Reports Section|2020|p=25}} Georgian nationality is typically obtained under the principle of [[jus sanguinis]], i.e. by birth to parents with Georgian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through [[naturalization]].{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|pp=9-10}}

*==Acquiring Azerbaijani nationality==
Nationality in Georgia is typically acquired by birth to a Georgian or later in life through naturalization.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|pp=9-10}}   

*===By birth===
Until the 2014 amendment changed nationality requirements, [[jus soli]], birth in Azerbaijan was the primary basis for acquiring nationality.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|pp=1-2}} A reversal of that policy was prompted by fears of the actions of neighboring post-Soviet spaces and challenges to Azerbaijani sovereignty.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=7}} If both parents of a child born in Azerbaijan are foreigners or if one parent is a foreigner and the other is [[statelessness|stateless]] or unknown, the child is not considered to be Azerbaijani.{{sfn|Yusifova|2015|p=18}} Those who can acquire nationality by birth include:

* Children born anywhere to at least one parent who is an Azerbaijani national; or{{sfn|Yusifova|2015|p=18}}{{sfn|Consular Affairs|2011|p=16}}
* Children born in Azerbaijan, if both parents are stateless.{{sfn|Yusifova|2015|p=18}}{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=9}}

*===By naturalization===
Foreigners can apply for naturalization in Azaerbaijan provided that they have continuously resided in the country, being absent no more than three months, for at least five years from the issuance of a permanent residency permit or confirmation of refugee status.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=10}}{{sfn|Information Reports Section|2020|p=28}} General provisions are that applicants have a legal income, have sufficiency in the Azerbaijani language, and respect the laws of the country.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=10}} Applications for naturalization must be submitted to the State Migration Service ({{langx|az|Dövlәt Miqrasiya Xidmәti}}) in [[Baku]].{{sfn|Consular Affairs|2011|p=20}} Documentation must be presented to confirm that the applicant meets the residency requirements, has paid any taxes due to the state, has a certificate from the Ministry of Education verifying language proficiency, and documents which confirm the current nationality.{{sfn|Consular Affairs|2011|p=21}} Minor children follow the nationality of their parents, thus if a parent naturalizes and the child is under fourteen years old, the child automatically becomes Azerbaijani as long as both parents agree, or in the case that one parent is stateless.{{sfn|Consular Affairs|2011|p=16}}{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=9}} Naturalization is not allowed if the person has participated in activities that could damage the state, its territory or security, or the health, morality, or public order of the country; if they have been accused of attempting to overthrow or change the systems of the state or social order; or if they have participated in terrorism or activities that would foment hostility on the basis of race, religion, or ethnic superiority. The [[President of Azerbaijan]] is the final authority on who is admitted as a national of the country.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=10}} Those who are admitted as nationals must swear that they have no civic obligations outstanding to other states and take an [[oath of allegiance]].{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|pp=8, 10}} Other persons who can acquire nationality by naturalization include:

* [[Child abandonment|Foundlings]] or [[orphan]]s whose parents are unknown, after an administrative process;{{sfn|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002|p=6}}{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=9}}{{sfn|Research Directorate|2016}}
* Adoptees of Azerbaijani nationals upon completion of a legal adoption if requested;{{sfn|Consular Affairs|2011|p=17}}{{sfn|Research Directorate|2016}}
* Children between the ages of fourteen and eighteen who consent to be naturalized at the time that their  parents are naturalized;{{sfn|Consular Affairs|2011|p=18}}{{sfn|Research Directorate|2016}}
* Children who did not gain Azrbaijani nationality when their parent(s) nationality changed, through an administrative procedure;{{sfn|Research Directorate|2016}}
* Persons who are current residents of Azerbaijan and who were nationals of Azerbaijan or the Azerbaijan SSR or who were born in the country prior to the 1998 Citizenship Act coming into force, but who did not gain nationality under the Act and have remained in the country;{{sfn|Research Directorate|2016}}
* Refugees or forced migrants who entered the country between 1988 and 1992, through an administrative procedure;{{sfn|Research Directorate|2016}}
* Persons with exceptional skill in the arts or culture, science, sport, or technology, whose contributions may be beneficial to the country may naturalize without meeting naturalization requirements; or{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=10}}
* Persons who the state deems to be of special interest or those who have rendered significant service to the nation may naturalize without meeting other requirements.{{sfn|Research Directorate|2016}}

*==Loss of nationality==
Azerbaijani are allowed to [[Renunciation of citizenship|renounce]] their nationality, provided that comply with registration processes. The government may oppose if the applicant has outstanding civic obligations to the state, persons, or legal entities, or is involved in a criminal proceeding.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=11}}{{sfn|Information Reports Section|2020|pp=29-30}} Nationals can be [[denaturalization|denaturalized]] for obtaining other nationality; for serving in the government administration or armed services of a foreign country; for committing crimes against the state or state security; for actions related to religious extremism or terrorism including recruitment; or for fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment in acquiring nationality.{{sfn|Yusifova|2015|p=19}}{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|pp=7-8, 11}}{{sfn|Information Reports Section|2020|p=30}} Loss of nationality involves a legal proceeding in Azerbaijan, rather than being a process of the operation of law.{{sfn|Information Reports Section|2020|p=30}} Persons who have previously lost their Azerbaijani nationality may repatriate as long as they meet the requirements to naturalize.{{sfn|Information Reports Section|2020|pp=28-29}}

*==Dual nationality==
Azerbaijan does not recognize [[Multiple citizenship|dual nationality]] and it can be grounds for criminal prosecution.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=10}} Persons who acquire another nationality are required to notify the authorities within thirty days or risk denturalization and/or payment of fines under the Criminal Code.{{sfn|Yusifova|2015|pp=19-20}}{{sfn|CCLEX|2022}}
 
*==History==
Humans have been present in the territory now known as Azerbaijan since Paleolithic times.{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=20}} From the ninth century BC semi-nomadic Scythian peoples began settling in the region and within a century, the [[Medes]], an [[Iranian peoples|ancient Persian people]], had conquered the southern part of what is Azerbaijan.{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=87}} For much of the history of the territory, was ruled by successive [[Persian Empire]]s.{{sfn|Shaffer|2005|p=16}} The Median Empire was defeated in the region by [[Cyrus the Great]] in the sixth century BC and then in the fourth century BC by [[Alexander the Great]],{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=20}} who called the area [[Caucasian Albania]] (or Albanoi){{#tag:ref|The Greek area of Caucasian Albania has no relationship to the European nation located on the [[Balkans|Balkan peninsula]] known as [[Albania]].{{sfn|King|2006|p=22}} It was located in [[Western Asia]] in the eastern part of the [[South Caucasus|Transcaucasus]] between the [[Caucasus Mountains]] and the [[Kura (river)|Kura River]].{{sfn|Pappas|1994|p=27}}|group="Note"}}  and retained the Persian [[satrap]]s as governors.{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=88}}{{sfn|Liberman|2004|p=17}}{{sfn|Pappas|1994|p=27}} In ancient [[Persia]] the king had absolute authority as the administrator of his subjects and armies, the giver of law, and the supreme judge of the empire. The centralized government of the empire was divided into satrapies, or provinces, for ease of management and taxation. Local satraps had no control over the military forces in their region to prevent them diluting the power of the ruler, but they managed the civilian administration over the areas for which they governed. Ethnic groups had legal autonomy to regulate their own internal conflicts. Rulers were responsible for security in the realm and management of the economy.{{sfn|Jany|2020|p=84}} In exchange for protection, Persian subjects paid taxes and owed loyalty to the king and his leadership.{{sfn|Jany|2020|p=85}} Marriage in the period was ''[[Manus marriage|cum manu]]'' meaning the wife was legally incapacitated and under the control of her husband.{{sfn|Jany|2020|p=98}}

When Alexander's [[Macedonian Empire]] collapsed, Caucasian Albania became a vassal state of the [[Seleucid Empire]] in the second century BC.{{sfn|Pappas|1994|p=27}} Between the fourth and third centuries BC the union of tribes throughout the [[Caucasus]] formed the Kingdom of Albania.{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=21}} Roman annexation of Albania occurred between the first and third centuries AD, but as Rome declined, Persia re-established vassalage over the kingdom, first through the [[Parthian Empire]] and then its successor, the [[Sasanian Empire]].{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=21}}{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=88}} By the forth century, the Sasanians and [[Byzantine Empire]], successor state to Rome, were in conflict which caused a gradual decline and the eventual collapse of the Sassanid empire in the last half of the seventh century.{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=21}}{{sfn|Pappas|1994|p=28}} At that time, Arabs brought Islam to the area and annexed Arran, as they called the former territory of Caucasian Albania, to the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. Arabic rule continued through the eleventh century.{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=88}}{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=21}} In the Islamic state, subjects were defined by religious allegiance and loyalty to a ruler was as a result of his membership in the [[confessional community]] and his religious position, meaning that religious and political principles and offices were inseparable.{{sfn|Lapidus|1975|pp=363-364}} Leaders served as religious and administrative authorities, teaching doctrine and acting to settle disputes, maintain order, and provide economic benefits to their communities. In exchange, subjects were committed to the leader and the defense of Islam.{{sfn|Lapidus|1975|p=364}} Women were required to have a guardian, either their father, a relative, or the sultan, who gave her in marriage.{{sfn|Spectorsky|2010|pp=64-65, 70-71}} After marriage, she was required to be obedient to her husband's authority over her.{{sfn|Spectorsky|2010|p=89}}  

From the ninth century, the [[Shirvanshah|Shirvanshah Kingdom]] became dominant in the northeastern region of the territory lasting through the sixteenth century.{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=22}} The Kingdom was strongly influenced by the [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] [[Seljuk Empire]], which had invaded in the eleventh century from Central Asia and ended the dominance of Arab rule.{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=88}}{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=22}} The [[Mongol Empire]] invaded in the thirteenth century, subjugating the Shirvanshah Kingdom to the [[Ilkhanate|Il Khanate]], when the Mongols divided their empire in 1256.{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=22}}{{sfn|Roque|Forte|2019|p=32}} The Il Khanate returned the region to Islamic practices but with predominant Persian cultural influences, which were retained by the [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turko-Mongol]] [[Timurid Empire]] which was dominant between 1370 and 1405.{{sfn|Roque|Forte|2019|p=32}} Upon the collapse of the Timurids, two successive Turkic tribes ruled the area until it was returned to Persian dominance under the [[Safavid Empire]] in 1501.{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=22}} The Safavids were the predominate power in the area until 1722.{{sfn|Shaffer|2005|p=16}}

*===Persian, Ottoman, and Russian conflicts (18th-19th centuries)===
From the beginning of the eighteenth century, conflict emerged between the Safavids and [[Ottoman Empire]] for control of the territory.{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=22}}{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=89}} These struggles weakened the Safavid Empire, which then came under attack by the [[Russian Empire]]. In 1722, [[Peter the Great]] led a campaign that established Russian dominance in the Northern Caucuses, including the northern part of Arran.{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=89}}{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=23}} Though the Persians retained control over the southern regions of Arran successive wars resulted in continuous loss of territory to the Russians and by 1828 all remaining Persian possessions in the Caucasus had been ceded to Russia.{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=89}}{{sfn|Shaffer|2005|p=17}} In Russia, persons residing in the territory of the empire were known as "poddanstvo" (subjects) and were under obligation of absolute subjection to the Tsar until 1917.{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=3}} Subjects were neither allowed to emigrate nor naturalize in a foreign state. The policy emphasized the collective nature of the community, which was jointly responsible to pay tax, provide labor, and share in the harvest to the landlord and state.{{sfn|Lohr|2012|p=12}} Foreigners could not enter the country without the approval of the Tsar and were restricted to reside in specific areas and wear identifying clothing.{{sfn|Lohr|2012|p=14}} 

Groups which were prohibited from becoming Russian subjects included [[Dervish]]es, [[Jesuit]]s, [[Jew]]s, and married women, unless their spouse was Russian.{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=3}} Treaties and trade agreements defined the extraterritorial jurisdiction of foreigners residing in the nation and gave foreigners special privileges, like exemptions from paying taxes, the right to practice their religion, and freedom of movement.{{sfn|Lohr|2012|pp=20–21}} From 1721, the only requirement for naturalization of foreigners in the [[Russian Empire]] changed from conversion to [[Russian Orthodoxy]] to swearing an oath of allegiance to the Tsar.{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|Lohr|2012|p=16}} The following year a decree was issued which confirmed that sons born in Russia to foreigners in service to the Tsar were automatically subjects of Russia.{{sfn|Lohr|2012|p=17}} Russian policy on territorial annexation up to 1860 was that all persons living in such a territory automatically were conferred Russian nationality, but the rights of citizenship of these groups varied based upon ethnicity, religion, and social status.{{sfn|Lohr|2012|p=28}} 

From 1864, naturalization required a five-year residency.{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=3}} Persons who were in service of the nation, who invested funds that benefited Russia, or who had unique ability or scientific knowledge could acquire nationality with a reduced residency period.{{sfn|Salenko|2012|pp=3–4}} Children born to foreigners in Russian territory could choose to acquire Russian nationality within one year of reaching majority, if they had been educated and grew up in Russia.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|p=510}} Russian women who married foreigners were no longer Russian subjects{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=4}} and foreign women who married Russians automatically became Russian upon solemnization of a religious marriage.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|p=510}} In 1879, Article 7 of the {{ill|Treaty of Constantinople (1879)|lt=Treaty of Constantinople|ru|Константинопольский мир (1879)}} which was signed at the end of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]], set a precedent for annexation thereafter, establishing that residents could choose which nationality they wished to have after annexation terms were agreed upon.{{sfn|Lohr|2012|pp=39–40}}{{#tag:ref|[[Eric Lohr]], chair of the History Department at [[American University]] and a specialist on Russian history{{sfn|Ludwig Maximilian University|2014}} gives the term of six months for the Treaty of Constantinople.{{sfn|Lohr|2012|pp=39–40}} The treaty states, "Les habitants des localités cédées à la Russie qui voudraient fixer leur résidence hors de ces territoires seront libres de se retirer, en vendant leurs propriétés immobilières. Un délai de trois ans leur sera accordé à cet effet à partir de la ratification du présent acte. Passé ce délai, les habitants qui n'auraient pas quitté le pays et vendu leurs immeubles resteront sujets Russes". ["The inhabitants of the localities ceded to Russia who would like to establish their residence outside these territories will be free to withdraw, by selling their immovable properties. A period of three years will be granted to them for this purpose from the ratification of this act. After this period, the inhabitants who have not left the country and sold their buildings will remain Russian subjects".]{{sfn|''American Journal of International Law''|1908|pp=425–426}}|group="Note"}} Persons who failed to express a desire within the allotted time frame to retain their existing nationality would automatically become Russian.{{sfn|Lohr|2012|p=4}} An update to the nationality statutes in 1899 provided that children born anywhere to Russian parents automatically became Russian.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|p=510}}

*===War and independence (1905-1920)===
While the [[1905 Russian Revolution]] did not spark an independence movement among the peoples in Arran, it did mark the start of the rise of political activity and ethnic identification. Upon the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, however, the provincial council declared the independence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918.{{sfn|Shaffer|2005|p=17}} The Republic was backed by the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman troops remained in the territory until [[World War I]] ended, when they were replaced in late 1918 by British forces.{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=91}} In August 1918, the Azerbaijans passed the Act on Subjecthood, which defined subjects as those who were maternally descended from an Azerbaijani. One year later, the country passed a Law on Citizenship,{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019a|p=155}} which bestowed blanket nationality upon any former Russian subject who had been born in Azerbaijan.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=4}} The statute did not permit dual nationality.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019a|p=200}}

*===Soviet Azerbaijan (1920–1991)===
In April 1920, the [[Red Army]] backed by supporters in the [[Azerbaijan Communist Party (1920)|Azerbaijani Communist Party]] invaded the country.{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=91}}{{sfn|Shaffer|2005|p=18}} Though the government attempted to form a union with Persia, it was unable to come to terms and in September signed a treaty with Russia granting Russia control over its economy, foreign affairs, and military.{{sfn|Nichol|1995|p=91}} In 1922, the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] was joined with the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]] to form the [[Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic]], which lasted until 1936 and was then separated into its constituent states.{{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=52}} In 1924, the [[Soviet Union]] created a unitary nationality for all inhabitants of the various socialist republics.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|p=511}} It presumed that anyone residing within the territory prior to enactment of the statute was automatically a Soviet national, unless they were able to prove otherwise.{{sfn|Ginsburgs|1966|p=2}} Under its terms, a child born to at least one parent who was a national of one of the Soviet republics was automatically a national of that republic, as well as the federation. If the parents were residing abroad at the birth of the child, the parents could chose to have Soviet nationality or other nationality.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|p=512}} Neither marriage nor naturalization of one party automatically impacted a spouse or children; however, if both parents changed their nationality or renounced Soviet nationality children under the age of fourteen followed the parental nationality.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|pp=512–513}} 

Each Soviet republic was allowed to determine who was eligible for naturalization in their territory. Naturalization gave them Soviet nationality, but did not automatically grant the rights of citizenship other republics.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|pp=513–514}} Renunciation of nationality was allowed upon obtaining permission from the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. Nationals could be denaturalized for obtaining dual nationality, leaving federation territory without permission, or by a court order as a punishment for crime.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|p=514}}{{sfn|Lohr|2012|p=148}} An amendment (Law 581) in 1925 provided that persons who had been granted amnesty for service in the [[White Army]] and prisoners of war who had served in the Tsarist or Red Army who were abroad and failed to register with the Soviet Federation were deprived of their nationality, but could apply to be reinstated through naturalization.{{sfn|Flournoy Jr.|Hudson|1929|pp=514–515}} The mass denaturalizations of Russian people living abroad resulted in approximately 1.5 million stateless persons who were unable to acquire nationality in their places of residence under restrictive policies implemented globally in the [[interwar years]].{{sfn|Lohr|2012|p=148}}

In 1930, a resolution was passed specifying that all people within Soviet territory who did not prove that they were nationals of a foreign state were to be recognized as Soviet.{{sfn|Ginsburgs|1966|pp=2–3}} In 1938 a new Soviet Nationality Law was passed to conform with the provisions of the [[1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Salenko|2012|pp=5–6}} Under its terms, the soviet republics no longer defined nationality within their borders. Instead, nationality was acquired under the specifications of the Soviet law.{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=5}}{{sfn|Lohr|2012|pp=181–182}} Soviet passports indicated with which republic a national was affiliated and change of permanent residence automatically changed the state affiliation.{{sfn|Consular Affairs |2011|p=8}} The 1938 nationality law did not specify that nationality was acquired at birth through a Soviet parent and made no provisions for foundlings, leaving the possibility open that a child could be born stateless.{{sfn|Ginsburgs|1966|pp=9–10, 14}}{{#tag:ref|George Ginsburgs, a professor of comparative and foreign law at [[Rutgers University]],{{sfn|Blount|1986|p=B4}} noted that despite the presumption of jus sanguinis, failure to specify that the principle applied made the nationality law subject to interpretation and in conflict with other legislation, such as the Family Code.{{sfn|Ginsburgs|1966|pp=9–11}}|group="Note"}} It affirmed that those who had previously acquired Soviet nationality by being subjects of the Russian Empire and those who acquired it under prior laws remained nationals unless they had previously been denaturalized. It specified that persons who were [[permanent residents]] in Soviet territory but were foreigners without proof of other nationality were considered to be stateless,{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=6}} a reversal of the previous policy that they were automatically assumed to be Soviet.{{sfn|Ginsburgs|1966|pp=3–4}} As a consequence, their children would also be stateless, unless they were allowed to naturalize upon reaching majority.{{sfn|Ginsburgs|1966|pp=12–13}} In 1939, a resolution was passed which confirmed that laws which had previously been enacted but which countered the 1938 provision for statelessness were no longer valid.{{sfn|Ginsburgs|1966|p=8}}

A 1944 change to the Family Code repealed the right of a woman to sue for the father's identity and nationality to be bestowed upon a child born out of wedlock. The 1944 decree effected all applicable codes, making acquisition of nationality for an illegitimate child derivative of its mother. The result of the statute was that if the mother was stateless or foreign, the child, even if its father was known was unable to be a Soviet national.{{sfn|Ginsburgs|1966|pp=16–17}} A decree in 1945 modified the provision slightly, determining that if the parents married the child could be recognized by its father on an equal footing as children born within the marriage. The age of the child was immaterial and their nationality became automatic, as if from birth.{{sfn|Ginsburgs|1966|p=18}} In 1977, the Soviet Union adopted a new constitution, which contained nationality provisions in Chapter 6, reaffirming that persons of any of the constituent states of the Union were Soviet nationals. A new nationality statute was created in 1978, which incorporated all previous legislation for acquiring nationality. It expressly prohibited both dual nationality and extradition of a Soviet national to a foreign state.{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=6}} The final Soviet nationality statute was adopted in 1990 and went into effect on 1 January 1991.{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=7}} Under its terms, children acquired nationality by being born to parents who were Soviet nationals.{{sfn|Consular Affairs|2011|p=8}} It was primarily notable for codifying, rather than leaving the grounds for denaturalization up to the discretion of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]]. These included service to a foreign state or military, failure to register with a consulate while residing abroad, and falsifying information to obtain nationality. The law also changed the final authority on nationality decisions, moving the power to approve or deny from the Presidium to the president.{{sfn|Salenko|2012|p=7}} 

On 9 April 1991, Georgia declared its independence from the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Consular Affairs|2011|p=8}} Children born anywhere to Azerbaijani nationals acquired nationality at birth. Children born in the territory or born abroad to at least one parent who was a permanent resident of Azerbaijan also automatically became nationals, as did children born in Azerbaijan whose parents were stateless or unknown. The law contained no requirements for naturalization other than the filing of an application and taking of an oath of allegiance, but specified that applications could be rejected by the President of Azerbaijan for various actions that might harm the country. Nationals could renounce their nationality, if the state agreed that it would not be against the interests of the country and could repatriate upon application. Denaturalization was based upon a decision by authorities that a national was serving in the military or government administration of a foreign nation, was permanently residing abroad for more than five years, had acted in a manner to damage state interest or security, or had acquired nationality through fraud.{{sfn|Regional Bureau for Europe|1993}}  

On 2 September 1991, the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] declared its independence from the Soviet Union, though legally it was part of Azerbaijan{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019a|p=105}}{{sfn|Rezvani|2015|pp=149-150}} which was followed 18 October by an independence declaration for Azerbaijan.{{sfn|Verda|2014|p=34}}{{#tag:ref|Beginning in 1988, Armenia and Azerbaijan were at [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War|war]] over what would become of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. [[Perestroika]] and [[glasnost]] policies of [[Russian President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] promised restructuring of economic and political systems and ignited concerns over what would befall the territory.{{sfn|Adalian|2010|p=59}} A joint decision was made on 1 December 1989 by the [[Supreme Soviet of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] and Nagorno-Karabakh's [[National Assembly (Artsakh)|Artsakh National Council]] calling for the reunification of the Armenian SSR and the [[Nagorno-Karabakh|Mountainous Region of Karabakh]].{{sfn|Manasyan|2019|p=49}} The conflict did not end until 1994, when the [[Bishkek Protocol]] was signed to bring peace by representatives of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, an internationally unrecognized state.{{sfn|Mehdiyev|2017}}|group="Note"}} Under the terms of the proposed constitution, adopted with the independence declaration and awaiting approval through a plebiscite,{{sfn|Bayramli|2020}} as of 1 January 1992, anyone who was a registered resident in Azerbaijan on that date was automatically conferred nationality. Persons who were of Azerbaijani descent, who were not residing in the country on the effective date were not granted nationality. Afterward, anyone born in the territory of Azerbaijan or to at least one Azerbaijani parent acquired Azerbaijani nationality, but dual nationality was barred.{{sfn|Tabachnik|2019b|p=1}} On 10 December a referendum confirmed that 99.89 percent of the voters in Nagorno-Karabakh favored independence.{{sfn|Rezvani|2015|p=150}}{{sfn|Ministry of Foreign Affairs|2018}} The Soviet Union officially ended on 26 December and the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|fifteen former Soviet republics]] became independent nations.{{sfn|Joly|Daunt|2021}} Azerbaijan's referendum on independence was held three days later on 29 December, and approved by 95 percent of the voters.{{sfn|Bayramli|2020}} 

*===Post-independence (1991–present)===
On 25 March 1993, Georgia passed a Citizenship Act, which went into force two days later. Transitional provisions included that those who were residing in the territory as of the effective date, who had not in the previous six month period rejected Georgian nationality and were permanent residents for at least give years became nationals. It also granted nationality to persons who had been born in the country but left after 21 December 1991, as long as they had not acquired any other nationality. For those born after the effective date, nationality was granted automatically at birth anywhere if both parents were Georgian. If only one parent was Georgian, a child acquired nationality if they were born in the country or if the other parent was stateless. Children born abroad to a parent who is a permanent resident of Georgia were eligible to acquire Georgian nationality at birth, as were foundlings and orphans discovered in the territory whose parents were unknown.{{sfn|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002|p=25}}  Naturalization required a ten-year residency, an ability to communicate in the Georgian language, sufficient knowledge of the Georgian constitution and the country's history, and adequate income and/or assets to provide for their own support.{{sfn|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002|p=26}} Spouses of Georgians could naturalize after a three-year residency. Persons who were barred from naturalization included those who had committed crimes against the state or international crimes against humanity and peace.{{sfn|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002|p=27}} Persons could be denaturalized for obtaining dual nationality; for permanently living abroad without properly registering with a Georgian consulate; for serving in a foreign government administration, military or police service, or judicial body without the permissian of Georgian authorities; or for fraudulently obtaining Georgian nationality.{{sfn|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002|p=28}}

An amendment to the nationality law was made on 2 March 2001, which specified that if a child was born abroad to one Georgian parent but both parents were permanent residents of a country other than Georgia, the parents had to reach a mutual agreement on the child's nationality, or in the absence of such an agreement the child acquired nationality based upon the rules of the country in which they were born.{{sfn|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002|pp=25-26}}

*{{cite book |last1=Adalian |first1=Rouben Paul |title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&pg=PA9 |date=2010 |series=Historical Dictionaries of Europe |volume=77 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3}}
*{{cite news |last1=Bayramli |first1=Nigar |title=Azerbaijan Marks 29 Years Since Independence |url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/azerbaijan-marks-29-years-since-independence-2020-10-18-56/ |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=Caspian News |date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614175116/https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/azerbaijan-marks-29-years-since-independence-2020-10-18-56/ |archive-date=14 June 2021 |location=Baku, Azerbaijan |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |last1=Blount |first1=Donald |title=Russian Scholar Calls Emigration of Jews a Game Without Rules |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95984090/the-morning-call/ |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=[[The Morning Call]] |date=20 March 1986 |location=Allentown, Pennsylvania |page=B4 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|Information Reports Section|2020}} |author=Country of Origin Information Reports Section |title=General Country of Origin Information Report for Azerbaijan |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2038448/2020_07_MinBZ_NLMFA_COI_Report_Azerbaijan_Algemeen_ambtsbericht_Azerbeidzjan.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken]] |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227230605/https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2038448/2020_07_MinBZ_NLMFA_COI_Report_Azerbaijan_Algemeen_ambtsbericht_Azerbeidzjan.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2022 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |date=July 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|Consular Affairs|2011}}|author=Directie Consulaire Zaken en Migratiebeleid Afdeling Asiel |title=Thematisch ambtsbericht staatsburgerschapsen vreemdelingenwetgeving in Georgië |url=https://adoc.pub/thematisch-ambtsbericht-staatsburgerschapsen-vreemdelingenwe.html |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken]] |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314192306/https://adoc.pub/thematisch-ambtsbericht-staatsburgerschapsen-vreemdelingenwe.html |archive-date=14 March 2022 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |language=Dutch |trans-title=Thematic Official Message on Citizenship and Alien Legislation in Georgia |date=August 2011 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Flournoy Jr. |first1=Richard W. |last2=Hudson |first2=Manley O. |title=A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Contents?handle=hein.beal/vcccst0001&id=1&size=2&index=&collection=hoil |date=1929 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, New York |chapter=(Russia) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |chapter-url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.beal/vcccst0001&id=534&collection=hoil&index= |pages=510–515 |oclc=875321407}}{{subscription needed|via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fransman |first1=Laurie |title=Fransman's British Nationality Law |date=2011 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Professional]] |location=Haywards Heath, West Sussex |isbn=978-1-84592-095-1}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ginsburgs |first1=George |title=Soviet Citizenship Legislation and Statelessness as a Consequence of the Conflict of Nationality Law |journal=[[International and Comparative Law Quarterly]] |date=January 1966 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/incolq15&div=5&start_page=1&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=16&men_tab=srchresults |access-date=21 February 2022 |publisher=British Institute of International and Comparative Law |location=London |issn=0020-5893 |oclc=4663021818}}{{subscription needed|via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jany |first1=János |title=Legal Traditions in Asia: History, Concepts and Laws |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43728-2 |date=2020 |series= Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice |volume=80 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-03-043728-2 |pages=83–116 |chapter=Persian Law |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-43728-2_4}}
*{{cite news |last1=Joly |first1=Josephine |last2=Daunt |first2=Rebekah |title=It's 30 Years since the Collapse of the Soviet Union |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/12/24/it-s-30-years-since-the-collapse-of-the-soviet-union |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=[[Euronews]] |date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109160439/https://www.euronews.com/2021/12/24/it-s-30-years-since-the-collapse-of-the-soviet-union |archive-date=9 January 2022 |location=Lyon, France |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=King |first1= David C. |title=Azerbaijan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCez3ZuV3NoC&pg=PA22 |date=2006 |publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-0-7614-2011-8}} 
*{{cite journal |last1=Lapidus |first1=Ira M. |title=The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early Islamic Society |journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] |date=October 1975 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=363-385 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800025344 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/162750 |access-date=6 March 2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |issn=0020-7438 |oclc=4815048409}}
*{{cite book |last1=Liberman |first1=Sherri |title=A Historical Atlas of Azerbaijan |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000libe/page/17/mode/1up |date=2004 |publisher=[[Rosen Publishing Group]] |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-8239-4497-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lohr |first1=Eric |author-link=Eric Lohr |title=Russian Citizenship: From Empire to Soviet Union |url=https://1lib.mx/book/2612171/b81e9d |date=2012 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-06634-2}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Manasyan |first1=Anahit |title=The Issue of the Development of the Preamble to the Armenian Constitution: From Theory to Practice |journal=Revista Institutului Naţional de Justiţie |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/rvisnjut48&i=48 |access-date=3 March 2022 |date=April 2019 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=46–51 |publisher=Institutul Național al Justiţiei |location=Chişinău, Moldova |issn=1857-2405 |oclc=8125149879}}{{subscription needed|via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite news |last1=Mehdiyev |first1=Mushvig |title=23 Year[s] Later, Bishkek Protocol Remains Unfulfilled |url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/23-year-later-bishkek-protocol-remains-unfulfilled-1493989931285/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=Caspian News |date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303172347/https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/23-year-later-bishkek-protocol-remains-unfulfilled-1493989931285/ |archive-date=3 March 2022 |location=Baku, Azerbaijan |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nichol |first1=James |editor1-last=Curtis |editor1-first=Glenn E. |title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: County Studies |series=Area Handbook Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&pg=PA87 |date=1995 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |edition=first |isbn=978-0-7881-2813-4 |pages=79-148 |chapter=2. Azerbaijan}}
*{{cite book |last1=Pappas |first1=Nicholas C. J. |editor1-last=Olson |editor1-first=James S. |editor2-last=Pappas |editor2-first=Lee Brigance |editor3-last=Pappas |editor3-first=Nicholas C. J. |title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&pg=PA27 |date=1994 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-27497-8 |pages=27-29 |chapter=Albanian}}
*{{cite report|author1=Regional Bureau for Europe |title=Nationality Laws of the Former Soviet Republics |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b31db3.html#_ftn36 |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226194113/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b31db3.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |date=1 July 1993 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite report|author1=Research Directorate |title=Responses to Information Requests: Azerbaijan |url=https://irb.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456992 |publisher=[[Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada]] |access-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313143459/https://irb.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456992 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |location=Ottawa, Ontario |date=25 November 2016 |id=Report AZE105680.E |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rezvani |first1=Babak |title=Conflict and Peace in Central Eurasia: Towards Explanations and Understandings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juziBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |date=2015 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-27636-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Roque |first1=Maria Isabel |last2=Forte |first2=Maria João |editor-last1=Correia |editor-first1=Antónia |editor-last2=Kozak |editor-first2=Metin |editor-last3=Rodrigues |editor-first3=Ana Isabel |title=Experiencing Persian Heritage: Perspectives and Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwSqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |date=2019 |edition=first |series=Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice |volume=10 |publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing]] |location=Bingley, West Yorkshire |chapter=2. Heritage Tourism in Iran: A Historical Perspective |pages=29-42 |isbn=978-1-78754-812-1}} 
*{{cite book |last=Rosas |first=Allan |editor-last=Suksi |editor-first=Markku |author-link=Allan Rosas |title=Law Under Exogenous Influences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXgpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Citizenship+is+a+conglomerate+of+special+political+and+other+rights%22 |year=1994 |publisher=Turku Law School |location=Turku, Finland |chapter=Nationality and Citizenship in a Changing European and World Order |pages=30–60 |isbn=978-951-29-0284-2}}
*{{cite web |last=Salenko |first=Alexander |title=Country Report: Russia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60230/RSCAS_EUDO_CIT_2012_1.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208154606/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60230/RSCAS_EUDO_CIT_2012_1.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=July 2012 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shaffer |first1=Brenda |editor1-last=Babak |editor1-first=Vladimir |editor2-last=Vaisman |editor2-first=Demian |editor3-last=Wasserman |editor3-first=Aryeh |title=Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: Sources and Documents |url=https://1lib.mx/book/924482/558600 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |series=Cummings Center Series |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-4838-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Spectorsky |first1=Susan A. |title=Women in Classical Islamic Law: A Survey of the Sources |url=https://www.cusb.ac.in/images/cusb-files/2020/el/his/(Themes%20in%20Islamic%20Studies%205)%20Spectorsky%20-%20Women%20in%20Classical%20Islamic%20Law_%20a%20Survey%20of%20the%20Sources-BRILL%20(2009).pdf |date=2010 |series=Themes in Islamic Studies |volume=5 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309154911/https://www.cusb.ac.in/images/cusb-files/2020/el/his/%28Themes%20in%20Islamic%20Studies%205%29%20Spectorsky%20-%20Women%20in%20Classical%20Islamic%20Law_%20a%20Survey%20of%20the%20Sources-BRILL%20%282009%29.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2022 |isbn=978-90-04-17435-1 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tabachnik |first1=Maxim |title=Citizenship, Territoriality, and Post-Soviet Nationhood: The Politics of Birthright Citizenship in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova |url=https://1lib.mx/book/5243023/02962f |date=2019a |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-12881-4}}
*{{cite web |last=Tabachnik |first=Maxim |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Azerbaijan |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60437/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2019_02.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174848/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60437/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2019_02.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=27 December 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=January 2019b |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Verda |first1=Matteo |title=Azerbaijan: An Introduction to the Country |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I957CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |date=2014 |publisher=Edizioni Epoké |location=Novi Ligure, Italy |isbn=978-88-98014-34-7}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Yusifova |first1=Nərgiz |title='Azərbaycan Respublikasının vətəndaşlığı haqqında' Qanunda edilmiş dəyişiklik- lərin Konstitusiyaya uyğunluğu məsələsi |journal=Baku State University Law Review |date=2015 |issue=1 |pages=17-22 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/bakustulr1&i=18 |access-date=11 March 2022 |trans-title=The Problem of the Conformity of Changes to the Law on Citizenship of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Constitution |publisher=[[Baku State University]] |location=Baku, Azerbaijan |language=Azerbaijani |issn=2412-5555}}{{subscription needed|via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Algemeen Ambtsbericht Staatsburgerschaps- en Vreemdelingenwetgeving in de republieken van de voormalige Sovjet-Unie |url=https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |publisher=Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312151737/https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |language=Dutch |trans-title=General Official Message on Citizenship and Citizenship Immigration Law in the Republics of the Former Soviet Union |date=August 2002 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|CCLEX|2022}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Dual Citizenship Azerbaijan |url=https://www.dualcitizenshipreport.org/dual-citizenship/azerbaijan/ |website=dualcitizenshipreport.org |publisher=CCLEX |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217174625/https://www.dualcitizenshipreport.org/dual-citizenship/azerbaijan/ |archive-date=17 February 2022 |location=Valletta, Malta |date=2022 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Ludwig Maximilian University|2014}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Prof. Eric Lohr, Ph.D. |url=https://www.gs-oses.de/people/guestresearcher/lohr/index.html |access-date=19 February 2022 |website=Munich Graduate School for East and Southeast European Studies |date=July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219193207/https://www.gs-oses.de/people/guestresearcher/lohr/index.html |archive-date=19 February 2022 |publisher=[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|Ludwig Maximilian University]] |location=Munich, Germany|url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|''American Journal of International Law''|1908}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Definitive Treaty of Peace between Russia and the Porte: Signed at Constantinople on 8th February, 1879 |journal=[[American Journal of International Law]] |date=October 1908 |volume=2 |issue=4 Supplemental |pages=424–426 |doi=10.2307/2212671 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0474FF4C2471C33411D1BD8024F76943/S000293000011841Xa.pdf/the-definitive-treaty-of-peace-between-russia-and-the-portesigned-at-constantinople-on-8th-february1879.pdf |access-date=19 February 2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] for the [[American Society of International Law]] |language=French |jstor=2212671 |issn=0002-9300 |oclc=5545378434}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Ministry of Foreign Affairs|2018}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Referendum on Independence of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic |url=http://www.nkr.am/en/independence-referendum-in-karabakh |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Artsakh |publisher=[[Republic of Artsakh]] |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210200049/http://www.nkr.am/en/independence-referendum-in-karabakh |archive-date=10 December 2021 |location=Stepanakert, Artsakh |date=2018 |url-status=live}}

====India====
[[Indian nationality law]]

*{{cite web |last1=Ashesh |first1=Ashna |last2=Thiruvengadam |first2=Arun |title=Report on Citizenship Law: India |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/47124/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_12.pdf?sequence=1 |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729062915/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/47124/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_12.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=July 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Indonesia====
[[Indonesian nationality law]]
moved

====Iran====
[[Iranian nationality law]] 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 

In ancient [[Persia]] the king had absolute authority as the administrator of his subjects and armies, the giver of law, and the supreme judge of the empire. The centralized government of the empire was divided into [[Satrap|satrapies]], or provinces, for ease of management and taxation. Local satraps (governors) had no control over the military forces in their region to prevent them diluting the power of the ruler, but they managed the civilian administration over the areas for which they governed. Ethnic groups had legal autonomy to regulate their own internal conflicts. Rulers were responsible for security in the realm and management of the economy.{{sfn|Jany|2020|p=84}} In exchange for protection, Persian subjects paid taxes and owed loyalty to the king and his leadership.{{sfn|Jany|2020|p=85}} Marriage in the period was ''[[Manus marriage|cum manu]]'' meaning the wife was legally incapacitated and under the control of her husband.{{sfn|Jany|2020|p=98}}

The Achaemenid Empire collapsed in around 330 BC.{{sfn|Khatchadourian|2011|p=485}}

In 1494, the [[Safavid Empire]] was founded and began expanding from Persia on a quest to conquer and convert territories to [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn|Ward|2009|p=43}} In 1514, battles began again between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia for control of the [[South Caucasus]].{{sfn|Finkel|2006|p=222}} In Persia, the word "tabeiat" ({{langx|fa|تابعیت}}), meaning allegiance, described legal belonging to the state, whereas, "meliat" ({{langx|fa|ملیت}}), described ethnic identity and one's sociological context.{{sfn|Delavari|2020|p=2}}{{#tag:ref|Historian and professor H. Lyman Stebbins notes that it is likely that the words were borrowed from the Ottoman nationality law.{{sfn|Stebbins|2021|p=770}}|group="Note"}} Prior to drafting nationality laws, Persian nationality regulations were specified in treaties which defined the [[extraterritorial jurisdiction]] that other nations could exercise over their nationals within Persian territory.{{sfn|Delavari|2020|p=2}}{{sfn|Stebbins|2021|pp=753-754}} As early as 1600, [[capitulation (treaty)|Capitulations]], also known as [[Ahidnâme|ahidnâmes]], were granted by Persia to Britain, France, and the Netherlands, which gave those nations not only trade monopolies and privileges, but rights for protecting their nationals.{{sfn|Stebbins|2021|p=753}}{{sfn|Razzari|2019|pp=496-497}}{{sfn|Calmard|2012}} Similar to the Ottoman arrangements, for example, France was given the exclusive right over Catholic inhabitants in Persia.{{sfn|Calmard|2012}}{{sfn|Razzari|2019|p=496}} Until 1764, persons belonging to the Persian state were referred to as subjects. That year, a treaty was signed with the Ottoman Empire which restricted Persian or Ottoman nationals from fleeing to each other's territory to change their allegiance.{{sfn|Delavari|2020|p=2}} An 1822 statute prohibited marriage between Persian and Ottoman subjects.{{sfn|Kern|2011|p=99}} 

Persian nationality continued to be defined by treaties into the nineteenth century and from the 1870s, was typically based upon the principal of jus sanguinis, or descent from a Persian father, regardless of what territory a person was born in.{{sfn|Delavari|2020|p=3}}{{sfn|Stebbins|2021|pp=769, 771}} In 1875, the Ottoman-Persian Convention was signed giving each state reciprocal authority over their nationals residing in the other state.{{sfn|Kern|2011|p=99}} In 1890, a royal decree was issued that restored Persian nationality to widows who had lost their nationality because of marriage to a foreigner.{{sfn|Delavari|2020|p=3}} In August 1894, the first nationality law was issued for Persia.{{sfn|Stebbins|2021|p=769}} Under its terms children born in Persia acquired nationality at birth if they were born to Persians, or upon reaching majority if they were born to foreigners.{{sfn|Stebbins|2021|p=770}} Persons born outside Persia continued to acquire nationality through descent from their father.{{sfn|Stebbins|2021|p=771}} Married women were required to have the same nationality as their husband, but upon termination of the marriage through death or divorce a foreign woman could reclaim her prior nationality. Adult foreigners could naturalize after a five-year residency, provided they had no criminal record or obligation to serve in a foreign military. The wife of a foreigner could not naturalize separately from her spouse.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=292}} As the law did not allow Persians to renounce their nationality, without the consent of the ruler, persons who obtained other nationality might be denied entry into the country or be required to sell their assets in Persia.{{sfn|Stebbins|2021|p=771}} The prohibition against renouncing Persian nationality was an attempt to prevent Persians from obtaining special privileges as subjects of other nations under the agreements for extraterritorial jurisdiction.{{sfn|Stebbins|2021|p=772}}{{sfn|Hanley|2016|pp=292-293}} Persons who had formerly lost their Persian nationality were allowed to repatriate without a residency period.{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=292}}

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Calmard |first1=Jean |title=France  II. Relations with Persia to 1789 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/france-ii |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Center for Iranian Studies, [[Columbia University]] |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183948/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/france-ii |archive-date=18 January 2022 |location=New York, New York |pages=127-131 |date=2012 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last=Delavari |first=Eliyeh |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Iran |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/68415/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_13[2].pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121111031/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/68415/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_13%5b2%5d.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=21 January 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=September 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Finkel |first1=Caroline |title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923 |url=https://archive.org/details/osmansdreamstory0000fink/page/222/mode/1up |date=2006  |edition=2nd |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-465-02396-7}} 
*{{cite journal |last1=Hanley |first1=Will |title=What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not |journal=[[Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association]] |date=November 2016 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=277-298 |doi=10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05 |access-date=26 June 2021 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] for the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association |location=Bloomington, Indiana |issn=2376-0699 |oclc=6883463202}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kern |first1=Karen M. |title=Imperial Citizen: Marriage and Citizenship in the Ottoman Frontier Provinces of Iraq |url=https://1lib.mx/book/2695120/7689a0 |date=2011 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |location=Syracuse, New York |isbn=978-0-8156-3285-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Khatchadourian |first1=Lori |editor-last1=Steadman |editor-first1=Sharon R. |editor-last2=McMahon |editor-first2=Gregory |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia, 10,000-323 B.C.E. |url=https://1lib.mx/book/2548838/6e80a6 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, Oxfordshire |chapter=20. The Iron Age in Eastern Anatolia |pages=464-499 |isbn=978-0-19-537614-2}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Razzari |first1=Daniel |title=Through the Backdoor: An Overview of the English East India Company's Rise and Fall in Safavid Iran, 1616–40 |journal=[[Iranian Studies (journal)|Iranian Studies]] |date=2019 |volume=52 |issue=3-4 |pages=485-511 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2019.1646118 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C8360B75D8CFBD1BC2311A6C2BEA4200/S0021086200011944a.pdf/through-the-backdoor-an-overview-of-the-english-east-india-companys-rise-and-fall-in-safavid-iran-161640.pdf |access-date=17 February 2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] for the Society for Iranian Cultural and Social Studies |location=New Haven, Connecticut |issn=0021-0862 |oclc=8261906463}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Cambridge University Press|Cambridge Core]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Stebbins |first1=H. Lyman |title=Extraterritoriality, Nationality, and Empire in the Persianate World, 1890-1940 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. |date=November 2021 |volume=64 |issue=5-6 |pages=752-791 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341552 |url=https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/jesh/64/5-6/article-p752 |access-date=17 February 2022 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |issn=0022-4995 |oclc=9359406809}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Steven R. |title=Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOuVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |date=2009 |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-62616-032-3}}

====Iraq====
[[Iraqi nationality law]] 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/ajil25&div=50&start_page=658&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=26&men_tab=srchresults
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/byrint7&id=101&collection=journals
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/ajil25&div=50&start_page=658&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=26&men_tab=srchresults 

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last=Yassen |first=Abdullah Omar |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Iraq |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/71403/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_12.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704103507/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/71403/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_12.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=4 July 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=May 2021 |url-status=live}}

====Israel====
[[Israeli nationality law]]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Harpaz |first1=Yossi |last2=Herzog |first2=Ben |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Israel |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/56024/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2018_02.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818023501/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/56024/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2018_02.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=June 2018 |url-status=live}}

 
====Japan====
[[Japanese nationality law]]
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F9780230288256_8
https://www.jstor.org/stable/752247?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

*{{cite web |last=Kondo |first=Atsushi |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Japan |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43625/EudoCit_2016_11Japan%20.pdf?sequence=1 |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227175523/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43625/EudoCit_2016_11Japan%20.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=October 2016 |url-status=live}}

====Jordan====
[[Jordanian nationality law]] 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Kazakhstan====
[[Kazakhstani nationality law]]
https://www.unhcr.org/4dfb592e9.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20130913224146/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/ambtsberichten/2012/09/19/centraal-azie-2012-09-19-thematisch-ambtsbericht/thematisch-ambtsbericht-centraal-azie-september-2012.pdf

*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Algemeen Ambtsbericht Staatsburgerschaps- en Vreemdelingenwetgeving in de republieken van de voormalige Sovjet-Unie |url=https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |publisher=Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312151737/https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |language=Dutch |trans-title=General Official Message on Citizenship and Citizenship Immigration Law in the Republics of the Former Soviet Union |date=August 2002 |url-status=live}}

====Kuwait====
[[Kuwaiti nationality law]] 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Kyrgyzstan====
[[Kyrgyz nationality law]] 
https://www.unhcr.org/4dfb592e9.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20130913224146/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/ambtsberichten/2012/09/19/centraal-azie-2012-09-19-thematisch-ambtsbericht/thematisch-ambtsbericht-centraal-azie-september-2012.pdf

*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Algemeen Ambtsbericht Staatsburgerschaps- en Vreemdelingenwetgeving in de republieken van de voormalige Sovjet-Unie |url=https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |publisher=Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312151737/https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |language=Dutch |trans-title=General Official Message on Citizenship and Citizenship Immigration Law in the Republics of the Former Soviet Union |date=August 2002 |url-status=live}}

====Laos====
[[Laotian nationality law]]

*{{cite web |last1=Vonk |first1=Olivier |title=Comparative Report: Citizenship in Asia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50047/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_04.pdf?sequence=1 |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202607/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50047/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_04.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=December 2017 |url-status=live}}
 
====Lebanon====
[[Lebanese nationality law]]
https://elpais.com/elpais/2013/10/21/mujeres/1382328000_138232.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20210301181944/https://journals.openedition.org/remmm/9031
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Malaysia====
[[Malaysian nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last=Low |first=Choo Chin |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Malaysia and Singapore |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45371/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_03.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015235742/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45371/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_03.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=15 October 2017 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=February 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Maldives====
[[Maldivian nationality law]] 

====Mongolia====
[[Mongolian nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last1=Vonk |first1=Olivier |title=Comparative Report: Citizenship in Asia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50047/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_04.pdf?sequence=1 |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202607/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50047/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_04.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=December 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Myanmar====
[[Myanmar nationality law]],[https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=BDizDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA11&dq=Demonym%20for%20Myanmar&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q=Demonym%20for%20Myanmar&f=false] 

*{{cite web |last1=Arraiza |first1=José María |last2=Vonk |first2=Olivier |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Myanmar |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/48284/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_14.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119214246/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/48284/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_14.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=October 2017 |url-status=live}} 

====Nepal====
[[Nepali nationality law]]
https://web.archive.org/web/20210422105858/https://fwld.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Legal-Analysis-of-Citizenship-Law-of-Nepal-Citizenship-Report-English.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20130919134502/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/ambtsberichten/2012/03/06/nepal-2012-03-05/algemeen-ambtsbericht-nepal-maart-2012.pdf

*{{cite web |last1=Shrestha |first1=Sabin |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Nepal |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45932/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_08.pdf?sequence=1 |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328025720/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45932/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_08.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=28 March 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2017 |url-status=live}}

====North Korea====
[[North Korean nationality law]]

*{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Chulwoo |title=Report on Citizenship Law: The Republic of Korea |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/62184/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2019_3.pdf |edition=revised |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207211519/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/62184/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2019_3.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2019 |url-status=live}}

====Oman====
[[Omani nationality law]]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 
https://www.hrw.org/node/377179/printable/print
https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/58dcfe444.pdf

During the reign (1807–1856) of Sultan [[Sayyid Said]], Omani subjects ({{langx|ar|ra'īya}}) were recognized as all Africans, Arabs, and [[Kutchi people]] residing in Oman or Zanzibar.{{sfn|Limbert|2015|p=306}} Upon the death of the sultan in 1856, a succession crisis occurred. The result was that the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]] separated from Oman in 1861.{{sfn|Okawa|2015|p=102}} Upon the separation, Sultan [[Thuwaini bin Said]] decreed that [[Al-Lawatia|Lawati]] and [[Khoja]] people, regardless of whether they lived in Zanzibar or Oman, were his subjects because of their previous settlement in Oman. In 1865, [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Sayyid Majid bin Said]], the first Sultan of Zanzibar, decreed that married women followed the nationality of their spouse, losing their Omani-Zanzibari status if the husband was foreign.{{sfn|Limbert|2015|p=307}}

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Limbert |first1=Mandana E. |editor1-last=Tagliacozzo |editor1-first=Eric |editor2-last=Siu |editor2-first=Helen F. |editor3-last=Perdue |editor3-first=Peter C. |title=Asia Inside Out: Connected Places |url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Nen7CQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA307 |date=2015 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=302–320 |chapter=10. Marriage and Management of Place in Southern Arabia |isbn=978-0-674-96768-7}} 
*{{cite journal |last1=Okawa |first1=Mayuko |title=The Empire of Oman in the Formation of Oman's National History: An Analysis of School Social Studies Textbooks and Teachers' Guidelines |journal=Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies |date=2015 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=95–120 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ajames/31/1/31_KJ00010032648/_pdf/-char/en |access-date=20 September 2021 |publisher=Japan Association for Middle East Studies |location=Tokyo, Japan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920215106/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ajames/31/1/31_KJ00010032648/_pdf/-char/en |archive-date=20 September 2021 |issn=0913-7858 |oclc=5867266880 |url-status=live}} 

====Pakistan====
[[Pakistani nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last1=Nazir |first1=Faryal |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Pakistan |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/44544/EudoCit_2016_13Pakistan.pdf?sequence=1 |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129005918/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/44544/EudoCit_2016_13Pakistan.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=December 2016 |url-status=live}}

====Philippines====
[[Philippine nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last1=Aguilar |first1=Filomeno V. |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Philippines |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45147/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_01.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021021326/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45147/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_01.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=January 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Palestine====
[[History of Palestinian nationality]] 

*{{cite web |last1=Khalil |first1=Asem |title=Palestinian Nationality and Citizenship: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/8162/CARIM%20RR-2007-07.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119151502/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/8162/CARIM%20RR-2007-07.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=2007 |url-status=live}}

====Qatar====
[[Qatari nationality law]] 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 
https://web.archive.org/web/20211227165810/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/12/qatar-families-arbitrarily-stripped-citizenship
https://web.archive.org/web/20220120202757/https://files.institutesi.org/UPR33_Qatar.pdf

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Saudi Arabia====
[[Saudi Arabian nationality law]] 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 
https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3fb9eb6d2.pdf

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Singapore====
[[Singaporean nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last=Low |first=Choo Chin |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Malaysia and Singapore |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45371/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_03.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015235742/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45371/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_03.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=15 October 2017 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=February 2017 |url-status=live}}

====South Korea====
[[South Korean nationality law]] 
http://klri.re.kr:9090/bitstream/2017.oak/6448/1/The%20South%20Korean%20Citizenship%20of%20North%20Korean%20Escapees%20in%20Law%20and%20Practice.pdf

*{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Chulwoo |title=Report on Citizenship Law: The Republic of Korea |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/62184/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2019_3.pdf |edition=revised |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207211519/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/62184/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2019_3.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2019 |url-status=live}}

====Sri Lanka====
[[Sri Lankan nationality law]]

*{{cite web |last1=Ganeshathasan |first1=Luwie |last2=Welikala |first2=Asanga |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Sri Lanka |url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/46448/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_10.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013154628/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/46448/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_10.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=May 2017 |url-status=live}} 

====Syria====
[[Syrian nationality law]]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858152 
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/ajil25&div=50&start_page=658&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=26&men_tab=srchresults
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/byrint7&id=101&collection=journals
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/ajil25&div=50&start_page=658&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=26&men_tab=srchresults 
https://web.archive.org/web/20130915225928/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/ambtsberichten/2012/05/22/syrie-2012-05-15/syrie-2012-05-15.pdf

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kienle |first1=Eberhard |title=Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, 1994 |volume=1 |date=1995 |publisher=Kuwler Law International for the [[SOAS School of Law|Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law at the School of Oriental and African Studies]] |location=London |chapter=Imagined Communities Legislated: Nationalism and the Law of Nationality in Syria and Egypt |chapter-url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/yislamie1&div=12&start_page=47&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults|pages=47-67 |isbn=978-90-411-0883-8 |oclc=822567664 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}

====Taiwan====
[[Taiwanese nationality law]]

*{{cite web |last=Low |first=Choo Chin |title=Report on Citizenship Law: China and Taiwan |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43624/EudoCit_2016_10_Chn_Twn%20.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101072421/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/43624/EudoCit_2016_10_Chn_Twn%20.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=1 January 2022 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=October 2016 |url-status=live}}

====Tajikistan====
[[Tajikistani nationality law]] 
https://www.unhcr.org/4dfb592e9.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20220203041520/https://reliefweb.int/report/tajikistan/unhcr-welcomes-tajikistan-s-new-law-tackling-statelessness
https://web.archive.org/web/20130913224146/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/ambtsberichten/2012/09/19/centraal-azie-2012-09-19-thematisch-ambtsbericht/thematisch-ambtsbericht-centraal-azie-september-2012.pdf

*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Algemeen Ambtsbericht Staatsburgerschaps- en Vreemdelingenwetgeving in de republieken van de voormalige Sovjet-Unie |url=https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |publisher=Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312151737/https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |language=Dutch |trans-title=General Official Message on Citizenship and Citizenship Immigration Law in the Republics of the Former Soviet Union |date=August 2002 |url-status=live}}

====Thailand====
[[Thai nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last1=Vonk |first1=Olivier |title=Comparative Report: Citizenship in Asia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50047/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_04.pdf?sequence=1 |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202607/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50047/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_04.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=December 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Turkey====
[[Turkish nationality law]] 
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/ajil25&div=50&start_page=658&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=26&men_tab=srchresults
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/byrint7&id=101&collection=journals
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/ajil25&div=50&start_page=658&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=26&men_tab=srchresults 
https://web.archive.org/web/20130922151722/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/ambtsberichten/2012/02/03/turkije---2012-02-03/turkije-2012-02-03.pdf

*{{cite journal |last1=Bentwich |first1=Norman |title=Nationality in Mandated Territories Detached from Turkey |journal=The British Year Book of International Law |date=1926 |volume=7 |pages=97-109 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/byrint7&i=101 |access-date=20 February 2022 |publisher=[[Chatham House|British Institute of International Affairs]] |location=London |oclc=992985624}}
*{{cite web |last1=Kadirbeyoğlu |first1=Zeynep |title=Country Report: Turkey |url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/19640/Turkey.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |edition=revised |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403221517/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/19640/Turkey.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=3 April 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=May 2010 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Westermann |first1=William Linn |author1-link=William Linn Westermann |editor1-last=House |editor1-first=Edward Mandell |editor1-link=Edward M. House |editor2-last=Seymour |editor2-first=Charles |editor2-link=Charles Seymour |title=What Really Happened at Paris: The Story of the Peace Conference, 1918-1919 |url=https://archive.org/details/whatreallyhappen00hous/page/176/mode/1up |date=1921 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |location=New York, New York |chapter=VIII. The Armenian Problem and the Disruption of Turkey |pages=176-203 |oclc=464754153}}

====Turkmenistan====
[[Turkmenistani nationality law]] 
https://www.unhcr.org/4dfb592e9.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20130913224146/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/ambtsberichten/2012/09/19/centraal-azie-2012-09-19-thematisch-ambtsbericht/thematisch-ambtsbericht-centraal-azie-september-2012.pdf

*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Algemeen Ambtsbericht Staatsburgerschaps- en Vreemdelingenwetgeving in de republieken van de voormalige Sovjet-Unie |url=https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |publisher=Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312151737/https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |language=Dutch |trans-title=General Official Message on Citizenship and Citizenship Immigration Law in the Republics of the Former Soviet Union |date=August 2002 |url-status=live}}

====United Arab Emirates====
[[Emirati nationality law]] 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 
https://web.archive.org/web/20220119130838/https://www.mei.edu/publications/breaking-citizenship-taboo-uae

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Uzbekistan====
[[Uzbekistani nationality law]] 
https://web.archive.org/web/20220119055515/https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2020/3/5e70b9474/uzbekistan-end-statelessness-50000-people.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20201127020228/https://cabar.asia/en/uzbekistan-simplified-procedure-for-obtaining-citizenship-what-changed-and-how-does-it-work
https://web.archive.org/web/20130913224146/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/ambtsberichten/2012/09/19/centraal-azie-2012-09-19-thematisch-ambtsbericht/thematisch-ambtsbericht-centraal-azie-september-2012.pdf

*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs|2002}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Algemeen Ambtsbericht Staatsburgerschaps- en Vreemdelingenwetgeving in de republieken van de voormalige Sovjet-Unie |url=https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |publisher=Department of Asylum and Migration Affairs |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312151737/https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/en-vreemdelingenwetgeving-in-de-republieken-van_pdf?preview=1%23page%3D1&zoom=80%2C-62%2C851 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |location=The Hague, Netherlands |language=Dutch |trans-title=General Official Message on Citizenship and Citizenship Immigration Law in the Republics of the Former Soviet Union |date=August 2002 |url-status=live}}

====Vietnam====
[[Vietnamese nationality law]] 

*{{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Lyma |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Vietnam |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/47966/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_13.pdf?sequence=1 |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174205/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/47966/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_13.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=September 2017 |url-status=live}}

====Yemen====
[[Yemeni nationality law]]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012867 
https://web.archive.org/web/20220122080533/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/YEM/INT_CEDAW_NGO_YEM_19356_E.pdf
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=453288

*{{cite web |last1=Albarazi |first1=Zahra |title=Regional Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155509/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/50046/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2017_03.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=November 2017 |url-status=live}}

===Europe===
In the decade that followed the end of World War I, individual nationality for married women was granted by the [[USSR]] (1918); Belgium and Estonia (1922);  Sweden, Norway, and Romania (1924); Denmark (1925); Iceland (1926); Finland and France (1927); Turkey and Yugoslavia (1928); Albania (1929), and Spain (1931).{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=84}}{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=19}}
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2190490.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A8e350929650c8781b3ef62c9c904ceab
https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=5M1EAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA52&ots=wWDLIisZ27&dq=Reyes%20Gnecco%20de%20Dugand%201888&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q=Reyes%20Gnecco%20de%20Dugand%201888&f=false
https://www.jstor.org/stable/752247?seq=6#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://www.academia.edu/11342825/European_Citizenship_in_the_Context_of_Gender_Equality_Legislation_in_Eastern_European_Countries_The_Case_of_Croatia?email_work_card=view-paper
http://scholar.ceu.edu/sites/default/files/publications/ececompreport.pdf

====Austria====
An Austrian Jewish woman, [[Yella Hertzig]], chose a marriage of convenience in 1938 during World War II to enable her to maintain her independence and travel. Upon marriage, she was granted Czech nationality. When the war ended, her Czech husband had died and she chose not to renew her passport. Although she was granted an Austrian visa by the [[Allied Control Council]] and applied for her Austrian nationality to be restored in 1945, she died as a stateless person three years later.{{sfn|Oesch|2018|pp=123-124}}

*{{cite book |last1=Oesch |first1=Corinna |editor1-last=Bergler |editor1-first=Sabine |editor2-last=Messinger |editor2-first=Irene |editor3-last=Somers |editor3-first=Nick |title=Verfolgt, Verlobt, Verheiratet: Scheinehen ins Exil / Persecuted. Engaged. Married: Marriages of Convenience in Exile |date=2018 |publisher=Jüdisches Museum der Stadt Wien |location=Vienna, Austria |edition=1. Auflage |chapter=Yella Hertzka (1873–1948). Scheinehe, Flucht und Exil einer Frauenrechtlerin im Nationalsozialismus / Yella Hertzka (1873-1948). Sham Marriage, Escape and Exile of a Women's Rights Activist under National Socialism |pages=118-125 |isbn=978-3-901398-85-8}} 

====Belgium====
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Machteld_Venken/publication/292103920_Gemengd_huwen_nationaliteit_en_de_verschillen_voor_mannen_en_vrouwen/links/57ad7da008ae3765c3bb3ad5/Gemengd-huwen-nationaliteit-en-de-verschillen-voor-mannen-en-vrouwen.pdf
http://www.just-his.be/eprints/5716/
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2187513.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9e558440d50c09c22b867c8ac0fae719
https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/19603/RSCAS_EUDO_CIT_2013_27.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
*{{cite book |last1=Foblets |first1=Marie-Claire |last2=Loones |first2=Sander |editor1-last=Bauböck |editor1-first=Rainer |editor2-last=Ersbøll |editor2-first=Eva |editor3-last=Groenendijk |editor3-first=Kees |editor4-last=Waldrauch |editor4-first=Harald |title=Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States |volume=2: Country Analyses |url=https://www.imiscoe.org/docman-books/281-bauboeck-et-al-vol-ii-2006/file |date=2006 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-5356-921-4 |pages=63-104 |chapter=2. Belgium |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n00f.6}}

====Britain==== 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/742756?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3070746?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=NGq1Nh6h3X8C&lpg=PA105&ots=GbD7riubh9&dq=women's%20citizenship%20in%20canada&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q=nationality&f=false
https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031938/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/650994/Background-information-on-nationality-v1.0EXT.pdf

In Britain, allegiance, in which subjects pledged to support a monarch, was the precursor to the modern concept of nationality.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=129}} The crown recognized from 1350 that all persons born within the territories of the [[British Empire]] were subjects.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=130}} Those born outside the realm — except children of those serving in an official post abroad, children of the monarch, and children born on a British ship — were considered by [[common law]] to be foreigners.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=131}} Marriage did not affect the status of a subject of the realm,{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=525}} but under common law, single women, including divorcées, were not allowed to be parents thus their children could not derive nationality maternally and were stateless unless [[Legitimacy (family law)|legitimated]] by their father.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=138}}{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=525}} Nationality Acts passed in 1708, 1730, and 1772 expanded those who were considered subjects to include the children of native-born fathers and grandfathers and allowed foreigners to naturalise by a private act of Parliament.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=132-133, 135}} 

Britain did not establish a uniform slave code in its colonies.{{sfn|Bush|1993|p=422}} Instead, various colonies adopted slave statutes, for example Barbados in 1661, Jamaica 1664, and Antigua 1702, which addressed crime, policing, punishments, and rights, including marriage and legitimacy.{{sfn|Bush|1993|p=433}} Despite the lack of a common code, as was true in most [[slavocracy|slave societies]], in the [[British West Indies]], children followed the status of the mother, meaning if she was free her children were free and if she was in bondage, her children were bound.{{sfn|Cousins|1935|p=37}} In 1807, the British Parliament passed the [[Slave Trade Act 1807|Slave Trade Act]], barring the [[Atlantic slave trade]] in the empire.{{sfn|Kelley|2020|p=29}} The Act did not abolish slavery, which did not end until the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|1833 Emancipation Act]] went into effect in 1834.{{sfn|May|1845|p=7}}{{sfn|Morgan|1999|p=1}} Under its terms, slaves were converted into apprentices and remained bound to their former owners for four years if they had worked in the home and for six years if they had been field labourers.{{sfn|Latimer|1964|p=52}} Though free, there was never a British plan to give former slaves a voice in Parliament, leaving them as British subjects in a highly stratified system of rights.{{sfn|Cooper|2018|pp=58-60}} Denied political and economic rights, former slaves were not entitled to formal recognition as nationals by other nations.{{sfn|Cooper|2018|p=61}}

In 1844, a Naturalisation Act was passed creating an administrative process, whereby the [[Secretary of State (United Kingdom)|Secretary of State]] could naturalise applicants by collecting a fee and administering an [[Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)|Oath of Allegiance]].{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=136}} The 1844 Act made no provisions for minor children, but it required a married woman to derive her status from their British husband. Thus, if a foreign woman's husband was native-born or naturalised, she automatically was British. British-born women maintained their status as British subjects, even if married to foreign men, under the 1844 statute.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=137, 143}} Because of confusion, an amendment was passed in 1847, confirming that the 1844 Act did not extend to British colonies.{{sfn|Home Office|2017|p=8}} 

In 1870 a revision to the Naturalisation Act required the automatic loss of nationality for British women upon marriage with a foreigner, regardless of whether she became stateless from the denaturalisation. She could re-aquire British nationality only by application for naturalisation, after the death of her spouse.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=137, 143}} The 1870 Act stipulated that minor children be automatically denaturalised if their father, or a widowed mother, lost their British nationality or naturalised in another country. As single women, including divorcées, under common law were not allowed to be parents, under the Act, their children could not derive nationality maternally.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=138}} Naturalised British fathers, or widows, could not pass on their nationality to children born abroad, even if the parent was in service abroad to the crown.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=140}} As with previous nationality acts, the legislation did not extend beyond the bounds of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=130}} An amendment was made in the Naturalisation Act of 1895 to revise the section dealing with these children's automatic derivative naturalisation.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=140}} 

In 1911, at the [[1911 Imperial Conference|Imperial Conference]] a decision was made to draft a common nationality code for use across the empire.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=145}} Other than common law, there was no standard statutory law which applied for subjects throughout the realm, meaning different jurisdictions created their own legislation for local conditions, which often conflicted with the laws in other jurisdictions in the empire. Thus, a person who was naturalised in Canada, for example, would be considered a foreigner, rather than a British national, in Australia or South Africa. {{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=526}} The [[British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914]] allowed local jurisdictions in the self-governing [[Dominion]]s to continue regulating nationality in their territories, but also established an imperial nationality scheme throughout the realm.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=527}} The uniform law, which went into effect on 1 January 1915, required a married woman to derive her nationality from her spouse, meaning if he was British, she was also, and if he was foreign, so was she.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}} It stipulated that upon loss of nationality of a husband, a wife could declare that she wished to remain British and provided that if a marriage had terminated, through death or divorce, a British-born national who had lost her status through marriage could reacquire British nationality through naturalisation without meeting a residency requirement.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=528}} The statute reiterated common law provisions for natural-born persons born within the realm on or after the effective date. By using the word ''person'', the statute nullified legitimacy requirements for ''jus soli'' nationals.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} For those born abroad on or after the effective date, legitimacy was still required, and could only be derived by a child from a British father (one generation), who was natural-born or naturalised.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=150-151}} Naturalisations required five years residence or service to the crown.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=155}}

Amendments were enacted in 1918 to prevent British-born women from becoming [[enemy aliens]] and to relax provisions for children born abroad, allowing fathers abroad in service to the Crown to pass their nationality to their legitimate children.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=147, 152, 155}} In 1922, the statute was replaced with a new British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=147}} The new act clarified that persons born before 1 January 1915 became nationals based on the provisions of the 1730 and 1772 Acts and that the 1922 Act was retrospective to that date. The statute allowed indefinite transmission of descent by a father to his legitimate children born on or after 4 August 1922, as long as a child was registered within the first year of its birth and upon reaching majority expressed a desire to remain British.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=150, 153}} For children born between 1 January 1915 and 4 August 1922, registration with a consulate before 1 August 1923 would allow derived British nationality to stem from their father or grandfather.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=154}} Upon reaching the age of majority, the child was required to declare a desire to retain British nationality and revoke any other allegiance, if that were possible.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=153}}

After the [[League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930|World Conference on the Codification of International Law]] held in [[The Hague]] in 1930, the British Parliament again drafted a new British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act in 1933, to conform with the provisions to prevent statelessness in the [[Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws]].{{sfn|Sickmon|1930|p=3}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=157}}{{sfn|Samore|1951|pp=479-491}} The primary effect of the new Act was to add language that a woman would not lose her nationality upon marriage if she became stateless. If by marriage, or if by her husband's naturalisation in another country, a British-born woman did not acquire her spouse's nationality she could remain British. The law was retroactive (not just to 1 January 1915), meaning any woman who had previously become stateless through marriage, was restored as a British national. The law also allowed a foreign wife of a naturalised British husband to choose whether she wished to take his new status within one year of the naturalisation.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=157}} The 1943 revision allowed a child born abroad at any time to be a British national by descent if the Secretary of State agreed to register the birth.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=163}} 

In 1935, the [[Irish Free State]] adopted the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, establishing Irish nationality as a distinct status from British nationality. The law provided that marriage had no effect upon an Irish woman's nationality. In 1935 New Zealand adopted provisions from the Hague Convention of 1930 and modified their laws to allow New Zealand women to retain the rights of British nationals in New Zealand, even if they had become foreigners by marriage. Australia passed similar legislation to New Zealand the following year.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=552}} In 1946, Canada passed the [[Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946|Canadian Citizenship Act]] redefining the order of nationality. The Canadian Act stipulated that Canadians were nationals of Canada first and only secondarily nationals of Britain. This served as a catalyst to restructure the nationality laws again and the British Commonwealth Conference on Nationality and Citizenship was held in 1947.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=553}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=167}} In attendance were delegates from Australia, [[Burma]], Canada, [[Ceylon]], India, the Irish Free State, [[Newfoundland]], New Zealand, Pakistan, [[Southern Rhodesia]], the [[Union of South Africa]] and the UK.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=168}} The goal of the conference was to establish guidelines for each Commonwealth nation to adopt laws conferring nationality upon the population in its territory from which British nationality would be derived. In other words, British nationality was dependent upon obtaining nationality in an independent Commonwealth country but would continue to serve as a common uniting principle for membership in the realm.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=170-171}}

Under the terms of the [[British Nationality Act 1948]] British nationals were reclassified into five categories: Citizens of the UK and Colonies (CUKC); nationals of independent Commonwealth countries; Irish-British citizens, who opted to remain British after Ireland's withdrawal from the Commonwealth; nationals of Commonwealth countries who had yet to define status for their populations; and [[British protected person|British Protected Persons]], who were people residing on foreign soil in mandated and trust territories, protected states, and protectorates, but were not treated as foreigners. Anyone not categorized by these divisions, was considered an alien, or foreigner.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=173-174}} Other than the reclassifications, the basic nationality scheme did not change overmuch, and typically those who were previously defined as British remained the same. Changes included that wives and children no longer automatically acquired the status of the husband or father, children who acquired nationality by descent no longer were required to make a retention declaration, and registrations for children born abroad were extended.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}} A new type of nationality acquisition, registration, was provided for in the Act, because of the change in wives' status. Believing that it was excessive to require foreign wives to naturalize, the registration system was devised to create a more  streamlined process for those with an affiliation to the country.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=212}} Those who could be registered included, wives of CUKCs, minor children of CUKCs, citizens of Commonwealth countries and the [[Republic of Ireland]], and stateless persons or persons who had been deprived of British nationality.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=213-214}} Transitional processes were also included for pending registrations of birth and naturalisation.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=175}} 

Adoption had not been addressed in previous nationality laws in Britain, but to enable ratification of the [[Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness]], the Adoption Act of 1949, as amended in 1950, 1958, and 1968, and the British Nationality Act Amendment of 1964 provided measures for adoptees to gain nationality.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=198}} The 1964 amendment also provided that foundlings going forward would be considered to have been born in the territory in which they were found.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=201}}

The 1981 Act also eliminated gender disparities on who could derive nationality from a parent or spouse.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}


*{{cite journal |last1=Baldwin |first1=M. Page |title=Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act |journal=[[Journal of British Studies]] |date=October 2001 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=522-556 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3070746 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |issn=0021-9371 |oclc=4637986477}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Jonathan A. |title=Free to Enslave: The Foundations of Colonial American Slave Law |journal=Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities |date=December 1993 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=417-470 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=yjlh |access-date=23 March 2021 |publisher=[[Yale Law School]] |location=New Haven, Connecticut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421193819/https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=yjlh |archive-date=21 April 2017 |issn=1041-6374 |oclc=8091556650 |url-status=live}} 
*{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Frederick |title=Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference: Historical Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2-YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-17184-5}}
*{{cite journal |last=Cousins |first=Winifred M. |date=January 1935 |title=Slave Family Life in the British Colonies: 1800–1834 |work=The Sociological Review |volume=27 |issue=1 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=Thousand Oaks, California |pages=35-55 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954X.1935.tb01925.x |issn=0038-0261 |oclc=4798438910}}{{subscription needed|via=[[SAGE Publishing]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fransman |first1=Laurie |title=Fransman's British Nationality Law |date=2011 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Professional]] |location=Haywards Heath, West Sussex |isbn=978-1-84592-095-1 |edition=3rd}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kelley |first1=Sean M. |editor-last1=Anderson |editor-first1=Richard |editor-last2=Lovejoy |editor-first2=Henry B. |title=Liberated Africans and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1807-1896 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NyjKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |year=2020 |publisher=[[University of Rochester|University of Rochester Press]] |location=Rochester, New York |isbn=978-1-58046-969-2 |chapter=Precedents: The 'Captured Negroes' of Tortola, 1807-22 |pages=25-44}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Latimer |first1=James |title=The Apprenticeship System in the British West Indies |journal=[[Journal of Negro Education]] |date=Winter 1964 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=52-57 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2294514 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=[[Howard University]] |location=Washington, D.C. |issn=0022-2984 |oclc=5545420065}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Llewellyn-Jones |first1=Frederick |title=The Nationality of Married Women |journal=Transactions of the Grotius Society |date=1929 |volume=15 |pages=121-138 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/742756 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=[[Grotius Society]] |location=London |issn=1479-1234 |oclc=5544683551}}
*{{cite book |last=May |first=Samuel Joseph |title=Emancipation in the British W. Indies: An Address Delivered in the First Presbyterian Church in Syracuse, on the First of August 1845 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LN7xeP6QMIC&pg=PA7 |year=1845 |publisher=J. Barber, Liberty Intelligencer Office |location=Syracuse, New York |oclc=841410417}}
*{{cite web |last1=Morgan |first1=Kenneth |title=The Tudway of Wells Antiguan Estate Papers 1689-1907: In Somerset Record Office |url=https://microform.digital/map/guides/R97569.pdf |publisher=Microform Academic Publishers |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324200816/https://microform.digital/map/guides/R97569.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2021 |location=East Ardsley, West Yorkshire |date=1999 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Samore |first1=William |title=Statelessness as Result of Conflict of Nationality Laws |journal=American Journal of International Law |date=July 1951 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=476-494 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/statelessness-as-result-of-conflict-of-nationality-laws/616B035D9197C48938D94FF08CF83BF9 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=[[American Society of International Law]] |location=Washington, D.C. |issn=0002-9300 |oclc=7376579759}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Cambridge University Press|Cambridge Core]]}}
*{{cite news |last1=Sickmon |first1=May C. |title=Nationality of Women and the Hague Conference |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4443966/the_sun_and_the_erie_county_independent/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |newspaper=The Erie County Republican |date=26 April 1930 |location=Hamburg, New York  |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Home Office|2017}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Historical Background Information on Nationality: Version 1.0 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/650994/Background-information-on-nationality-v1.0EXT.pdf |website=[[Home Office]] |publisher=Government of the UK |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306173643/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/650994/Background-information-on-nationality-v1.0EXT.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2021 |location=London |date=21 July 2017 |url-status=live}}

====France==== 
https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=1TXT8cVC_YsC&lpg=PA267&pg=PA267#v=onepage&q&f=false
https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=GFpuDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Family%20and%20the%20Nation%3A%20Gender%2C%20Nationality%20and%20Citizenship%20in%20Revolutionary%20France&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=The%20Family%20and%20the%20Nation:%20Gender,%20Nationality%20and%20Citizenship%20in%20Revolutionary%20France&f=false
Already cited (Camiscioli|1999|p=x) https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843081 

====Germany==== 
http://aei.pitt.edu/63702/1/PSGE_00_5.pdf
https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Ma_mFARina4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false

====Greece====
https://www.athensjournals.gr/history/2017-3-2-2-Che.pdf

====Ireland====
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/666480/pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007221?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/century/century-women-and-the-vote/denial-of-citizenship-1.553543
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/citizenship-alienage-and-the-modern-constitutional-state/2C913E1B6147BDD08DDF151FC0ABA4BB (also South Africa, New Zealand and Australia)

====Italy====
https://www.taddone.it/a-perda-da-nacionalidade-de-mulheres-casadas-antes-de-1-1-1948/
Italian subjecthood was first declared during the [[Italian unification|Unification of Italy]] in 1861. As the states united, their former kingdoms and duchies ceased to exist and no alternative means of belonging had been devised. Thus, in March, 1861 the former [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Savoy-Piedmont-Sardinia Kingdom]] officially proclaimed that the former Piedmontese subjecthood was extended to the entirety of Italy.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=19}} Inhabitants were afforded protection based upon their allegiance to the monarchy.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=20}} Subjecthood was derived from an Italian father, and could only be derived maternally if the father was unknown.{{sfn|Donati|2013|pp=21, 26}} Birth in the territory was treated differently in different areas; in some states it conferred subjecthood, and in others it did not.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=21}} Naturalization and denaturalization processes also varied depending upon the [[Provinces of Italy|province]].{{sfn|Donati|2013|pp=21-23}} In 1865 laws from the various states was codified into national legislation, including a new civil code, which went into force on 1 January 1866.{{sfn|Donati|2013|pp=21, 24}}

Under the 1865 Civil Code, unity of the family was a driving foundation of the code, thus the emphasis was on descent.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=27}} Nationality was derived paternally, regardless of where a child was born, unless the father was unknown. Foundlings born in the territory were presumed to have an Italian father and were granted nationality.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=26}} Children born in Italy to foreigners who had lived in the territory for ten years, could acquire nationality at majority and those born in the territory to foreigners who did not meet the requisite residency could opt for Italian nationality at majority after service to the nation.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=28}} Wives were required to follow the nationality of their husband.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=38}} Italian women married to foreigners lost their Italian nationality and could only reacquire it if the marriage terminated and they established residence in Italy. Foreign women who married Italian men gained Italian nationality and retained it even after termination of the marriage.{{sfn|Donati|2013|pp=38-39}} Nationality provisions were amended by Law 23 of 1901, which allowed children born in the territory or abroad who became foreigners because of a father's loss of nationality to acquire nationality without parliamentary intervention. Law no. 217 (known as Sonnino's Law), passed on 17 May 1906, allowed naturalization by royal decree if the [[Council of State (Italy)|Council of State]] supported the application and the applicant either resided in Italy or the colonies for six years, or had provided four years of service to the Italian state, or had been married to an Italian woman for three years.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=299}}

Colonial subjecthood differed from that in the motherland.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=121}} A civil code ({{langx|it|L'ordinamento giuridico della colonia Eritrea}}) was drafted in 1911, for Eritrea but never officially entered in to force because it was required to be published in [[Amharic]], Arabic, and Italian. Nonetheless, it was used as the guide and provided that persons born in or members of a tribe indigenous to the territory were Italian subjects but did not have the same civil rights as those born in Italy. If a colonial subject naturalized to attain civil rights, their status was intransmissible to other family members.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=122}} Children born within a legal marriage between colonial subjects and [[metropole|metropolitan]] subjects automatically became Italian, though the majority of such unions were informal. Those children born outside of marriage, who were legitimated, or legally recognized and registered in official colonial birth records, were also automatically granted Italian nationality with full citizenship.{{sfn|Donati|2013|pp=122-123}} Native women who married metropolitan Italians automatically acquired metropolitan status, but if a metropolitan woman married a native, she was able to retain her status, as it was deemed unlikely that she would be a dependent of a native man.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=124}} 

In 1912, Italy introduced new nationality provisions (Law No. 555) to address Italians living outside of the motherland.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=98}} It did not challenge the tenet of unity of nationality in the family for metropolitan nationals,{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=44}} and bestowed Italian nationality by descent from an Italian father. But, if the child was born abroad in a country that automatically granted its nationality through ''jus soli'', Italian nationality could be renounced at majority. Adding this provision allowed Italy to perpetually recognize the nationality of emigrants and foster a sense of belonging to Italy, even if expatriates chose to no longer act as citizens.{{sfn|Donati|2013|pp=113-115}} For foreigners, it reduced the general residency requirement to five years, or three years if in service to the state.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=299}} In 1914, to discourage marriages between colonial and metropolitan subjects, a decree was issued in Eritrea requiring civil servant to resign their posts upon marriage to a colonial.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=125}} Three years later, Regent Governor in Eritrea [[Camillo De Camillis]] issued an instruction to attribute automatic metropolitan nationality to any bi-racial ({{langx|it|meticci}}) child regardless of an acknowledgement of paternity.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=123}}

Between 1922 and 1943, [[Mussolini]]'s [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|fascist regime]] expanded its territory in Africa, as well as states in the Mediterranean. Besides Eritrea, Italian territories included Ethiopia, Libya, and Somalia.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=183}} A 1933 statute formalized the practice of allowing illegitimate mixed-race children to choose metropolitan status upon reaching their majority.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=186}} In 1936, the territories of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia were combined into a single colony, [[Italian East Africa]] ({{langx|it|Africa Orientale Italiana}}).{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=184}} In June, Italy began a redefinition of subjecthood for Italian East Africa. The new statute retained the provision that a colonial subject was one not descended of a metropolitan Italian or national of any other state.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=185}} It also continued the policy of attributing metropolitan nationality to legitimate or legitimated children of an Italian father.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=186}} But, it eliminated provisions for mixed-race children to opt for metropolitan status at majority. Further, a law passed in 1937 prohibited [[concubinage]] and another promulgated the following year banned formal marriages between metropolitan and native subjects.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=187}} Legislation passed in 1940 barred conferring metropolitan status on mixed-race, illegitimate, legitimate, legitimated children, or children of unknown parentage, unless they had reached age thirteen that year, had been raised as an Italian, and could confirm their good character.{{sfn|Donati|2013|pp=187-188}}

Women in Italy did not gain individual nationality until 1975.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=47}}

*{{cite book |last1=Donati |first1=Sabina |title=A Political History of National Citizenship and Identity in Italy, 1861-1950 |url=https://1lib.mx/book/5689835/91bad7 |date=2013 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-8451-1}}

====Moldova====
https://portal.vindburgerzaken.nl/StippWebDLL/Resources/Handlers/DownloadBestand.ashx?id=2000014282

====Netherlands====
https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB05:000037401:pdf
https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=PPseXaPHxmwC&lpg=PA75&ots=JUxOmemkI2&dq=De%20nationaliteit%20van%20de%20gehuwde%20vrouw%20in%20Belgi%C3%AB%20en%20in%20Nederland&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q=De%20nationaliteit%20van%20de%20gehuwde%20vrouw%20in%20Belgi%C3%AB%20en%20in%20Nederland&f=false
http://www.just-his.be/eprints/5716/
https://globalcit.eu/revision-of-the-netherlands-nationality-act/
https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/jun03e.pdf

====Russia====
https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60230/RSCAS_EUDO_CIT_2012_1.pdf

====Scandanavia: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden====
https://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1197581/FULLTEXT03.pdf

====Spain====
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/324049366.pdf
http://www.ub.edu/ciudadania/hipertexto/evolucion/introduccion/civiles/civ1.htm
https://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/rej/article/download/3210/2596/10815

====Ukraine====
https://www.globalcit.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Ukraine.pdf
https://portal.vindburgerzaken.nl/StippWebDLL/Resources/Handlers/DownloadBestand.ashx?id=2000014282

===North America===
Already cited (Vonk|2014|p=?): https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Jo3PBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA118&dq=nationality%2C%20bolivia&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q=nationality,%20bolivia&f=false

====Antigua and Barbuda====
moved

====Aruba====
moved

====Bahamas==== 
moved

====Barbados====
moved

====Belize====
moved

====Bonaire====
moved

====British Overseas Territories====
https://web.archive.org/web/20190528081501/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/33839/EUDO-CIT_2014_01_UK.pdf 
https://web.archive.org/web/20181127091813/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-44322874
[[British Overseas Territories]] include the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in South America; etc....

====Canada====
Moved

====Clipperton Island==== 
[[Overseas France#Special status|Overseas state and private property of France]]

====Costa Rica==== 
moved

====Cuba====
moved

====Curaçao====
moved

====Dominica====
moved

====Dominican Republic====
moved

====El Salvador====
moved

====Greenland==== 
[[Autonomous administrative division|Autonomous territory]] within the [[Kingdom of Denmark]]

====Grenada==== 
moved

====Guadeloupe==== 
moved

====Guatemala====
moved

====Haiti====
moved

====Honduras====
moved

====Jamaica====
moved

====Martinique====
moved 

====Mexico====
moved 

====Nicaragua====
moved

====Panama====
moved

====Puerto Rico==== 
moved

====Saba====
moved

====Saint Barthélemy==== 
moved

====Saint Kitts and Nevis====
moved

====Saint Lucia==== 
moved

====Saint Martin==== 
moved

====Saint Pierre and Miquelon==== 
moved

====Saint Vincent and the Grenadines====
moved

====Sint Eustatius==== 
moved

====Sint Maarten==== 
moved

====Trinidad and Tobago==== 
moved

====United States====
moved

====United States Virgin Islands====
moved

===Oceania===
https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=-GIzkDtohqQC&printsec=frontcover&vq=Canada,+Law+of+Naturalization+and+Allegiance,+1868,+wives#v=onepage&q=Canada%2C%20Naturalization%2C%201871%2C%20wives&f=false (Colonization Circular 1871, p. 48)
https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4s36/soljak-miriam-bridelia
http://www.nzjh.auckland.ac.nz/docs/2018/NZJH_52_2_02.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20210121122533/https://www.solomontimes.com/news/women-holds-consultation-for-draft-federal-constitution/2519

New Zealand introduced a measure to adopt the common code in 1914, but passage was postponed by the outbreak of [[World War I]].{{sfn|McLintock|Wilson|1966}} War measures such as the Revocation of Naturalization Act and Registration of Aliens Act of 1917 left [[denaturalisation]] procedures regarding women vague.{{sfn|Green|2005}}{{sfn|Hall|1931|p=705}} Provisions in the Revocation of Naturalization Act stated that revocation of an enemy alien's status did not impact his wife and minor children{{sfn|Legislative Council and House of Representatives|1920|p=110}} and the Registration Act merely required an alien to list the names and ages of his wife and children.{{sfn|Registration of Aliens Act|1917|p=65}} However, an amendment to the Registration of Aliens Act in 1920 clarified that married women in New Zealand who lost their nationality because of marriage were required to register as aliens.{{sfn|Hall|1931|p=705}} Despite the lack of clear provisions in the law, women like [[Miriam Soljak]] were deprived of their nationality during the war.{{sfn|Page|1998}} In 1923, New Zealand adopted the British nationality scheme, except for the provisions that naturalised people from throughout the empire were automatically British subjects in New Zealand, which they did not incorporate until 1928.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=528}} Thus, effective from 1923, the law clearly specified that New Zealand women who married aliens lost their nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|McLintock|Wilson|1966}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Baldwin |first1=M. Page |title=Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act |journal=[[Journal of British Studies]] |date=October 2001 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=522-556 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3070746 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |issn=0021-9371 |oclc=4637986477}}
*{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=David |title=Citizenship - Towards New Zealand Citizenship |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/citizenship/page-2 |website=TeAra.govt.nz |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125205355/https://teara.govt.nz/en/citizenship/page-2 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |date=8 February 2005 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=T. D. H. |title=Status of Aliens in New Zealand |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |date=August 1931 |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=700-710 |doi=10.2307/2750412  |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2750412 |access-date=1 June 2021 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |issn=0030-851X |oclc=5545501061}}
*{{cite book |author=Legislative Council and House of Representatives |title=Parliamentary Debates: First Session, Twentieth Parliament: 6 August to 24 September 1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9Q_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA110 |volume=187 |year=1920 |publisher=Marcus F. Marks, Government Printer |location=Wellington, New Zealand |issn=0110-3415}}
*{{cite web |last1=McLintock |first1=A. H. |author-link1=Alexander Hare McLintock |last2=Wilson |first2=James Oakley |title=Nationality |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/nationality-and-naturalisation |website=TeAra.govt.nz |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224095521/https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/nationality-and-naturalisation |archive-date=24 February 2018 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |date=1966 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Page |first1=Dorothy |title=Soljak, Miriam Bridelia |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4s36/soljak-miriam-bridelia |website=TeAra.govt.nz |publisher=[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304191909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4s36/soljak-miriam-bridelia |archive-date=4 March 2021 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |date=1998 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Registration of Aliens Act|1917}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Registration of Aliens Act |url=http://www.nzlii.org/cgi-bin/download.cgi/cgi-bin/download.cgi/download/nz/legis/hist_act/roaa19178gv1917n12309.pdf |website=[[New Zealand Legal Information Institute]] |year=1917 |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliament]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601191131/http://www.nzlii.org/cgi-bin/download.cgi/cgi-bin/download.cgi/download/nz/legis/hist_act/roaa19178gv1917n12309.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2021 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |id=8 GEO V 1917 No 12c |url-status=live}}

====American Samoa====
moved

====Australia====
moved

====East Timor====
moved

====Fiji====
moved

====Guam====
moved

====Kiribati====
moved

====Marshall Islands====
moved

====Micronesia====
moved

====Nauru====
moved

====New Zealand====
moved

====Northern Mariana Islands====
moved

====Palau====
moved

====Papua New Guinea====
moved

====Samoa====
moved

====Solomon Islands====
moved

====Tonga====
moved

====Tuvalu====
moved

====Vanuatu====
moved

===South America===
*{{cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Jane E. |editor1-last=Katz |editor1-first=Stanley N. |title=The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-513405-6 |url=https://www-oxfordreference-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/acref/9780195134056.001.0001/acref-9780195134056 |chapter=South and Central America: Other Colonial Laws |chapter-url=https://www-oxfordreference-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/acref/9780195134056.001.0001/acref-9780195134056-e-754?rskey=2ZrovF&result=8}}

====Argentina====
moved

====Bolivia====
moved

====Bouvetøya====
Dependency of [[Norway]]

====Brazil====
moved

====Chile====
moved

====Colombia====
moved

====Ecuador====
moved

====French Guiana====
moved

====Guyana====
moved

====Paraguay====
[[Paraguayan nationality law]]: 
Paraguay gained independence from Spain in 1811 and called a Constitutional Convention to draft the Government Regulations, the first governing documents of the independent nation. Approved by the Congress in 1813, the Regulations defined nationals as people born in the territory. It also recognized people born in other places in the Americas who resided in the nation and were ideologically aligned with Paraguayans. Women were excluded, as they were subordinated to the head of the family, who was authorized to act on behalf of the family unit.{{sfn|Diaz|2004}} In 1842, the [[Freedom of wombs|Law of Free Womb]] was passed, which was effective the beginning of the following year. It declared that all children born to slaves were not slaves, but obligated as ''libertos'' to work in service for their masters for 25 years for males or 24 years for females to earn their freedom. The law outlawed the slave trade in the territory and forbade the entrance of fugitive slaves to Paraguay.{{sfn|Cooney|1974|p=152}} The 1844 Constitution, or the Paraguayan Political Administration Law, carried no definitions of nationals or foreigners.{{sfn|Acosta|2018|p=37}} After its defeat in the [[War of the Triple Alliance]], the majority of the population had been killed and the economy was destroyed.{{sfn|Brey|2016|p=1}} 

To attract immigrants and rebuild the country, a new constitution was drafted in 1870.{{sfn|Brey|2016|p=1}} The 1870 constitution provided that birthright nationals were those born in Paraguay, children of birthright nationals living in Paraguay, and children born abroad to a Paraguayan serving the government. Foreigners could be naturalized after two years of residency provided they owned real estate or invested in industry, or engaged in a profession or art. Marriage by a foreigner with a Paraguayan or performance of service for the nation were grounds for the two year residency period to be shortened.{{sfn|''Bulletin of the Bureau of the American Republics''|1906|pp=480-481}} in Article 25, slavery was abolished.{{sfn|Brey|2016|p=4}} In 1876, Paraguay adopted the Argentine Civil Code, with modification for local custom; however, like the Argentine Code, Paraguay's statue incapacitated married women, placing them under the authority of their husbands.{{sfn|Soriano Cienfuegos|2013|p=149}}{{sfn|Boggiano|2019|p=7}} The Marriage Code, drafted in 1897 reinforced women's inability to act in civil capacities, though it established civil marriage.{{sfn|Boggiano|2019|p=7}}{{sfn|Rossi|1998|p=24}}

In 1903, Paraguay passed a restrictive immigration law which barred people of Asian and African descent, as well as nomadic people.{{sfn|Schwarz|2012|p=58}}
In 1928, jurists concluded that a married woman did not lose her nationality upon marriage, as the constitution of 1870 mentioned neither alien wives married to citizens or Paraguayan wives married to foreigners, nor were there provisions for loss of nationality by marriage in the Civil Code.{{sfn|Wold|1928|p=47}} In 1933, {{ill|Justo Pastor Benítez|es}} and [[María Felicidad González]], the Paraguayan delegates to the Pan-American Union's Montevideo conference, signed the Inter-American Convention on the Nationality of Women, which became effective in 1934, without legal reservations.{{sfn|Avalon Project|1933}} After the [[Chaco War]], a new constitution was adopted in 1940. It recognized that nationality was derived from birth in the territory, birth abroad to a national, and by naturalization of a foreigner who had resided in the country for a minimum of five years. Loss of nationality could result from treasonous acts, illegal bankruptcy or becoming a national of another nation. In 1959, Paraguay signed a dual nationality agreement with Spain.{{sfn|Brey|2016|p=5}} A new constitution was adopted in 1967, maintaining a similar nationality scheme.{{sfn|Brey|2016|p=6}} For the first time, it introduced in Article 30 that neither marriage nor its termination resulted in a corresponding change of nationality.{{sfn|Brey|2016|p=6}}{{sfn|''Constitución''|1967}}

====Peru====
moved

====Suriname====
moved

====Uruguay====
https://www.colibri.udelar.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12008/9518/1/TTS_Casa%C3%B1asMariaLaura.pdf
http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2301-06652019000100422
https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:XYyJxgXBBuYJ:https://revistas.ucu.edu.uy/index.php/revistadederecho/article/download/843/846/3277+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=mx&client=firefox-b-d
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|League of Nations|1929}} |author=League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law |title=The Law of Nationality |journal=[[American Journal of International Law]] |date=April 1929 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=1-129 |doi=10.2307/2212861 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212861 |access-date=14 August 2021 |publisher=[[American Society of International Law]] |location=Washington, D.C. |issn=0002-9300 |oclc=5545385674}}
[[Uruguayan nationality law]]: The legal means to acquire [[nationality]], formal membership in a nation, differ from the relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as [[citizenship]].{{sfn|Boll|2007|p=66-67}}{{sfn|Honohan|Rougier|2018|p=338}}{{sfn|Guerry|Rundell|2016|p=73}}
*{{cite book |last=Boll |first=Alfred Michael |title=Multiple Nationality And International Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr6Y45439A0C&pg=PA67 |date=2007 |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-14838-3}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Guerry |first1=Linda |last2=Rundell |first2=Ethan |title=Married Women’s Nationality in the International Context (1918–1935) |journal=Clio |date=2016 |volume=43 |issue=1: Gender and the Citizen |pages=73–94 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26242543 |access-date=December 19, 2020 |publisher=Éditions Belin |location=Paris |issn=2554-3822 |oclc=7788119453}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Honohan |first1=Iseult |last2=Rougier |first2=Nathalie |title=Global Birthright Citizenship Laws: How Inclusive? |journal=Netherlands International Law Review |date=October 2018 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=337-357 |doi=10.1007/s40802-018-0115-8 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329367793_Global_Birthright_Citizenship_Laws_How_Inclusive |access-date=16 March 2021 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]], [[T.M.C. Asser Press]] |location=The Hague, Netherlands |issn=1741-6191 |oclc=1189243655}}

Uruguay attempted to gain its independence from Spain in 1820, but was unsuccessful in becoming independent and was incorporated into the Cisplatine Province of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]].{{sfn|Pan American Union|1941|p=5}} Brazil declared its [[Independence of Brazil|independence]] from Portugal in 1822, establishing the [[Empire of Brazil]] under [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]].{{sfn|Bethell|1989|pp=41-42}} The first constitution, adopted in 1824,{{sfn|Bethell|1989|p=50}} provided that Brazilian were free-born or emancipated men, who had been born in Brazil, unless their father was a foreigner in the service of another nation. Legitimate children born outside of the territory to a Brazilian father, or illegitimate children born to a Brazilian mother, could establish nationality by becoming domiciled in Brazil;{{sfn|Braganza|2019|p=5}} however residence was waved if their father was in government service. Foreigners who resided in Brazil at the time of independence were naturalized by residence in the empire. Citizenship could be lost if one was naturalized in another country or accepted employment or honors from foreign governments without the approval of the crown.{{sfn|Braganza|2019|p=6}} In 1825, the country again declared its independence and aligned with the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]], precipitating a three year [[Cisplatine War|war]] between Brazil and Argentina, which culminated in Uruguayan independence in 1828. The nation's first constitution was drafted in 1830 and provided that citizens were natural — free-born men, born within the territory — or legal — foreigners; parents of natural citizens; children born abroad to natural fathers or mothers who now resided within the country; and those who worked in art, science or industry or owned assets or property in the nation at the time of the establishment of the constitution. {{sfn|Pan American Union|1941|p=5}}{{sfn|''Constitución de 1830''|1829}} Man, as used in the constitution, excluded women.{{sfn|Umpiérrez Blengio|2018|p=90}}

In 1852 Uruguay attempted to write a civil code based upon the [[Napoleonic Code|Napoleonic model]], but it was never completed. The first Civil Code of Uruguay was completed in 1867 and went into effect the following year.{{sfn|Soriano Cienfuegos|2013|p=150}} It provided for the legal incapacity of married women and granted a husband marital authority over a wife's person and property.{{sfn|Casañas|2010|p=37}} In 1890, Uruguay passed its first immigration law (Ley 2096), which carried restrictions prohibiting the immigration of Africans, Asians, [[Bohemia|Bohemians]], and [[Hungarians]].{{sfn|Schwarz|2012|p=58}} The law was amended in 1906 when the legislature, pressed by Syrian and Lebanese immigrants, removed migrants from Asia Minor as a prohibited group.{{sfn|Facal Santiago|2006}} From 1921, Uruguayan authorities were authorized to issue passports to married women were foreign but married to Uruguayans and had lost their nationality by virtue of marriage, with the stipulation that the issuance of the document did not confer nationality upon her. By 1928, it was the "official opinion" '''whose? legal? immigration? Seems like a court case possibly resulted in this decision?''' of the government of Uruguay that neither their constitution or laws addressed whether women lost their nationality by marriage. Based upon that decision, the position of the government was that marriage had no effect upon nationality in Uruguay.{{sfn|Wold|1928|p=57}} In 1933, the Uruguayan delegates to the Pan-American Union's Montevideo conference, signed the Inter-American Convention on the Nationality of Women, which became effective in 1934, without legal reservations.{{sfn|Avalon Project|1933}}

====Venezuela====
https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/LuceneSearch?terms=A+Collection+of+Nationality+Laws+of+Various+Countries%3A+As+Contained+in+Constitutions%2C+Statutes+and+Treaties&collection=all&searchtype=advanced&typea=text&tabfrom=&submit=Go&sendit=&all=true
http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/boletin/1936/BolACPS_1936_1_3_4_119-134.pdf

[[Venezuelan nationality law]]: Venezuela gained independence from Spain in 1821, having declared its independence in 1811, and union with [[Gran Colombia]] in 1819.{{sfn|Torres|1834|p=832}}{{sfn|Parra Aranguren|1970|p=10}} The the [[Colombian Constitution of 1821]] was the founding document of [[Gran Colombia]], which encompassed parts of what is now Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela. It defined as nationals free persons and their descendants, who were born in the territory; residents of the territory who supported its independence; and naturalized foreigners, who had been born elsewhere.{{sfn|Escobar|2015|p=2}} In 1829 a commission was appointed to draft a civil and criminal code, but they were unsuccessful in completing it before Venezuela separated in 1830 from Gran Colombia and new codifying commissions were established.{{sfn|Parra Aranguren|1970|pp=11-12}} A new constitution for the state was drafted in that year granting nationality by birth in the territory or naturalization. Birthright nationals were free men born in the former Gran Colombia whose parents were Venezuelan or children born abroad to Venezuelan parents serving in an official capacity outside the territory. Automatic naturalization was given to foreigners residing in the country at the time of independence, who supported its independence. Other foreigners, or children born abroad to Venezuelan parents who were not serving the nation, could be naturalized by establishing a residence in the territory and officially declaring their intent.{{sfn|Alvarez|2016|p=5}} 

Venezuela adopted twenty-six constitutions between 1811 and 1999, but there was little change in the nationality scheme.{{sfn|Alvarez|2016|pp=3-4}} The Constitution of 1857, recognized nationals born abroad to Venezuelan parents without requiring residence in the territory and anyone born within Gran Colombian boundaries.{{sfn|Alvarez|2016|p=5}} Constitutional requirements were amended in 1863, requiring children born abroad to reside in Venezuela as a condition of birthright nationalism. It also extended the right to derivative birthright nationality to anyone born in the territories of the Spanish Caribbean and recognized dual nationality.{{sfn|Alvarez|2016|p=6}} In 1862 and again in 1867 draft Civil Codes were prepared which defined nationals and foreigners and included language that married women derived the nationality of their husbands, taken from the French and Italian civil codes.{{sfn|Parra Aranguren|1970|pp=23-24}} From the acceptance of the Civil Code of 1873 until 1942, loss of nationality upon marriage was the official policy of the nation.{{sfn|Parra Aranguren|1970|p=24}} 

From 1891, Venezuela excluded from immigration of people who were of Asian or African origin, specifically barring those from the Caribbean islands. The laws were amended in 1912 and again in 1918, to continue the prohibition and exclude generally those who were non-European.{{sfn|Schwarz|2012|p=57}} The Constitution of 1893 extended the right to children of naturalized citizens to acquire Venezuelan nationality by declaration of will, if they were residing in Venezuela. Changes in the Constitution of 1901 included confirmation that those from the Caribbean were unable to acquire birthright nationality, but extended the right to obtain birthright status for anyone born in Hispanic America who declared a willingness to become Venezuelan at the Civil Registry following formal procedures.{{sfn|Alvarez|2016|p=6}}  Until 1904, birthright nationality was solely based upon birth in the territory and then from 1904 to 1947, it could be derived from birth in Venezuela or by descent from Venezuelan parents.{{sfn|Alvarez|2016|p=4}} This meant that any child born in Venezuela, whether its parents were foreign or natural, was given birthright nationality. A child born abroad to Venezuelan parents, as long as it was legitimate or legally recognized by the parent, was also deemed to have Venezuelan nationality.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=71, Part II}} Naturalization or relinquishment of nationality of a foreign man during this period automatically changed the nationality of his minor children. As Venezuelan women could not independently obtain nationality, they could not similarly impact the nationality of their offspring, unless they were widowed.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=73, Part II}}

From 1922, married women born in Venezuela, automatically regained their nationality upon termination of the marriage. Foreign women who had gained Venezuelan nationality by marrying automatically lost their nationality when the marriage ended unless they declared in the official manner a wish to retain Venezuelan nationality.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=72, Part II}} The Constitution of 1947, granted birthright citizenship to foreigners' children, if the parent was working in service to the government and extended nationality to those born on airplanes or ships within Venezuelan airspace or waters. It also allowed children born abroad to Venezuelans to be registered with consulate officials to qualify for birthright nationality. When the military regime ended in 1958, a new constitution was drafted in 1961. It granted birthright nationality to anyone born within Venezuelan territory, regardless of whether the parents were nationals or even in the country legally. To those born abroad, both parents were required to be Venezuelan nationals for birthright nationality.{{sfn|Alvarez|2016|p=7}} It revoked the ability to have dual nationality; changed the status for people born in Latin America, allowing them to naturalize upon request; and allowed women married to Venezuelan men, children of naturalized persons who been minors but had reached majority, and adoptees to naturalize by request. The latter two categories, were required to make their request prior to their twenty-fifth birthday and reside in Venezuela.{{sfn|Alvarez|2016|p=8}} Race disappeared as an exclusion in the nationality laws for immigration in Venezuela in 1966.{{sfn|Schwarz|2012|p=57}}

==Overview of women's nationality==
{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Women's nationality <br>(Dates correspond the first time a policy was implemented in a territory, which may precede that nation's independence.)</br>
|-
! Country !! Foreign women derived spouse's nationality !! Native women derived spouse's nationality !! Married women obtained individual nationality !! Illegitimate children could derive nationality from mother !! Legitimate children could derive nationality from mother !! Children derive nationality equally from parents !! Spouse could obtain nationality of wife by naturalization !! Spouses derive nationality equally !!  Details
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Algeria}} [[Algerian nationality law|Algeria]]  
| {{dts|1848}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1848}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
| {{dts|2005}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| {{dts|2005}}{{sfn|US Department of State|2005|pp=1757, 1765}}
| {{dts|2005}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
|  <small>1) The French Civil Code was extended to all of its possessions in 1848.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} Algerian Jews, until 1870, and Muslims, until 1946, were considered non-citizen nationals and were not required to adhere to the Civil Code.{{sfn|Reestman|1999|p=19}}{{sfn|André|2016|p=101}}{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=39}} 2) Changes to the French Civil Code allowed French-citizen mothers to pass their nationality to their children born in France from 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} French-national mothers could pass on their nationality to children born abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Most French non-citizen nationals, became Algerian nationals at independence in 1963.{{sfn|Perrin|2016|p=5}} Nationality after independence was derived from fathers until a change in the Nationality Code in 1970 allowed mothers to pass on their nationality to illegitimate children, or those who would be stateless because she was married to a foreigner.{{sfn|Kebir|1994|p=405}}</small> 
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|American Samoa}} [[American Samoan citizenship and nationality|American Samoa]] <br><small>[[Unincorporated territories of the United States|Unincorporated territory of the United States]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1907}}{{sfn|Sharon|1950|p=780}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1907}}{{sfn|Sharon|1950|p=780}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1922}}{{sfn|Sharon|1950|p=780}} (see details (2)) 
| not applicable
| not applicable
| {{dts|1900}}{{sfn|Whiteman|1967|p=116}}{{sfn|Sharon|1950|p=780}} (see details (3))
| not applicable (see details (4))
|
| <small> 1) The Expatriation Act of 1907, which required women to have the same nationality as their husband applied to all women.{{sfn|Sharon|1950|p=780}} 2) The Cable Act of 1922 repealed the 1907 Act and stated that women who were citizens of the United States lost their nationality, if their spouse was ineligible for naturalization. Since American Samoan women were non-citizen nationals, after 1922, they no longer lost their nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|Sharon|1950|p=780}} 3) From the time American Samoa was acquired by the United States, nationals were defined as those born to parents who were indigenous to American Samoa.{{sfn|Sharon|1950|p=780}} 4) There are currently no processes for foreigners to naturalize in American Samoa.{{sfn|Territorial Planning Commission|2012|p=46}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Angola}} [[Angolan nationality law|Angola]]  
| {{dts|1867}}{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=4}} 
| {{dts|1867}}{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=4}}
| {{dts|1975}}{{sfn|Jerónimo|2019|p=8}} 
| {{dts|1603}}{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=2}} 
| {{dts|1975}}{{sfn|Jerónimo|2019|p=8}}
| {{dts|1975}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| {{dts|1975}}{{sfn|Jerónimo|2019|p=8}}
| {{dts|1975}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Anguilla}} [[Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law|Anguilla]]<br><small>[[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]</small></br> (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1857}}{{sfn|''Colonization Circular''|1871|p=52}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
| 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=817}}
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
| <small>1) From 1660, when a sole governor was assigned to St. Kitts and Anguilla, the territory was administratively linked to St. Kitts and later St. Kitts & Nevis, despite attempts to gain independence from them.{{sfn|Dyde|2005|p=43}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=812}}{{sfn|Westlake|1972|p=20}} It separated from them formally in 1980.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=813}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Antiguan and Barbudian nationality law|Antigua & Barbuda]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1986}}{{sfn|Lazarus-Black|1994|p=994}}
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=817}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Aruba}} [[Dutch nationality law|Aruba]]<br><small>[[Constituent state]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1964}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1892}}{{sfn|Pazo Pineda|2015|pp=3-4}} 
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}}
| 
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}} 
|
| <small>(1) The 1892 Law on Dutch Citizenship and Residence was modified in 1936, to provide that if a Dutch woman became stateless through marriage, because her husband's country did not automatically bestow nationality upon her, she could retain her Dutch nationality, though otherwise, she continued to lose her nationality until the revision of the Nationality Act in 1964.{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}} 
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Australia}}[[Australian nationality law|Australia]]
| {{dts|1848}}{{sfn|Bellino|2020|p=169}}
| {{dts|1875}}{{sfn|Bellino|2020|p=169}}
| {{dts|1936}}{{sfn|Bellino|2020|p=170}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
|
|
| {{dts|1984}}{{sfn|Klapdor|Coombs|Bohm|2009}}
| {{dts|1984}}{{sfn|Klapdor|Coombs|Bohm|2009}}
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Bahamas}} [[Bahamian nationality law|The Bahamas]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1973}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (see comments (2))
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (see comments (2))
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (see comments (3))
| <small>1) Though the British Nationality Act of 1948 eliminated the provision for married women to automatically derive nationality from a husband, The Bahamian Independence Act and Constitution of 1973, required women to follow the status of their husband at the transition from British nationality to Barbadian nationality.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176, 838}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=838}} After independence, women who married Barbadian men could choose whether to become Barbadian by registration.{{sfn|Georgetown University|2008}} 2) Under 1973 Bahamian statutes illegitimate children derive their nationality from the mother and an unwed man cannot pass nationality to his children.{{sfn|Aranha|2015|p=10}} 3) Foreign men who are married to Bahamian women cannot derive nationality from their spouse and do not receive preferential nationalisation by registration.{{sfn|Belton|2020|p=8}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Barbados}} [[Barbadian nationality law|Barbados]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1966}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (see comments (2)
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (see comments (3))
| <small>1) Though the British Nationality Act of 1948 eliminated the provision for married women to automatically derive nationality from a husband, the Barbados Independence Act and Constitution required women to follow the status of their husband at the transition from British nationality to Barbadian nationality.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176, 848}} After independence, women who married Barbadian men could choose whether to become Barbadian by registration.{{sfn|Georgetown University|2011}} 2) Under 1966 Barbadian statutes illegitimate children derive their nationality from the mother if she was born in Barbados, and an unwed man cannot pass nationality to his children.{{sfn|Equal Nationality Rights|Institute on Statelessness|2017|p=3}}{{sfn|Belton|2020|p=4}} 3) Foreign men who are married to Barbadian women cannot derive nationality from their spouse and do not receive preferential nationalisation by registration.{{sfn|Belton|2020|p=8}}{{sfn|Equal Nationality Rights|Institute on Statelessness|2017|p=4}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Belize}} [[Belizean nationality law|Belize]]
| {{dts|1855}}{{sfn|''Colonization Circular''|1871|p=53}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=857}}
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=858}}
|
| <small>1) The 1855 Naturalization Act of British Honduras (18 Vict, C. 18) copied the act of New South Wales, which provided that wives of British subjects followed the nationality of the husband.{{sfn|''Colonization Circular''|1871|p=50}}{{sfn|US Department of State|1873|p=1422}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Benin}} [[Beninese nationality law|Benin]]  
| {{dts|1894}}{{sfn|Newbury|1959|p=148-1499}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1894}}{{sfn|Newbury|1959|p=148-1499}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see details (2)) 
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
| {{dts|2014}}{{sfn|Manby|2018|p=99}}
| {{dts|1965}}{{sfn|''Code of Dahomean Nationality''|1965}} 
| {{dts|2014}}{{sfn|Manby|2018|p=99}}
| <small> 1) The French Civil Code was extended to all of its possessions in 1848.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} Dahomey came under French rule in 1894{{sfn|Newbury|1959|p=148-1499}} and statutory legislation in the colonies provided that French subjects domiciled in a colony were divided into those born in France and subject to French law and those who were considered non-citizen nationals and were subject to customary local law.{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=100-101}} 2) Changes to the French Civil Code allowed French-citizen mothers to pass their nationality to their children from 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} Until the passage of the 1958 French Constitution, nationality laws remained separated for natives born in Dahomey and the other French colonies.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Under the first Nationality law of Dahomey promulgated in 1965, only illlegitimate or stateless children could derive their nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|''Code of Dahomean Nationality''|1965}} In 2014, the Constitutional Court of Benin nullified the gender inequality in the 1965 Nationality Code, which allowed children to repudiate nationality if it was derived from a mother.{{sfn|Manby|2018|p=99}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Bermuda}} [[British Overseas Territories citizen|Bermuda]]<br><small>[[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Bonaire}} [[Dutch nationality law|Bonaire]]<br><small>[[Caribbean Netherlands]] [[Public body (Netherlands)|administrative division]] of the Kingdom of the Netherlands</small></br> 
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1964}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1892}}{{sfn|Ahmadali|Luk|2015|p=2}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=2, 8}}{{sfn|van den Bosch|2013|p=4}}
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}}
|
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}} 
|
| <small>(1) The 1892 Law on Dutch Citizenship and Residence was modified in 1936, to provide that if a Dutch woman became stateless through marriage, because her husband's country did not automatically bestow nationality upon her, she could retain her Dutch nationality, though otherwise, she continued to lose her nationality until the revision of the Nationality Act in 1964.{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Botswana}} [[Botswanan nationality law|Botswana]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}}
| {{dts|1995}}{{sfn|Manby|2010|pp=48-50}}
| {{dts|1995}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| {{dts|1995}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=858}}
| {{dts|1995}}{{sfn|Manby|2010|p=66}}
| <small> 1) Persons living in the [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] who were British subjects, followed British law. Those who were native born were considered British Protected Persons and not entitled to British nationality.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=69}} 2) Women who were British nationals living in Bechuanaland gained individual nationality in 1948.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}} Native-born Botswanan women did not gain individual nationality until after independence and a 1982 Citizenship Act revision.{{sfn|Takirambudde|1983|pp=78–79}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|British Virgin Islands}} [[British Overseas Territories citizen|British Virgin Islands]]<br><small>[[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso}} [[Burkinabe nationality law|Burkina Faso]]  
| {{dts|1896}}{{sfn|Şaul|2015}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1896}}{{sfn|Şaul|2015}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see details (2)) 
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
| {{dts|1961}}{{sfn|Decottignies|Sy|2020|p=165}}
| {{dts|1961}}{{sfn|Decottignies|Sy|2020|p=165}}{{sfn|Neyrand|M'Sili|1998|p=393}}
| {{dts|1989}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| <small> 1) The French Civil Code was extended to all of its possessions in 1848.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} The territory which would became Upper Volta and later Burkina Faso, came under French rule in 1896.{{sfn|Şaul|2015}} Statutory legislation in the colonies provided that French subjects domiciled in a colony were divided into those born in France and subject to French law and those who were considered non-citizen nationals and were subject to customary local law.{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=100-101}} 2) Changes to the French Civil Code allowed French-citizen mothers to pass their nationality to their children from 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} Until the passage of the 1958 French Constitution, nationality laws remained separated for natives born in Dahomey and the other French colonies.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Under the first Nationality Code of Upper Volta promulgated in 1961, children could derive their nationality from either parent.{{sfn|Decottignies|Sy|2020|p=165}}</small> 
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Burundi}} [[Burundian nationality law|Burundi]]  
| {{dts|1894}}{{sfn|Hamann|Berger|2019|p=125}}{{sfn|Loeb|1900|p=47}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1894}}{{sfn|Hamann|Berger|2019|p=125}}{{sfn|Loeb|1900|p=47}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1932}}{{sfn|Foblets|Loones|2006|p=69}} (see details (2))
| {{dts|1932}}{{sfn|Foblets|Loones|2006|p=69}} (see details (3))
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| {{dts|1971}}{{sfn|Nationality Code|1971|p=306}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| <small> 1) Germany established the colony of [[German East Africa]] in 1894.{{sfn|Hamann|Berger|2019|p=125}} The nationality law at that time, applied only to natives of Germany residing in Burundi, not natives of Burundi.{{sfn|Loeb|1900|p=47}} 2) In 1932, Belgian law allowed women to decline automatically deriving the nationality of a spouse. The law was only applicable in Burundi to natives of Belgium.{{sfn|Foblets|Loones|2006|pp=67-69}} 3) Illegitimate children born to a Belgian womman could derive nationality from their mother only if their filiation with a father was unknown or determined after that of the mother.{{sfn|Foblets|Loones|2006|p=69}} This provision was slightly modified when Burundi adopted its first nationality law in 1971, allowing acquisition from a mother for illegitimate children if the father was stateless.{{sfn|Manby|2010|p=38}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Cameroon}}[[Cameroonian nationality law|Cameroon]]
| {{dts|1884}}{{sfn|René|Wohltmann|1905|p=15}}{{sfn|Fahrmeir|1997|p=734}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1884}}{{sfn|René|Wohltmann|1905|p=15}}{{sfn|Fahrmeir|1997|p=734}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| {{dts|1959}}{{sfn|Sembe|2021|p=3}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| <small>1) Natives of German colonies were not nationals, but German nationality laws applied to naturalized citizens and native Germans living in its colonies.{{sfn|Loeb|1900|p=47}} Under German nationality law, all family members had the same nationality as the husband or father.{{sfn|Fahrmeir|1997|p=734}} 2) Married women who were French nationals living in French Cameroun gained individual nationality in 1928.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} Those who were British nationals living in British Cameroon acquired their own nationality in 1948.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175–176}} However, at independence in 1960, foreign wives married to Cameroonian nationals automatically became Cameroonian, unless they specifically declined.{{sfn|Sembe|2021|p=2}} 3) From 1914 in British Cameroon and 1945 in French Cameroun, mothers could transmit nationality to illegitimate children.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Under the nationality code of 1959, illegitimate children could inherit the mother's nationality if she was the first parent to establish a filiation or in the event that her husband was stateless.{{sfn|Sembe|2021|p=3}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verdean nationality law|Cape Verde]]  
| {{dts|1867}}{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=4}} 
| {{dts|1867}}{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=4}}
| {{dts|1976}}{{sfn|''Nationality Law''|1976|pp=5–7}} 
| {{dts|1603}}{{sfn|Gil|Piçarra|2020|p=2}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1976}}{{sfn|Manby|2019|pp=17-18}}
| {{dts|1976}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| {{dts|1976}}{{sfn|Manby|2019|p=25}}
|{{dts|1976}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Cayman Islands}} [[British Overseas Territories citizen|Cayman Islands]]<br><small>[[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]</small></br> (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| <small>1) From 1863 to 1962, the Cayman Islands were legally part of the [[Jamaican nationality law|colony of Jamaica]];{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=1028-1029}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|CAR}} [[Central African nationality law|Central African Republic]]
| {{dts|1894}}{{sfn|Mugnier|2012|p=192}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1894}}{{sfn|Mugnier|2012|p=192}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} 
| {{dts|1961}}{{sfn|Manby|2010|p=40}}
| {{dts|1961}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| {{dts|1966}}{{sfn|Agence de Presse Africaine|2007}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| <small> 1) The French Civil Code was extended to all of its possessions in 1848.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} The territory of Ubangi-Shari, which would later become the Central African Republic, came under French rule in 1894.{{sfn|Mugnier|2012|p=192}} Statutory legislation in the colonies provided that French subjects domiciled in a colony were divided into those born in France and subject to French law and those who were considered non-citizen nationals and were subject to customary local law.{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=100-101}} 2) Changes to the French Civil Code allowed French-citizen mothers to pass their nationality to their children from 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} Until the passage of the 1958 French Constitution, nationality laws remained separated for natives born in France and those born in French colonies.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Under the first Nationality Code of the Central African Republic promulgated in 1961, children could derive their nationality from either parent.{{sfn|Manby|2010|p=40}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Chad}} [[Chadian nationality law|Chad]]
| {{dts|1893}}{{sfn|Mugnier|2012|p=192}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1893}}{{sfn|Mugnier|2012|p=192}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}}  
| {{dts|1962}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| {{dts|1962}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| {{dts|1962}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
|{{dts|1962}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| <small> 1) The French Civil Code was extended to all of its possessions in 1848.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} Part of the territory which would later become Chad came under French rule in 1893.{{sfn|Collier|1990|p=10}} Statutory legislation in the colonies provided that French subjects domiciled in a colony were divided into those born in France and subject to French law and those who were considered non-citizen nationals and were subject to customary local law.{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=100-101}} 2) Changes to the French Civil Code allowed French-citizen mothers to pass their nationality to their children from 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} Until the passage of the 1958 French Constitution, nationality laws remained separated for natives born in France and those born in French colonies.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Under the first Nationality Code of Chad promulgated in 1962, children could derive their nationality equally from either parent.{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Comoros}}[[Comorian nationality law|Comoros]] 
| {{dts|1848}}{{sfn|Walker|2019|p=85}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1848}}{{sfn|Walker|2019|p=85}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see details (2))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| <small> 1) The French Civil Code was extended to all of its possessions in 1848.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} Part of the territory which would later become the Comoros came under French rule in 1841.{{sfn|Walker|2019|p=85}} Statutory legislation in the colonies provided that French subjects domiciled in a colony were divided into those born in France and subject to French law and those who were considered non-citizen nationals and were subject to customary local law.{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=100-101}} 2) Changes to the French Civil Code allowed French-citizen mothers to pass their nationality to their children born in France from 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} French-national mothers could pass on their nationality to children born abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Until the passage of the 1958 French Constitution, nationality laws remained separated for natives born in France and those born in French colonies.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Under the first Nationality Code of the Comoros promulgated in 1979, children could derive their nationality equally from either parent.{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Cook Islands}}[[New Zealand nationality law#Cook Islands, Niue, and Tokelau|Cook Islands]]<br><small> Self-governing [[island country|island territory]], in [[Associated state|free association]] with New Zealand</small></br> 
| {{dts|1888}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1134}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1888}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1134}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1946}}{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=554}}
| {{dts|1923}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|pp=202, 208}}
|
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|p=208}}
|
| <small>1) The Cook Islands came within the nationality laws of Britain from 1888 when they became a British Protectorate. They were transferred to the administration of New Zealand in 1901.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1134}} From 1815 British subjects and British Protected Persons had the same status until 1914, when protected persons were defined as neither being nationals nor aliens.{{sfn|Dummett|2006|p=560}}{{sfn|Polack|1963|p=144}} New Zealand adopted the 1914 British common code in 1923, but their version of the law defined Cook Islanders as nationals.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=528}}{{sfn|Tagupa|1994|pp=22–23, 27–29}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Curaçao}} [[Dutch nationality law|Curaçao]]<br><small>[[Constituent state]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1964}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1892}}{{sfn|Pazo Pineda|2015|pp=3-4}}{{sfn|Ahmadali|Luk|2015|p=2}}{{sfn|van den Bosch|2013|p=4}} 
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}}
|
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}}
| 
| <small>(1) The 1892 Law on Dutch Citizenship and Residence was modified in 1936, to provide that if a Dutch woman became stateless through marriage, because her husband's country did not automatically bestow nationality upon her, she could retain her Dutch nationality, though otherwise, she continued to lose her nationality until the revision of the Nationality Act in 1964.{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|DRC}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo nationality law|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] 
| {{dts|1892}}{{sfn|Wold|1928|p=18}}
| {{dts|1909}}{{sfn|Van Dyne|1914|p=674}}
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|''Nationality Law''|1981}}
| {{dts|1932}}{{sfn|Foblets|Loones|2006|p=69}}
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=55}}
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=55}}
| {{dts|2004}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| {{dts|2004}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
|  <small></small> 
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Djibouti}} [[Djiboutian nationality law|Djibouti]]
| {{dts|1836}}{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=294}}
| {{dts|1884}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see comments 1)
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
| {{dts|2004}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=55}}
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|US Office of Personnel Management|2001|p=65}}
| {{dts|2004}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
|  <small> 1) The French Civil Code was extended to all of its possessions in 1848.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} France created a protectorate in the territory in 1884{{sfn|Brunschwig|1968|p=45}} 2) Changes to the French Civil Code allowed French-citizen mothers to pass their nationality to their children born in France from 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} French-national mothers could pass on their nationality to children born abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} After independence and the passage of the first Nationality Code in 1981, Djiboutian mothers could only pass nationality to their illegitimate children.{{sfn|Bezabeh|2011|p=602}} </small> 
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Dominica}} [[Dominican nationality law|Dominica]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1978}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=917}}
|
| {{dts|1978}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=917}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|East Timor}} [[East Timorese nationality law|East Timor]]
| {{dts|1867}}{{sfn|''Codigo Civil''|1868|pp=6–7}}
| {{dts|1867}}{{sfn|''Codigo Civil''|1868|pp=6–7}}
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|''Lei da nacionalidade''|2020}} 
| {{dts|1822}}{{sfn|Jerónimo|2017|pp=4–5}} 
|
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|''Lei da nacionalidade''|2020}}
|
| <small>The Portuguese Constitution of 1822 provided that only illegitimate children could derive nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Jerónimo|2017|pp=4–5}} The 1981 revision to the Portuguese Nationality Law removed gender inequalities of previous legislation.{{sfn|''Lei da nacionalidade''|2020}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Egypt}} [[Egyptian nationality law|Egypt]]
| {{dts|1836}}{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=294}}
| {{dts|1909}}{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=292}}
| {{dts|1950}}{{sfn|Kienle|1995|p=58}}
| {{dts|1929}}{{sfn|Malek|2021|p=3}} 
| {{dts|2004}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|pp=55, 71}} (see comments (1)
| {{dts|2014}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=55}}{{sfn|Badawy|2014|p=276}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Badawy|2014|p=276}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Badawy|2014|p=276}}
|  <small> The 2004 amendment to the Nationality law retroactively equalized provisions for children to derive nationality from either parent for a one-year period.{{sfn|Malek|2021|p=7}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|pp=55, 71}}{{sfn|Leila|2004}} However, until further change was made in 2014, after the 2004 grace period, only children born after the amendment could automatically derive nationality maternally without authorization from the Minister of the Interior.{{sfn|Badawy|2014|p=276}}{{sfn|Leila|2004}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Equatorial Guinea}}[[Equatoguinean nationality law|Equatorial Guinea]] 
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287–288}} (see comments (1)
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287–288}} (see comments (1)
| {{dts|1968}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|p=288}} (see comments (2)
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287–288}} (see comments (1)
| {{dts|1968}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=292-293}}
| {{dts|1982}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=55}}
| {{dts|2011}}{{sfn|Manby|2018|p=93}}
| {{dts|2011}}{{sfn|Manby|2018|p=93}}
| <small>1) Spain's position on its African colonies was that they were subjects not nationals.{{sfn|Argudo Périz|Pérez Milla|1991|pp=abstract, 177}} Spanish nationals living in Spanish territories were subject to the requirements of the Civil Code when it was passed in 1889.{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|p=279}} 2) At independence in 1968, Equatorial Guinea allowed women to retain their own nationality if their husband's country did not bestow its nationality upon her.{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|p=288}} But under the 1990 code, women who married Equatoguinean men automatically acquired his nationality.{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}} Spousal requirements were equalized in 2011.{{sfn|Manby|2018|p=93}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Eritrea}}[[Eritrean nationality law|Eritrea]] 
| {{dts|1869}}{{sfn|Hanley|2016|p=294}}
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Yohannes|1991|p=49}} (see comments (1)
| {{dts|1992}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}} 
| {{dts|1861}}{{sfn|Donati|2013|pp=21, 26}}
| {{dts|1930}}{{sfn|Fassil|2020|p=5}} (see comments (2)
| {{dts|1992}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=55}}
| {{dts|1906}}{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=299}}
| {{dts|1992}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
| <small>1) Eritrea officially became an Italian colony in 1889.{{sfn|Yohannes|1991|p=49}} Under the terms of the 1865 Civil Code, all members of a family were required to have the same nationality and women automatically derived their husband's nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|Donati|2013|p=38}} 2) Under Ethiopian law, children could derive their mother's nationality if her spouse was stateless.{{sfn|Fassil|2020|p=5}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Eswatini}}[[Emaswati nationality law|Eswatini]] 
| {{dts|1881}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1285}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}} (see comments (1)
| {{dts|1881}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1285}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}} (see comments (1)
| {{dts|1967}}{{sfn|Gumedze|2021|p=7}} 
| {{dts|1992}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=56}} (see comments (2)
| {{dts|1992}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=56}} (see comments (2)
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Gumedze|2021|p=2}} (see comments (2)
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Gumedze|2021|p=11}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Gumedze|2021|p=11}}
| <small>1) Swaziland officially became a British protectorate in 1881.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1285}} For British subjects living in Swaziland, British nationality law applied as of that date.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1285}} Protected persons were not considered to be British, nor were they aliens,{{sfn|Sawyer|Wray|2014|p=12}} but in 1967 when the first nationality laws were passed for Swaziland, women did not automatically attain nationality from their husband.{{sfn|Gumedze|2021|p=7}} 2) The 1992 Citizenship Act allowed illegitimate children whose fathers were unknown or stateless to derive nationality maternally, and allowed children born to a married Swazi mother and foreign father to naturalize.{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=56}}{{sfn|Gumedze|2021|p=8}} However, the 2005 Constitution overrode these provisions and since 2005, children can only derive nationality from their fathers.{{sfn|Gumedze|2021|p=2}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Ethiopia}}[[Ethiopian nationality law|Ethiopia]] 
| {{dts|1930}}{{sfn|Fassil|2020|p=5}}
| {{dts|1930}}{{sfn|Fassil|2020|pp=5-6}} 
| {{dts|2003}}{{sfn|Fassil|2020|p=14}} 
| {{dts|1930}}{{sfn|Fassil|2020|p=5}}
| {{dts|1930}}{{sfn|Fassil|2020|pp=5-6}} (see comments (1)
| {{dts|2003}}{{sfn|Fassil|2020|p=14}}
| {{dts|2003}}{{sfn|Fassil|2020|p=14}}
| {{dts|2003}}{{sfn|Fassil|2020|p=14}}
| <small>1) Under the 1930 Nationality Code, children born to Ethiopian women married to foreigners, could only derive nationality maternally, if they could prove they would have no other nationality.{{sfn|Fassil|2020|p=5}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Fiji}}[[Fijian nationality law|Fiji]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1997}}{{sfn|Emde|2019|p=72}}
|
| {{dts|1997}}{{sfn|Emde|2019|p=72}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|French Guiana}}[[French nationality law|French Guiana]]<br><small>[[Overseas departments and regions of France]]</small></br>
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
|
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}
|
| <small>1) The Nationality Law of 1889 only allowed women to retain their nationality upon marriage if they would become stateless and was not applicable in French Guiana until 1897.{{sfn|Plender|1974|pp=711, 717}} Married women did not achieve individual nationality until 1927, but the law was not extended to all French possessions until 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 2) Until 1928, French children in French Guiana could not derive nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|French Polynesia}}[[French nationality law|French Polynesia]]<br><small>[[Overseas country of France|Overseas Collectivity of France]]</small></br> (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1843}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=99-100}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1843}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=99-100}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} (see comments (3))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
|
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}
|
| <small>1) France first established a presence in French Polynesia when it annexed Tahiti in 1843.{{sfn|Matsuda|2005|p=94}} From 1805 the civil code of France required married women to follow the nationality of their husband,{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=99-100}} but it was not necessarily extended to all persons in French colonies, as native nationals followed customary law.{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=103-104}} The Nationality Law of 1889 only allowed women to retain their nationality upon marriage if they would become stateless and was extended to the colonies in 1897.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=101-102}} 2) Married women did not achieve individual nationality until 1927, but the law was not extended to all French possessions until 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 3) Until 1928, French children in the colonies could not derive nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Grenada}}[[Grenadian nationality law|Grenada]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1974}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=956}}
|
| {{dts|1974}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=956-957}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Guadeloupe}}[[French nationality law|Guadeloupe]]<br><small>[[Overseas departments and regions of France]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1927}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
|
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}
|
| <small>1) The Nationality Law of 1889 only allowed women to retain their nationality upon marriage if they would become stateless.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} Married women did not achieve individual nationality until 1927.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}} 2) Under the Code Noir, children in the French possessions followed the status of the mother.{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} Between 1805 and 1848, people of color in French colonies continued to follow the Code Noir, but white women in the realm were unable to pass on their nationality to their children under the Napoleonic Code.{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}} From 1848 to 1927, children could not derive nationality from their mothers. {{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Guam}} [[Guamanian citizenship and nationality|Guam]] <br><small>[[Unincorporated territories of the United States|Unincorporated territory of the United States]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287-288}} 
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287-288}} 
| {{dts|1922}}{{sfn|Sharon|1950|p=780}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287-288}}
| {{dts|1934}}{{sfn|Kerber|1998|p=43}}{{sfn|Volpp|2005|p=420}}
|
| {{dts|1934}}{{sfn|Orfield|1934|p=110}}
|
| <small>1) The Cable Act of 1922 repealed the 1907 Expatriation Act and stated that women who were citizens of the United States lost their nationality, if their spouse was ineligible for naturalization. Since Guamanian women were non-citizen nationals, after 1922, they no longer lost their nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|Sharon|1950|p=780}} 3) The Spanish Civil Code of 1889 only allowed illegitimate children to derive nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287-288}} From 1930 all children born in Guam regardless of legitimacy were considered Guamanian.{{sfn|Carano|Sanchez|1980|p=233}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Guyana}}[[Guyanese nationality law|Guyana]]
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}
| {{dts|1970}}{{sfn|Constitution|1970}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1970}}{{sfn|Constitution|1970}}
|
| {{dts|1970}}{{sfn|Constitution|1970}}

| <small>1) At independence in 1966, married women followed the status of their spouse, but a constitutional change in 1970 and supplemental changes in 1980 gave women and men equal nationality rights.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=959}}{{sfn|CEDAW Committee|1990|p=2}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Indonesia}}[[Indonesian nationality law|Indonesia]]
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1974}}{{sfn|Prihatiningsih|Irianto|Adelina|2017|p=159}}
| {{dts|1958}}{{sfn|Harijanti|2017|p=5}} 
| {{dts|2006}}{{sfn|Harijanti|2017|p=11}}{{sfn|Noerdin|2013|p=44}}
|
| {{dts|2006}}{{sfn|Harijanti|2017|p=11}} 
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Jamaica}}[[Jamaican nationality law|Jamaica]]
| {{dts|1851}}{{sfn|''Colonization Circular''|1871|p=52}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1993}}{{sfn|Wint|1993|p=1}}{{sfn|Embassy of Jamaica|2007}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1993}}{{sfn|Embassy of Jamaica|2007}}
| {{dts|1993}}{{sfn|Embassy of Jamaica|2007}}
| {{dts|1993}}{{sfn|Embassy of Jamaica|2007}}
| {{dts|1993}}{{sfn|Embassy of Jamaica|2007}}
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Kiribati}} [[I-Kiribati nationality law|Kiribati]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=14}}{{sfn|Equal Nationality Rights|Institute on Statelessness|2020|p=4}} (see comments (2))
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=14}}{{sfn|Equal Nationality Rights|Institute on Statelessness|2020|p=4}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (see comments (3))
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=14}}{{sfn|Equal Nationality Rights|Institute on Statelessness|2020|p=4}}
| <small>1) Married women in 2020 continue to derive their nationality from their husband.{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=14}}{{sfn|Equal Nationality Rights|Institute on Statelessness|2020|p=4}} 2) Though now independent, under I-Kiribati statutes, only illegitimate children can derive their nationality from the mother.{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=14}}{{sfn|Equal Nationality Rights|Institute on Statelessness|2020|p=4}} 3) Foreign men who are married to I-Kiribati women cannot derive nationality from their spouse and do not receive preferential nationalisation by registration.{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=14}}{{sfn|Equal Nationality Rights|Institute on Statelessness|2020|p=4}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Marshall Islands}}[[Marshallese nationality law|Marshall Islands]]
| {{dts|1885}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1952}}{{sfn|US Department of State|1964|p=9}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1984}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=252}}
| not applicable
| not applicable
| {{dts|1952}}{{sfn|US Department of State|1964|p=9}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (see comments (3))
| not applicable
| <small>1) Spain extended subject status to inhabitants in the Marshall Islands, but lost the colony prior to passing legislation on women's nationality by the first Spanish Civil Code in 1889.{{sfn|Cox Alomar|2015|p=144}}{{sfn|Manzano Cosano|2016|p=296}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=279, 287-288}} Other colonizers did not extend nationality to the Marshallese population, but they were allowed to naturalize.{{sfn|Loeb|1900|p=47}}{{sfn|Chen|1984|p=243}}{{sfn|US Department of State|1964|p=10}} German and Japanese naturalization laws required women and children to derive nationality from the husband/father.{{sfn|Fahrmeir|1997|p=734}}{{sfn|Han|2018|pp=526-527}} 2) The 1952 Code of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands did not allow dual nationality, thus until the Citizenship Act of 1984 made an exception to loss of nationality rules, women could lose their nationality if they automatically acquired another nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|US Department of State|1964|p=9}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=252}}{{sfn|US Office of Personnel Management|2001|p=130}} 3) There are no special provisions for a spouse of any gender to derive nationality from their spouse in the Marshall Islands.{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=13}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Martinique}}[[French nationality law|Martinique]]<br><small>[[Overseas departments and regions of France]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1927}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1685}}{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
|
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}
|
| <small>1) The Nationality Law of 1889 only allowed women to retain their nationality upon marriage if they would become stateless.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} Married women did not achieve individual nationality until 1927.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}} 2) Under the Code Noir, children in the French possessions followed the status of the mother.{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} Between 1805 and 1848, people of color in French colonies continued to follow the Code Noir, but white women in the realm were unable to pass on their nationality to their children under the Napoleonic Code.{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}} From 1848 to 1927, children could not derive nationality from their mothers. {{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Mayotte}}[[French nationality law|Mayotte]] <br><small>[[Overseas departments and regions of France|Overseas Region]] of France</small></br> (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1848}}{{sfn|Walker|2019|p=85}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1848}}{{sfn|Walker|2019|p=85}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see details (2))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=8}}
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=8}}
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=8}}
| <small> 1) The French Civil Code was extended to all of its possessions in 1848.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} Part of the territory which would later become the the Protectorate of Mayotte and later the Protectorate of the Comoros came under French rule in 1841.{{sfn|Walker|2019|p=85}} Statutory legislation in the colonies provided that French subjects domiciled in a colony were divided into those born in France and subject to French law and those who were considered non-citizen nationals and were subject to customary local law.{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=100-101}} 2) Changes to the French Civil Code allowed French-citizen mothers to pass their nationality to their children born in France from 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} French-national mothers could pass on their nationality to children born abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} Until the passage of the 1958 French Constitution, nationality laws remained separated for natives born in France and those born in French colonies.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} 
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|FSM}}[[Micronesian nationality law|Micronesia]] <small>(Federated States of Micronesia)</small></br> 
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=279, 287–288}}
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=279, 287–288}}
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=67}}
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287–288}} 
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|US Office of Personnel Management|2001|p=134}}
|
| not applicable (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=67}}
| <small> 1) Marriage has no effect upon nationality since the adoption of the 1979 Constitution.{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=67}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Montserrat}} [[British Overseas Territories citizen|Montserrat]]<br><small>[[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Nauru}}[[Nauruan nationality law|Nauru]] 
| {{dts|1954}}{{sfn|''Nauruan Community Ordinance''|1962}}
| not applicable (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1968}}{{sfn|US Office of Personnel Management|2001|p=142}}
| {{dts|1921}}{{sfn|''Report for Pre-Mandate Period''|1922|p=9}}
|
| 
| {{dts|2005}}{{sfn|''Naoero Citizenship Act''|2005|p=2}} (see comments (2))
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=14}}
| <small>1) Indigenous persons in Nauru were unable to marry without the consent of the district chief who administered their district, ensuring that they remained within the native community.{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=12}}{{sfn|''Report for Pre-Mandate Period''|1922|p=9}} 2) The Nauruan constitution still holds that only wives can derive nationality from a husband, but the Naoero Citizenship Act of 2005 introduced the gender-neutral language of spouse.{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=14}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|New Caledonia}}[[French nationality law|New Caledonia]]<br><small>[[Overseas France|special collectivity of France]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1852}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=101-102}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1852}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=101-102}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}}{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=3}}  
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=3}} 
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
|
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}
|
| <small>1) New Caledonia became a colony of France in 1852.{{sfn|Rosemain|2020}} From 1805 the civil code of France required married women to follow the nationality of their husband,{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=99-100}} but it was not necessarily extended to all persons in French colonies, as native nationals followed customary law.{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=103-104}} The Nationality Law of 1889 only allowed women to retain their nationality upon marriage if they would become stateless and was extended to the colonies in 1897.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=101-102}}  2) Married women did not achieve individual nationality until 1927, but the law was not extended to all French possessions until 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 3) Until 1928, French children in the colonies could not derive nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|New Zealand}}[[New Zealand nationality law|New Zealand]]
| {{dts|1866}}{{sfn|Colonization Circular|1871|p=51}}
| {{dts|1917}}{{sfn|Hall|1931|p=705}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1946}}{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=554}}
| {{dts|1923}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|p=208}}
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|pp=202, 208}}
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|p=208}}
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|p=202, 208}}
| <small>1) During World War I, statutes on women's nationality were vague, but women were denaturalized because they had married aliens.{{sfn|Green|2005}}{{sfn|Page|1998}} In 1923, New Zealand amended its nationality statutes to require wives to have the same nationality as their husband.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=528}}{{sfn|McLintock|Wilson|1966}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaraguan nationality law|Nicaragua]]
| {{dts|1893}}{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=45, Part II}}
| {{dts|1893}}{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=45, Part II}}
| {{dts|1939}}{{sfn|Eder|1951|p=60}} 
|
|
| {{dts|1858}}{{sfn|Corrales Morales|2019}} (see details)
| {{dts|1824}}{{sfn|Hoyo|2016|p=4}} 
|
| <small>The 1858 Constitution specifically allowed nationality to be derived from either parent, as long as they had not lost their nationality.{{sfn|Corrales Morales|2019}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Niue}}[[New Zealand nationality law#Cook Islands, Niue, and Tokelau|Niue]]<br><small> Self-governing [[island country|island territory]], in [[Associated state|free association]] with New Zealand</small></br> 
| {{dts|1888}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1134}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1888}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1134}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1946}}{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=554}}
| {{dts|1923}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|p=202}}
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|pp=202, 208}}
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|p=208}}
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|pp=202, 208}}
| <small>1) Niue came within the nationality laws of Britain from 1888 when it, as part of the Cook Islands, became a British Protectorate. They were transferred to the administration of New Zealand in 1901.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1134}} From 1815 British subjects and British Protected Persons had the same status until 1914, when protected persons were defined as neither being nationals nor aliens.{{sfn|Dummett|2006|p=560}}{{sfn|Polack|1963|p=144}} New Zealand adopted the 1914 British common code in 1923, but their version of the law defined Cook Islanders as nationals.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=528}}{{sfn|Tagupa|1994|pp=22–23, 27–29}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Northern Mariana Islands}} [[Northern Mariana citizenship and nationality|Northern Mariana Islands]] <br><small>[[Unincorporated territories of the United States|Unincorporated territory of the United States]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287-288}} 
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287-288}} 
| {{dts|1952}}{{sfn|US Department of State|1964|p=9}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287-288}}
| {{dts|1952}}{{sfn|US Department of State|1964|p=9}} 
|
| {{dts|1986}}{{sfn|Adair|2011|pp=80-82}}
|
| <small>1) Under the Code of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, adopted in 1952, there were no provisions for women to lose their nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|US Department of State|1964|p=9}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Palau}} [[Palauan nationality law|Palau]]
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287-288}} 
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287-288}} 
| {{dts|1952}}{{sfn|US Department of State|1964|p=9}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1889}}{{sfn|Viñas Farré|2009|pp=287-288}}
| {{dts|1952}}{{sfn|US Department of State|1964|p=9}} 
| {{dts|1994}}{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=10}}
| not applicable (see details (2))
| {{dts|1994}}{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|pp=12-13}}
| <small>1) Under the Code of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, adopted in 1952, there were no provisions for women to lose their nationality upon marriage.{{sfn|US Department of State|1964|p=9}} 2) Spouses cannot derive nationality from each other in Palau, as the constitution requires nationals to descend from a Palauan.{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|pp=12-13}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Papua New Guinea}} [[Papua New Guinean nationality law|Papua New Guinea]]
| {{dts|1920}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}{{sfn|Thwaites|2017|p=4}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1920}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}{{sfn|Thwaites|2017|p=4}} 
| {{dts|1975}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=283}}  
| {{dts|1920}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}}{{sfn|Thwaites|2017|p=4}} 
| {{dts|1975}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=283}} 
|
| {{dts|2016}}{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=14}}
|
| <small>1) It was commmon practice in Australia and its colonies from 1875 for women to lose their nationality upon marriage, but no law required it throughout the territory until Australia adopted the uniform British Nationality Act in 1920.{{sfn|Thwaites|2017|p=4}}{{sfn|Bellino|2020|p=169}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Pitcairn Islands}} [[British Overseas Territories citizen|Pitcairn Islands]]<br><small>[[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Republic of the Congo}} [[Congolese nationality law|Republic of the Congo]] 
| {{dts|1880}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1880}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
| {{dts|1961}}{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|2019|p=9}}
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=66}}
|  <small>1) The French Civil Code was extended to all of its possessions in 1848.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Niort|2007|p=31}} The French established a protectorate over the territory in 1880.{{sfn|Denis|Viraud|1931|p=27}} 2) Changes to the French Civil Code allowed French-citizen mothers to pass their nationality to their children born in France from 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} French-national mothers could pass on their nationality to children born abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}} After independence and the passage of the first Nationality Code in 1961, Congolese mothers were allowed to pass nationality to their children.{{sfn|Manby|2016|p=54}}</small> 
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Réunion}}[[French nationality law|Réunion]]<br><small>[[Overseas departments and regions of France]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1927}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1685}}{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
| 
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}
|
| <small>1) The Nationality Law of 1889 only allowed women to retain their nationality upon marriage if they would become stateless.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} Married women did not achieve individual nationality until 1927.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}} 2) Under the Code Noir, children in the French possessions followed the status of the mother.{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} Between 1805 and 1848, people of color in French colonies continued to follow the Code Noir, but white women in the realm were unable to pass on their nationality to their children under the Napoleonic Code.{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}} From 1848 to 1927, children could not derive nationality from their mothers. {{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} French women were able to pass on their nationality to children born in French territories or abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Saba}} [[Dutch nationality law|Saba]]<br><small>[[Caribbean Netherlands]] [[Public body (Netherlands)|administrative division]] of the Kingdom of the Netherlands</small></br> 
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1964}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1892}}{{sfn|Pazo Pineda|2015|pp=3-4}}{{sfn|Ahmadali|Luk|2015|p=2}}{{sfn|van den Bosch|2013|p=4}} 
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}}
|
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}} 
|
| <small>(1) The 1892 Law on Dutch Citizenship and Residence was modified in 1936, to provide that if a Dutch woman became stateless through marriage, because her husband's country did not automatically bestow nationality upon her, she could retain her Dutch nationality, though otherwise, she continued to lose her nationality until the revision of the Nationality Act in 1964.{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Saint Barthélemy}}[[French nationality law|St Barts]]<br><small>[[Overseas collectivity]] of France</small></br> (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1878}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Körber|2019|p=77}}
| {{dts|1878}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Körber|2019|p=77}}
| {{dts|1927}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1685}}{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} (see comments (3))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
|
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}
|
| <small>1) From 1648 to 1784, the island was French.{{sfn|Lavoie|Fick|Mayer|1995|p=369}} The [[Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy|colony]] was part of the [[Swedish Empire]] until 1878, when it was returned to France and placed within the colony of Guadeloupe, from which it separated in 2007.{{sfn|Körber|2019|p=77}} 2) The Nationality Law of 1889 only allowed women to retain their nationality upon marriage if they would become stateless.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} Married women did not achieve individual nationality until 1927.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}} 3) Under the Code Noir, children in the French possessions followed the status of the mother.{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} Between 1805 and 1848, people of color in French colonies continued to follow the Code Noir, but white women in the realm were unable to pass on their nationality to their children under the Napoleonic Code.{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}} From 1848 to 1927, children could not derive nationality from their mothers. {{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} French women were able to pass on their nationality to children born in French territories or abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law|St Kitts & Nevis]]
| {{dts|1857}}{{sfn|''Colonization Circular''|1871|p=52}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=817}}
|
| <small>1) By local Act No. 127, passed in 1857, foreign women married to native-born men were deemed to be naturalized in St. Kitts and Anguilla. A similar statute was passed in Nevis in 1866.{{sfn|''Colonization Circular''|1871|p=52}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucian nationality law|St Lucia]]
| {{dts|1879}}{{sfn|Legislative Council of Saint Lucia|1879|p=12}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1956}}{{sfn|Lewis|1959|p=226}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1203}}
|
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1204}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Saint Martin}}[[French nationality law|St Martin]]<br><small>[[Overseas collectivity]] of France</small></br> (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}
| {{dts|1927}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1685}}{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} (see comments (3))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
|
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}
|
| <small>1) From 1763 to 2007, Saint Martin was part of the colony of Guadeloupe.{{sfn|Hoogers|Karapetian|2018|pp=6-7}} 2) The Nationality Law of 1889 only allowed women to retain their nationality upon marriage if they would become stateless.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} Married women did not achieve individual nationality until 1927.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}} 3) Under the Code Noir, children in the French possessions followed the status of the mother.{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} Between 1805 and 1848, people of color in French colonies continued to follow the Code Noir, but white women in the realm were unable to pass on their nationality to their children under the Napoleonic Code.{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}} From 1848 to 1927, children could not derive nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} French-national mothers could pass on their nationality to children born abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}[[French nationality law|St Pierre & Miquelon]]<br><small>[[Overseas collectivity]] of France</small></br>
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}
| {{dts|1805}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Gainot|2009}}
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Ghachem|2012|p=85}} (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
|
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}
|
| <small>1) The Nationality Law of 1889 only allowed women to retain their nationality upon marriage if they would become stateless and was not applicable in Saint Pierre and Miquelon until 1897.{{sfn|Plender|1974|pp=711, 717}} Married women did not achieve individual nationality until 1927, but the law was not extended to all French possessions until 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 3) Until 1928, French children in Saint Pierre and Miquelon could not derive nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} French-national mothers could pass on their nationality to children born abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|SVG}} [[Vincentian nationality law|St Vincent & the Grenadines]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1206}}
|
| {{dts|1979}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1209}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Samoa}} [[Samoan nationality law|Samoa]]
| {{dts|1923}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=528}}
| {{dts|1923}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=528}}
| {{dts|2004}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=315}}
| {{dts|1923}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|2004}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=315}}
|
| {{dts|2004}}{{sfn|Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women|2005|p=3}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Sint Eustatius}} [[Dutch nationality law|Sint Eustatius]]<br><small>[[Caribbean Netherlands]] [[Public body (Netherlands)|administrative division]] of the Kingdom of the Netherlands</small></br> 
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1964}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1892}}{{sfn|Pazo Pineda|2015|pp=3-4}}{{sfn|Ahmadali|Luk|2015|p=2}}{{sfn|van den Bosch|2013|p=4}}
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}} 
|
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}} 
|
| <small>(1) The 1892 Law on Dutch Citizenship and Residence was modified in 1936, to provide that if a Dutch woman became stateless through marriage, because her husband's country did not automatically bestow nationality upon her, she could retain her Dutch nationality, though otherwise, she continued to lose her nationality until the revision of the Nationality Act in 1964.{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Sint Maarten}} [[Dutch nationality law|Sint Maarten]]<br><small>[[Constituent state]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1964}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1892}}{{sfn|Pazo Pineda|2015|pp=3-4}} 
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}} 
|
| {{dts|1985}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2006|p=400}}
| 
| <small>(1) The 1892 Law on Dutch Citizenship and Residence was modified in 1936, to provide that if a Dutch woman became stateless through marriage, because her husband's country did not automatically bestow nationality upon her, she could retain her Dutch nationality, though otherwise, she continued to lose her nationality until the revision of the Nationality Act in 1964.{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Solomon Islands}} [[Solomon Islands nationality law|Solomon Islands]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=528}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=528}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|2018}}{{sfn|Ministry of Women Youth Children and Family Affairs|2019|p=7}} 
| {{dts|1893}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=69, 1253}}{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=7}}{{sfn|Ministry of Women Youth Children and Family Affairs|2019|p=7}}
| {{dts|2018}}{{sfn|Dziedzic|2020|p=7}}{{sfn|Ministry of Women Youth Children and Family Affairs|2019|p=7}} 
|
| {{dts|2018}}{{sfn|Ministry of Women Youth Children and Family Affairs|2019|p=7}} 
|
| <small> British subjects living in the Solomon Islands followed British nationality law; whereas indigenous natives did not.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=69}} Thus women who were British nationals living in the Solomons lost their nationality from 1914 and indigenous women lost theirs after passage of the British Protected Persons Order 1934.{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=528}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1779}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Suriname}} [[Surinamese nationality law|Suriname]]
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1809}}{{sfn|Hartkamp|1975|p=1059}}{{sfn|Kloek|Mijnhardt|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}
| {{dts|1964}}{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}} (see details (1)) 
| {{dts|1892}}{{sfn|Pazo Pineda|2015|pp=3-4}}{{sfn|Ahmadali|Luk|2015|p=2}}{{sfn|van den Bosch|2013|p=4}} 
| {{dts|2014}}{{sfn|van den Bosch|2013|p=4}}{{sfn|''Star Nieuws''|2014}}{{sfn|Ahmadali|Luk|2015|p=4}}
| {{dts|2014}}{{sfn|Theodorou|2014}} 
| <small>(1) The 1892 Law on Dutch Citizenship and Residence was modified in 1936, to provide that if a Dutch woman became stateless through marriage, because her husband's country did not automatically bestow nationality upon her, she could retain her Dutch nationality, though otherwise, she continued to lose her nationality until the revision of the Nationality Act in 1964.{{sfn|van Oers|de Hart|Groenendijk|2010|pp=8-9}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Tokelau}}[[New Zealand nationality law#Cook Islands, Niue, and Tokelau|Tokelau]]<br><small> [[dependent territory]] of New Zealand</small></br> 
| {{dts|1877}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1134}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1877}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1134}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1946}}{{sfn|Baldwin|2001|p=554}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|pp=202}}
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|pp=202, 208}}
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|p=208}}
| {{dts|1977}}{{sfn|Dawkins|1978|pp=202, 208}}
| <small>1) Tokelau came within the nationality laws of Britain from 1877 when the Union Islands became a British Protectorate. In 1916, islands were annexed into the [[Tuvaluan nationality law|Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony]]. The Union Islands were transferred to the administration of New Zealand in 1925 and formally incorporated as a territory of New Zealand in 1946.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=1133}} From 1815 British subjects and British Protected Persons had the same status until 1914, when protected persons were defined as neither being nationals nor aliens.{{sfn|Dummett|2006|p=560}}{{sfn|Polack|1963|p=144}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Tonga}} [[Tongan nationality law|Tonga]]
| {{dts|1915}}{{sfn|Wylie|1967|pp=351–352}}
| {{dts|1915}}{{sfn|Wylie|1967|pp=351–352}}
| {{dts|1959}}{{sfn|Wylie|1967|pp=351–352}}
| {{dts|1915}}{{sfn|Neill|1937|p=108}} 
| {{dts|2007}}{{sfn|Pacific Islands Development Program|2008}}
|
| {{dts|2007}}{{sfn|Pacific Islands Development Program|2008}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law|Trinidad & Tobago]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=148, 1324-1325}} 
| {{dts|1976}}{{sfn|''Act 11''|1976|pp=120-122}}
|
| {{dts|1976}}{{sfn|''Act 11''|1976|p=122}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[British Overseas Territories citizen|Turks & Caicos]]<br><small>[[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]</small></br> (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175-176}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| <small>1) From 1874 to 1959, the Turks and Caicos were legally part of the [[Jamaican nationality law|colony of Jamaica]];{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=1028-1029}} </small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Tuvalu}} [[Tuvaluan nationality law|Tuvalu]]
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|1929|p=123}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}}
| {{dts|1992}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=375}}
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}}
| {{dts|1992}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=375}} 
|
| {{dts|1992}}{{sfn|Jivan|Forster|2007|p=375}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|UK}} [[British nationality law|United Kingdom]]
| {{dts|1844}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=137, 143}}
| {{dts|1870}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=137, 143}}
| {{dts|1948}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=176}} 
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148-151}} 
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=284}}
|
| {{dts|1981}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=53}}
|
| <small></small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|USVI}} [[United States Virgin Islander citizenship and nationality|US Virgin Islands]] <br><small>[[Unincorporated territories of the United States|Unincorporated territory of the United States]]</small></br> 
| {{dts|1831}}{{sfn|Pedersen|2012|p=32}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1831}}{{sfn|Pedersen|2012|p=32}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1922}}{{sfn|Batlan|2020|p=324}} (see details (2)) 
| {{dts|1831}}{{sfn|Pedersen|2012|p=32}}
| {{dts|1917}}{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=61, Part II}} (see details (3)
|
| {{dts|1934}}{{sfn|Orfield|1934|p=110}}
|
| <small>1) Married women in the Danish West Indies were required to follow the status of their husbands from 1831,{{sfn|Pedersen|2012|p=32}} which was reiterated in an 1898 statute of Denmark.{{sfn|Ersbøll|2015|pp=10-11}} 2) The passage of the [[Cable Act]] in 1922 granted limited individual nationality to married women. It was dependent upon her husband's ability to naturalize and if she had lost her nationality because of marriage and lived abroad, whether she could return to the United States to be naturalized.{{sfn|Hacker|2014|p=59}} 3) Under the Civil Rights Act of 1866, children born on US soil were nationals, regardless of the status of their parents.{{sfn|Stevens|1933|p=61, Part II}} The United States purchased the Danish Virgin Islands in 1917.{{sfn|Dookhan|1994|pp=8–9}} Children born abroad could not derive nationality from their mothers until 1934.{{sfn|Kerber|1998|p=43}}{{sfn|Volpp|2005|p=420}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Vanuatu}} [[Ni-Vanuatu nationality law|Vanuatu]]
| {{dts|1906}}{{sfn|Mander|1944|p=152}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1906}}{{sfn|Mander|1944|p=152}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=151}} (see details (1))
| {{dts|1927}}{{sfn|Batlan|2020|p=324}} (see details (2))
| {{dts|1914}}{{sfn|Fransman|2011|p=148}} (see details (3))
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}} (see details (3))
| {{dts|1980}}{{sfn|''Commonwealth Law Bulletin''|1980|p=1473}}
| {{dts|2013}}{{sfn|''Act No. 39''|2013|pp=5–6}}
|
| <small>1) Indigenous Ni-Vanuatuans had no nationality or statutes governing nationality until 1980.{{sfn|Rawlings|2019|pp=54–55, 62}} British and French nationals under the 1906 Anglo-French Condominium followed the laws of Britain or France.{{sfn|Mander|1944|p=152}} 2) Under French law married women no longer lost their nationality because of marrying from 1927;{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=3}} British women no longer lost their nationality from 1948;{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=175–176}} and Ni-Vanuatu statutes removed gender discriminatory clauses related to marriage in 2013.{{sfn|''Act No. 39''|2013|pp=5–6}} 3) Under British law, only illegitimate children could derive nationality from a mother between 1914 and 1948.{{sfn|Fransman|2011|pp=148, 175–176}} French nationality required legitimacy and passed through the father only until 1927.{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=3}} French-national mothers could pass on their nationality to children born abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}} From independence, Ni-Vanuatu children could derive nationality from either parent.{{sfn|''Commonwealth Law Bulletin''|1980|p=1473}}</small>
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Wallis and Futuna}}[[French nationality law|Wallis and Futuna]]<br><small>[[Territorial collectivity]] of France</small></br> 
| {{dts|1887}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=101-102}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1887}}{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=101-102}} (see comments (1))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}}{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=3}}  (see comments (2))
| {{dts|1928}}{{sfn|Bertossi|2010|p=3}} 
| {{dts|1945}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}
|
| {{dts|1973}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=725}}
|
| <small>1) Wallis and Futuna became a French protectorate in 1887.{{sfn|Pollock|1990|p=47}} From 1805 the civil code of France required married women to follow the nationality of their husband,{{sfn|Donner|1994|p=207}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=99-100}} but it was not necessarily extended to all persons in French colonies, as native nationals followed customary law.{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=103-104}} The Nationality Law of 1889 only allowed women to retain their nationality upon marriage if they would become stateless and was extended to the colonies in 1897.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}}{{sfn|Saada|2012|pp=101-102}} 2) Married women did not achieve individual nationality until 1927, but the law was not extended to all French possessions until 1928.{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=53}}{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}} 3) Until 1928, French children in the colonies could not derive nationality from their mothers.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=711}}{{sfn|Cottias|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Camiscioli|1999|p=57}} French-national mothers could pass on their nationality to children born abroad from 1945.{{sfn|Plender|1974|p=713}}{{sfn|Plaisant|Sutherland Jr.|1948|p=377}}</small>
|- class="sortbottom" style="background:#bcccbc;"
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last=Acosta |first=Diego |title=The National Versus the Foreigner in South America: 200 Years of Migration and Citizenship Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9BVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |year=2018 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |isbn=978-1-108-42556-8}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Adair |first1=Robert L. |title=Closing a Loophole in the Pacific: Applying the Immigration and Nationality Act to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands |journal=UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal |date=Spring 2011 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=74-99 |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/asiapalj16&div=8&start_page=74&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=12&men_tab=srchresults |access-date=2 June 2021 |publisher=[[UCLA School of Law]] |location=Los Angeles, California |issn=2169-7809 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite web |last1=Ahmadali |first1=Hamied |last2=Luk |first2=Ngo Chun |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Suriname |url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36943/Eudo_Cit_2015_17_Suriname.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124241/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36943/Eudo_Cit_2015_17_Suriname.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=September 2015 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Alvarez |first1=Angel E. |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Venezuela |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40847/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_05.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216142746/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40847/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_05.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=André |first1=Marc |translator-last=Tomlinson |translator-first=Helen |title=Algerian Women in France: What Kind of Citizenship? (1930s-1960s) |journal={{ill|Clio. Women, Gender, History|fr|Clio. Femmes, genre, histoire}} |date=June 2016 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=95-117 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26242544 |access-date=29 June 2021 |publisher=Éditions Belin |location=Toulouse, France |issn=1252-7017 |oclc=7290793879}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Aranha |first1=Stephen B. |title=Citizenship as a Fundamental Right |journal=The International Journal of Bahamian Studies |date=October 2015 |volume=21 |pages=7-21 |doi=10.15362/ijbs.v21i1.212 |publisher=[[College of the Bahamas]] |location=Nassau, The Bahamas |issn=2220-5772 |oclc=7724331432}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Argudo Périz |first1=José Luis |last2=Pérez Milla |first2=José Javier |title=Vinculación nacional y nacionalidad de los habitantes de los territorios descolonizados del África española |journal=Acciones e Investigaciones Sociales |date=March 1991 |volume=1 |issue=151–204 |doi=10.26754/ojs_ais/ais.199113699 |url=https://papiro.unizar.es/ojs/index.php/ais/article/view/3699/3192 |access-date=18 August 2021 |trans-title=National Linkage and Nationality of the Inhabitants of the Territories Decolonized in Spanish Africa |publisher=[[Universidad de Zaragoza]] |location=Zaragoza, Spain |language=Spanish |issn=1132-192X |oclc=7174639846}}
*{{cite journal |last=Augustine‐Adams |first=Kif |author-link=Kif Augustine-Adams |date=April 2006 |title=Constructing Mexico: Marriage, Law and Women's Dependent Citizenship in the Late‐Nineteenth and Early‐Twentieth Centuries |journal=[[Gender & History]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |pages=20-34 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2006.00412.x |issn=0953-5233 |oclc=202510887}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Augustine-Adams |first1=Kif |author-link=Kif Augustine-Adams |title=Gendered States: A Comparitive Construction of Citizenship and Nation |journal=[[Virginia Journal of International Law]] |date=Fall 2001 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=93–139 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/vajint41&div=10&start_page=93&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=7&men_tab=srchresults |access-date=March 4, 2021 |publisher=John Bassett Moore Society of International Law |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |issn=0042-6571 |oclc=93293362 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite journal |last=Augustine‐Adams |first=Kif |author-link=Kif Augustine-Adams |date=Winter 2002 |title='She Consents Implicitly': Women's Citizenship, Marriage, and Liberal Political Theory in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century Argentina |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17411/pdf |journal=[[Journal of Women's History]] |volume=13 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |pages=8-30 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2002.0001 |issn=1042-7961 |oclc=357514548}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Badawy |first=Tarek |title=Egyptian Citizenship Legislation, Private International Law, and Their Impact on Individual Rights |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SDv1pHAgAvXerF4NOTmyAIduybnGywoU/view |work=Middle East Law and Governance |date=December 2014 |volume=6 |issue=3 |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden, Netherlands |pages=272-295 |access-date=13 August 2021 |issn=1876-3367 |oclc=5712837566}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Baldwin |first1=M. Page |title=Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act |journal=[[Journal of British Studies]] |date=October 2001 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=522-556 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3070746 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |issn=0021-9371 |oclc=4637986477}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Basch |first1=Norma |title=Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America |journal=[[Feminist Studies]] |date=Summer 1979 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=346-366 |doi=10.2307/3177600 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177600 |access-date=19 December 2020 |publisher=Feminist Studies, Inc. |location=College Park, Maryland |issn=0046-3663 |oclc=5552680992}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Batlan |first1=Felice |title='She Was Surprised and Furious': Expatriation, Suffrage, Immigration, and the Fragility of Women's Citizenship,1907-1940 |journal=Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties |date=July 2020 |volume=XV |issue=Special Issue |pages=315-349 |url=https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Batlan-06-20-Website-2.pdf |access-date=11 December 2020 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |location=Palo Alto, California |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715224254/https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Batlan-06-20-Website-2.pdf |archivedate=July 15, 2020 |issn=1553-7951}}
*{{cite book |last1=Baumert |first1=Thomas |last2=Paradinas Márquez |first2=Carmen |last3=Sánchez Padilla |first3=Andrés |title=A History of Spanish Institutions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alvxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT193 |year=2020 |publisher=[[ESIC University|ESIC Editorial]] |location=Madrid, Spain |isbn=978-84-17914-90-5}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bellino |first1=Emma |title=Married Women's Nationality and the White Australia Policy,1920-1948 |journal=law&history |date=2020 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=166-192 |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/lwanhist7&div=11&start_page=166&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults |access-date=9 May 2021 |publisher=[[Australian and New Zealand Law and History Society]] |location=Broadway, New South Wales |issn=2652-4201 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite web |last1=Belton |first1=Kristy A. |title=Comparative Regional Report on Citizenship Law: Anglophone Caribbean |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66909/RSC_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2020_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101232538/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66909/RSC_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2020_03.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=April 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Bertossi |first1=Christophe |title=Report on Citizenship Law: France |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/19613/France.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035641/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/19613/France.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2020 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=April 2010 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Bethell |first=Leslie |title=Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MphAUFjzUuMC&pg=PA41 |year=1989 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |isbn=978-0-521-36837-7}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bezabeh |first1=Samson A. |title=Citizenship and the Logic of Sovereignty in Djibouti |journal=[[African Affairs]] |date=October 2011 |volume=110 |issue=441 |pages=587–606 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adr045 |publisher=[[Royal African Society]] |location=London |issn=0001-9909 |oclc=5112985951}}
*{{cite book |last1=Blaustein |first1=Albert P. |last2=Sigler |first2=Jay A. |title=Constitutions That Made History |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionstha00blau/page/81/mode/1up |edition=1st |year=1988 |publisher=Paragon House Publishers |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-913729-67-1}}
*{{cite web |last1=Boggiano |first1=Barbara |title=Long-term Effects of the Paraguayan War (1864-1870): From Male Scarcity to Intimate Partner Violence |website=SSRN |date=6 November 2019 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3476548 |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3476548 |access-date=31 January 2021 |publisher=[[Social Science Research Network]] |location=Rochester, New York}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bousquet |first1=G. H. |title=How the Natives of Algeria Became French Citizens |journal=[[International and Comparative Law Quarterly]] |date=October 1953 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=596-605 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/755346 |access-date=29 June 2021 |publisher=British Institute of International and Comparative Law |location=London |issn=0020-5893 |oclc=8271467775}}
*{{cite book |last=Braganza |first=Pedro I de |title=Constitution of the Empire of Brazil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aw3BDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |year=2019 |publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-1-07-873664-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bredbenner |first1=Candice Lewis |title=A Nationality of her Own: Women, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalityofher0000bred/page/246/mode/1up |date=1998 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=0-520-20650-9}}
*{{cite web |last1=Brey |first1=Elisa |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Paraguay |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40845/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_03.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129230003/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40845/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_03.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Brunschwig |first1=Henri |title=Une colonie inutile: Obock (1862-1888) |journal=[[Cahiers d'Études Africaines]] |date=1968 |volume=8 |issue=29 |pages=32–47 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1968_num_8_29_3123 |access-date=11 August 2021 |trans-title=A Useless Colony: Obock 1862–1888 |publisher=Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales |location=Paris |language=French |issn=0008-0055 |oclc=883018467}}
*{{cite book |last=Bulletin of the Bureau of the American Republics |editor-last1=Root |editor-first1=Elihu |editor-link=Elihu Root |title=Citizenship of the United States, Expatriation, and Protection Abroad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ad89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA480 |year=1906 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |location=Washington, D.C. |chapter=Paraguay |pages=480-481 |oclc=681905398}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Cabanis |first1=André G. |last2=Martin |first2=Michel Louis |title=Un exemple de créolisation juridique modulée: le Code civil haïtien de 1825 et le Code Napoléon |journal=Revue internationale de droit comparé |date=1996 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=443-456 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ridc_0035-3337_1996_num_48_2_5366 |access-date=3 January 2021 |trans-title=An Example of Modulated Legal Creolization: the Haitian Civil Code of 1825 and the Napoleon Code |publisher=Centre Français de Droit Comparé |location=Paris |language=French |issn=0035-3337 |oclc=769963077}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Camiscioli |first1=Elisa |title=Intermarriage, Independent Nationality, and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August 1927 |journal=[[French Politics, Culture & Society]] |date=Summer–Fall 1999 |volume=17 |issue=3-4 |pages=52-74 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843081 |access-date=3 January 2021 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |location=New York, New York |issn=1537-6370 |oclc=205909023}}
*{{cite book |last1=Carano |first1=Paul |last2=Sanchez |first2=Pedro C. |title=A Complete History of Guam |url=https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/666213-a-complete-history-of-guam?viewer=1&offset=0#page=18&viewer=picture&o=&n=0&q= |edition=8th printing |year=1980 |publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]] |location=Rutland, Vermont |isbn=978-0-8048-0114-0}}{{subscription needed|via=[[FamilySearch]]}}
*{{cite web |last1=Casañas |first1=María Laura |title=Una mirada histórica a la ciudadanía de las mujeres en el Uruguay |type=Licenciatura en Trabajo Social |url=https://www.colibri.udelar.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12008/9518/1/TTS_Casa%C3%B1asMariaLaura.pdf |website=colibri.udelar.edu.uy |publisher=[[Universidad de la República]] |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210205935/https://www.colibri.udelar.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12008/9518/1/TTS_Casa%C3%B1asMariaLaura.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2021 |location=Montevideo |language=Spanish |trans-title=A Historical Look at the Citizenship of Women in Uruguay |date=2010 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Edward I-te |editor-last1=Myers |editor-first1=Ramon H. |editor-last2=Peattie |editor-first2=Mark R. |title=The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqNiaX7b4bgC&pg=PA243 |year=1984 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, New Jersey |chapter=Part II. Chapter 6, The Attempt to Integrate the Empire: Legal Perspectives |pages=240-274 |isbn=0-691-10222-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Chusid |first=Martin |title=Verdi's 'Il Trovatore': The Quintessential Italian Melodrama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8fVx7A2cYMC&pg=PA2 |year=2012 |publisher=[[University of Rochester Press]] |location=Rochester, New York |isbn=978-1-58046-422-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Coates |first=Timothy J. |title=Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1755 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ7ORZ5Gx5oC&pg=PA23 |date=2001 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-3359-5}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Coker-Gonzalez |first1=Charity |title=Agitating for Their Rights: The Colombian Women's Movement, 1930-1957 |journal=[[Pacific Historical Review]] |date=November 2000 |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=689-706 |doi=10.2307/3641230 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3641230 |access-date=30 December 2020 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Oakland, California |issn=0030-8684 |oclc=5972217296}}
*{{cite book |last1=Collier |first1=John L. |editor1-last=Collelo |editor1-first=Thomas |title=Chad: A Country Study |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/ch/chadcountrystudy00coll/chadcountrystudy00coll.pdf |date=1990 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D. C. |series=Area Handbook Series |chapter=1. Historical Setting |pages=1–32 |oclc=909915559}}
*{{cite report |author=Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |author-link=Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |title=Concluding Comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Samoa |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cdrom_cedaw/EN/files/cedaw25years/content/english/CONCLUDING_COMMENTS_ENGLISH/Samoa/Samoa%20-%20CO-3.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703221238/https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cdrom_cedaw/EN/files/cedaw25years/content/english/CONCLUDING_COMMENTS_ENGLISH/Samoa/Samoa%20-%20CO-3.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2019 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |date=28 January 2005 |url-status=live |id=Thirty-second session: 10–28 January 2005, Supplement No. 38 (A/60/38)}}
*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|CEDAW Committee|1990}}|author=Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |title=Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 18 of the Convention: Initial Reports Of States Parties — Guyana |url=http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhslEELoUVuU1rtqrRBladIK3FyLRojGwXSNc%2Bn93AAe6ODBDkmkM%2BW1ywnO8V8AW3OtWUC5GS%2Fz2aHvZczNo%2Fql26dYUJ2nyEXbg7lNsuSpoH |publisher=United Nations |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404223419/http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhslEELoUVuU1rtqrRBladIK3FyLRojGwXSNc%2Bn93AAe6ODBDkmkM%2BW1ywnO8V8AW3OtWUC5GS%2Fz2aHvZczNo%2Fql26dYUJ2nyEXbg7lNsuSpoH |archive-date=4 April 2021 |location=New York, New York |date=20 February 1990 |id=v.90-83740 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Cooney |first1=Jerry W. |title=Abolition in the Republic of Paraguay: 1840-1870 |journal=Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas – Anuario de Historia de America Latina |date=1974 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=149-166 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/journals/jbla/11/1/article-p149.xml |access-date=29 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Hamburg |Hamburg University Press]] |location=Hamburg, Germany |issn=2194-3680 |oclc=1939381}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Corrales Morales |first1=José Vicente |title=La Soberanía Nacional y el Sufragio Universal como derechos de difícil conquista en el devenir de la historia Constitucional |journal=Revista Multi-Ensayos |date=June 2019 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=41-48 |url=https://www.revistasnicaragua.net.ni/index.php/multiensayos/article/download/5289/5499?inline=1 |access-date=19 January 2021 |trans-title=National Sovereignty and Universal Suffrage as Rights Difficult to Conquer for the Future of Constitutional History |publisher=Facultad Regional Multidisciplinaria de Estelí de la [[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua]] |location=Managua |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119174619/https://www.revistasnicaragua.net.ni/index.php/multiensayos/article/download/5289/5499?inline=1 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |language=Spanish |issn=2412-3285 |oclc=8405214183}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cott |first1=Nancy F. |author1-link=Nancy F. Cott |editor-last1=Sarat |editor-first1=Austin |editor-last2=Kearns |editor-first2=Thomas R. |title=Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIvGCbX9oQAC&pg=PA89 |year=2009 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |isbn=0-472-02368-3 |chapter=Justice for All? Marriage and Deprivation of Citizenship in the United States |pages=77-98}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cottias |first=Myriam |title=Gender and Republican Citizenship in the French West Indies, 1848–1945 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x_uzxJSPSM3J0TsFx4g8KCR8omC1aGFW/view |doi=10.1080/01440390500176400 |date=August 2005 |journal=Slavery & Abolition |volume=26 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon |pages=233-245 |issn=0144-039X |oclc=6895438010}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}} 
*{{cite book |last=Cox Alomar |first=Rafael |editor-last1=Neuman |editor-first1=Gerald L. |editor-last2=Brown-Nagin |editor-first2=Tomiko |title=Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of the American Empire |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff3YCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |chapter=7. The Ideological Decolonization of Puerto Rico's Autonomist Movement |pages=129-166 |isbn=978-0-9796395-7-9}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Dawkins |first1=K. E. |title=New Zealand Citizenship Redefined |journal=[[Otago Law Review]] |date=1978 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=201-216 |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/otago4&div=21&start_page=201&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=4&men_tab=srchresults |access-date=1 June 2021 |publisher=[[University of Otago]] |location=Dunedin, New Zealand |issn=0078-6918 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite journal |last=Decottignies |first=Roger |date=1957 |title=La condition des personnes au Togo et au Cameroun |url=http://bibnum.ucad.sn/greenstone/collect/officiel/import/annales_africaines_1957.pdf |access-date=16 January 2022 |journal=Annales Africaines |publisher=Imprimerie Guillemot et de Lamothe |location=Paris, France |pages=7–52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116214616/http://bibnum.ucad.sn/greenstone/collect/officiel/import/annales_africaines_1957.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2022 |issn=0066-202X |oclc=772651263 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=de Groot |first1=Gerard-René |title=Survey on Rules on Loss of Nationality in International Treaties and Case Law |date=2013 |publisher=[[Centre for European Policy Studies]] |location=Brussels |isbn=978-94-6138-334-1 |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/43428/1/No_57_Loss_of_Nationality_ILEC.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |last1=del Moral |first1=Octavio |title=El Código Civil de Bello en Panamá |journal=Estudios Socio-Jurídicos |date=January–June 2006 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=169-179 |url=http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/esju/v8n1/v8n1a07.pdf |access-date=23 January 2021 |trans-title=The Civil Code of Bello in Panama |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Socio-Juridicas Carlos Holguin Holguin |location=Bogotá |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712100026/http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/esju/v8n1/v8n1a07.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2020 |language=Spanish |issn=0124-0579 |oclc=8520986592 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Denis |first1=Maurice Eugène |last2=Viraud |first2=René André Marie |title=Histoire militaire des colonies, pays de protectorat et pays sous mandat. 7, Histoire militaire de l'Afrique Equatoriale française |series=Les armées françaises d’outre-mer |volume=1 |date=1931 |publisher=[[Imprimerie nationale]] |location=Paris |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5658822n |language=French |trans-title=Military History of the colonies, Protectorate Countries and Countries under Mandate: 7. Military History of French Equatorial Africa |oclc=763734109}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Diaz |first1=Ana Maria |title=El primer ciudadano: Paraguay 1811-1814 |journal=Cahiers des Amériques Latines |date=July 2004 |issue=46 |pages=103-113 |doi=10.4000/cal.7694 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/cal/7694 |access-date=29 January 2021 |trans-title=The First Citizen: Paraguay 1811-1814 |publisher=Institut des Hautes Etudes de l'Amérique Latine, Université Paris Sorbonne |location=Paris |language=Spanish |issn=1141-7161 |oclc=7158045590}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Dobkin de Rios |first1=Marlène |title=Colonialism and the Legal Status of Women in Francophonic Africa |journal=[[Cahiers d'Études Africaines]] |date=1968 |volume=8 |issue=31 |pages=390-405 |doi=10.3406/cea.1968.3134 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1968_num_8_31_3134 |access-date=29 June 2021 |publisher=[[School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences|École des hautes études en sciences sociales]] |location=Paris |issn=0008-0055 |oclc=772667063}}
*{{cite book |last1=Donati |first1=Sabina |title=A Political History of National Citizenship and Identity in Italy, 1861–1950 |url=https://1lib.mx/book/5689835/91bad7 |date=2013 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-8451-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Donner |first=Ruth |title=The Regulation of Nationality in International Law |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/414856825/Ruth-Donner-The-Regulation-of-Nationality-in-International-Law-2nd-Edition |edition=2nd |year=1994 |publisher=Transnational Publishers |location=Irvington-on-Hudson, New York |isbn=978-0-941320-77-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Dookhan |first=Isaac |title=A History of the Virgin Islands of the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxT8qxBjwoUC&pg=PA8 |year=1994 |publisher=Canoe Press |location=Mona, Jamaica |isbn=978-976-8125-05-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dummett |first1=Ann |editor1-last=Bauböck |editor1-first=Rainer |editor2-last=Ersbøll |editor2-first=Eva |editor3-last=Groenendijk |editor3-first=Kees |editor4-last=Waldrauch |editor4-first=Harald |title=Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States |volume=2. Country Analyses |date=2006 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-5356-921-4 |pages=551-586 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n00f |chapter=15. United Kingdom |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n00f.19}} 
*{{cite book |last1=Dyde |first1=Brian |title=Out of the Crowded Vagueness: A History of the Islands of St Kitts, Nevis & Anguilla |date=2005 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |location=Oxford |isbn=0-333-97598-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/outofcrowdedvagu00dyde/page/13/mode/1up}}
*{{cite web |last1=Dziedzic |first1=Anna |title=Comparative Regional Report on Citizenship Law: Oceania |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66229/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2020_1.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430140849/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66229/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2020_1.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=February 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Eder |first1=Phanor J. |translator1-last=Elola Fernandez |translator1-first=Javier |title=Efectos del matrimonio sobre la nacionalidad de las mujeres |journal=Boletin del Instituto de Derecho Comparado |date=May–August 1951 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=52-64 |url=http://historico.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/librev/rev/indercom/cont/11/dtr/dtr2.pdf |access-date=19 January 2021 |trans-title=Effects of Marriage on the Nationality of Women |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico]] |location=Mexico City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119153120/http://historico.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/librev/rev/indercom/cont/11/dtr/dtr2.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2021 |language=Spanish |issn=0041-8633 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Emde |first1=Sina |editor-last1=Dousset |editor-first1=Laurent |editor-last2=Nayral |editor-first2=Mélissa |title=Pacific Realities: Changing Perspectives on Resilience and Resistance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1NtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |year=2019 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |location=New York, New York |chapter=3. Between Vulnerability, Resilience and Resistance: Fiji Islander Women Activists and the Ethno-Nationalist Political Crises in 2000 |pages=65-88 |isbn=978-1-78920-041-6}} 
*{{cite web |last1=Ersbøll |first1=Eva |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Denmark |url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36504/EUDO_CIT_CR_2015_14_Denmark.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316144358/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36504/EUDO_CIT_CR_2015_14_Denmark.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=March 16, 2016 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=July 2015 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web |last1=Escobar |first1=Cristina |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Colombia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/35997/EUDO-CIT_2015_10-Colombia.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306173547/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/35997/EUDO-CIT_2015_10-Colombia.pdf?sequence=3 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=May 2015 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Facal Santiago |first1=Silvia |title=Recorriendo el largo camino de la integración: los judíos alemanes en Uruguay |journal=Les Cahiers Amérique latine histoire et mémoire |date=November 2006 |volume=12 |issue=Vision socio-économique |doi=10.4000/alhim.1412 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/alhim/1412?lang=en |access-date=12 February 2021 |trans-title=Traveling the Long Road to Integration: German Jews in Uruguay |publisher=[[University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis|Université de Paris 8]] |location=Paris |language=Spanish |issn=1628-6731 |oclc=8080887210}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Fahrmeir |first1=Andreas K. |title=Nineteenth-Century German Citizenships: A Reconsideration |journal=[[The Historical Journal]] |date=September 1997 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=721–752 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639885 |access-date=20 May 2021 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |issn=0018-246X |oclc=5548980323}}
*{{cite web |last1=Fassil |first1=Zecharias |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Ethiopia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66827/RSC_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_9.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821164028/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66827/RSC_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_9.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=April 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Fiorentini Cañedo |first1=Natalia |title=Familia y diferenciación genérica en la Nueva España del siglo XVI a través de los ordenamientos civiles y la correspondencia privada |journal=Tzintzun |date=December 2012 |issue=56 |pages=13-57 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/tzintzun/n56/n56a1.pdf |access-date=26 December 2020 |trans-title=Family and Gender Differentiation: A Contrast between Civil Arrangements and Daily Life in the Sixteenth Century in New Spain |publisher=[[Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo]] |location=Morelia, Michoacán |language=Spanish |issn=0188-2872 |oclc=5728482935}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=David |title=Nationality and Migration in Modern Mexico |journal=[[Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies]] |date=January 2005 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=171-191 |doi=10.1080/1369183042000305735 |url=https://ccis.ucsd.edu/_files/Fitzgerald-2005-JEMS-nationality-and-migration.pdf |access-date=18 January 2021 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire |issn=1369-183X |oclc=710830827}}
*{{cite book |last1=Flournoy Jr. |first1=Richard W. |last2=Hudson |first2=Manley O. |title=A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Contents?handle=hein.beal/vcccst0001&id=1&size=2&index=&collection=hoil |date=1929 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, New York |oclc=875321407 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Foblets |first1=Marie-Claire |last2=Loones |first2=Sander |editor1-last=Bauböck |editor1-first=Rainer |editor2-last=Ersbøll |editor2-first=Eva |editor3-last=Groenendijk |editor3-first=Kees |editor4-last=Waldrauch |editor4-first=Harald |title=Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States |volume=2: Country Analyses |url=https://www.imiscoe.org/docman-books/281-bauboeck-et-al-vol-ii-2006/file |date=2006 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-5356-921-4 |pages=63-104 |chapter=2. Belgium |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n00f.6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fransman |first1=Laurie |title=Fransman's British Nationality Law |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Professional |location=Haywards Heath, West Sussex |isbn=978-1-84592-095-1 |edition=3rd}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Gainot |first1=Bernard |title=Jean-François Niort (dir.), Du Code noir au Code civil. Jalons pour l’histoire du droit en Guadeloupe. Perspectives comparées avec la Martinique, la Guyane et la République d’Haïti |journal=Annales historiques de la Révolution française |date=April–June 2009 |issue=356 |doi=10.4000/ahrf.10695 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/10695 |access-date=23 April 2021 |trans-title=Jean-François Niort (dir.), From the Black Code to the Civil Code. Milestones for the History of Law in Guadeloupe. Prospects Compared to Martinique, Guyana and the Republic of Haiti |publisher=Société des Études Robespierristes |location=Paris, France |language=French |issn=1952-403X}}
*{{cite news |last1=Ganzert |first1=Frederic W. |title=Get Half a Loaf (pt 1) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2915066/1st_12/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date=27 December 1936 |location=Salt Lake City, Utah |page=C5|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}; {{cite news |ref=none |title=Get Half a Loaf (pt 2) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2915118/2nd_part_women_only_get_half_a_loaf_p/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |work=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=27 December 1936 |location=Salt Lake City, Utah |page=C10 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Garrigus|2007}}|translator-last1=Garrigus |translator-first1=John |title=The "Code Noir" (1685) |url=http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/fac/peabody/codenoir.htm |website=[[Washington State University Vancouver]] |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125131619/http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/fac/peabody/codenoir.htm |archive-date=25 November 2007 |location=Vancouver, Washington |date=1980 |url-status=dead |via=[[Société d'histoire de la Guadeloupe]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ghachem |first1=Malick W. |title=Montesquieu in the Caribbean: The Colonial Enlightenment between "Code Noir" and "Code Civil" |journal=[[Historical Reflections]] |date=Summer 1999 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=183-210 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299142 |access-date=13 January 2021 |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=New York, New York |issn=0315-7997 |oclc=5543378476}}
*{{cite book |last=Ghachem |first=Malick W. |title=The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btNeAEelkNMC&pg=PA85 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |isbn=978-0-521-83680-7}}
*{{cite web |last1=Gil |first1=Ana Rita |last2=Piçarra |first2=Nuno |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Portugal |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66204/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_1.pdf?sequence=11814/62284/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2019_04.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626151026/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66204/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_1.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=February 2020 |url-status=live}} 
*{{cite journal |last1=Giraldo Gómez |first1=Alicia |title=Los derechos de la mujer en la legislación colombiana |journal=Repertorio histórico |date=1987 |volume=38 |issue=250 |pages=1-21 |url=http://observatorio.unillanos.edu.co/portal/archivos/23Historia%20leyes%20%20mujeres%20colombia.pdf |access-date=1 January 2021 |trans-title=The Rights of Women in Colombian Law |publisher=Academia Antioqueña de Historia |location=Medellín |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211112114/http://observatorio.unillanos.edu.co/portal/archivos/23Historia%20leyes%20%20mujeres%20colombia.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |language=Spanish |issn=0122-3232 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Girard |first1=Philip |title='If two ride a horse, one must ride in front': Married Women's Nationality and the Law in Canada 1880–1950 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/502771/pdf |doi=10.3138/chr.1349 |date=March 2013 |journal=[[Canadian Historical Review]] |volume=94 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |access-date=21 April 2021 |pages=28-54 |issn=0008-3755 |oclc=4960260033}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Equal Nationality Rights|Institute on Statelessness|2017}}|author1=Global Campaign for Equal Nationality Rights |author1-link=Women's Refugee Commission |author2=Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion |title=Joint Submission to the Human Rights Council at the 29th Session of the Universal Periodic Review: Barbados |url=https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=4777&file=EnglishTranslation |website=uprdoc.ohchr.org |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329155644/https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=4777&file=EnglishTranslation |archive-date=29 March 2021 |location=New York, New York |date=2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Equal Nationality Rights|Institute on Statelessness|2020}} |author1=Global Campaign for Equal Nationality Rights |author1-link=Women's Refugee Commission |author2=Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion |title=Joint Submission to the Human Rights Council at the 35th Session of the Universal Periodic Review: Kiribati |url=https://files.institutesi.org/UPR35_Kiribati.pdf |website=Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]] |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610094300/https://files.institutesi.org/UPR35_Kiribati.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2020 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |date=20 January 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |last1=Gousse |first1=Bernard H. |title=La nationalité: Le point sur les I et la barre sur les T (mise à jour) |url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/144206/la-nationalite-le-point-sur-les-i-et-la-barre-sur-les-t-mise-a-jour |access-date=15 January 2021 |date=29 April 2015 |newspaper=[[Le Nouvelliste (Haiti) |Le Nouvelliste]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917211533/https://lenouvelliste.com/article/144206/la-nationalite-le-point-sur-les-i-et-la-barre-sur-les-t-mise-a-jour |archive-date=17 September 2018 |location=Port-au-Prince |language=French |trans-title=Nationality: The Dot of the I and the Cross of the T (update) |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Grandmaison |first1=Olivier Le Cour |title=The Exception and the Rule: On French Colonial Law |journal=[[Diogenes (journal)|Diogenes]] |date=2006 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=34-53 |doi=10.1177/0392192106070346 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11937452/_The_Exception_and_the_Rule_On_french_colonial_law_in_Diogenes_n_212_2005 |access-date=25 June 2021 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] for the [[International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies]] |location=London |issn=0392-1921 |oclc=437606336}}
*{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=David |title=Citizenship - Towards New Zealand Citizenship |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/citizenship/page-2 |website=TeAra.govt.nz |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125205355/https://teara.govt.nz/en/citizenship/page-2 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |date=8 February 2005 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Gumedze |first1=Sabelo |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Eswatini |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70358/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_3_ESWATINI.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826144707/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70358/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_3_ESWATINI.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2021 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Habib |first1=Javier I. |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Argentina |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40846/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_04.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402035542/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40846/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_04.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hacker |first1=Meg |title=When Saying "I Do" Meant Giving Up Your U.S. Citizenship |journal=[[Prologue (magazine)|Prologue]] |date=Spring 2014 |pages=56–61 |url=https://www.archives.gov/files/publications/prologue/2014/spring/citizenship.pdf |accessdate=November 22, 2020 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |location=Washington, D. C. |issn=0033-1031}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=T. D. H. |title=Status of Aliens in New Zealand |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |date=August 1931 |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=700-710 |doi=10.2307/2750412  |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2750412 |access-date=1 June 2021 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |issn=0030-851X |oclc=5545501061}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hamann |first1=Hartmut |last2=Berger |first2=Antje C. |editor-last1=Minnerop |editor-first1=Petra |editor-last2=Wolfrum |editor-first2=Rüdiger |editor-last3=Lachenmann |editor-first3=Frauke |title=International Development Law: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiKQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 |date=2019 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-883509-7 |chapter=Burundi |pages=124-134}}
* {{cite journal |last=Han |first=Eric C. |title=The Nationality Law and Entry Restrictions of 1899: Constructing Japanese Identity between China and the West |date=December 2018 |volume=30 |issue=4  |work=Japan Forum |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=521-542 |doi=10.1080/09555803.2018.1516687 |issn=0955-5803 |oclc=8085951630}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hanley |first1=Will |title=What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not |journal=[[Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association]] |date=November 2016 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=277–298 |doi=10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05 |access-date=26 June 2021 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] for the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association |location=Bloomington, Indiana |issn=2376-0699 |oclc=6883463202}}
*{{cite web |last1=Harijanti |first1=Susi Dwi |title=Report On Citizenship Law: Indonesia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45372/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_04.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115134311/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45372/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_04.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2020 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=February 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hartkamp |first1=Arthur S. |title=Civil Code Revision in the Netherlands: A Survey of Its System and Contents, and Its Influence on Dutch Legal Practice |journal=[[Louisiana Law Review]] |date=September 1975 |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1059-1090 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235280525.pdf |access-date=5 February 2021 |publisher=[[Louisiana State University]] |location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205173610/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235280525.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2021 |issn=0024-6859 |oclc=8092736363}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hein |first1=John R. |title=Born in the U.S.A., But Not Natural Born: How Congressional Territorial Policy Bars Native-Born Puerto Ricans from the Presidency |url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1153&context=jcl |journal=[[University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law]] |date=January 2009 |volume=11 |issue=2 |access-date=March 9, 2021 |pages=423–457 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School]] |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904031447/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1153&context=jcl |archive-date=September 4, 2020 |issn=1521-2823 |oclc=8092055580 |url-status=live}} 
*{{cite thesis |last1=Hernández Juárez |first1=Saúl Iván |title=Mi esposo y mi nación la nacionalidad de las mujeres casadas en México, 1886-1934 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43282141/Mi_esposo_y_mi_naci%C3%B3n_La_nacionalidad_de_las_mujeres_casadas_en_M%C3%A9xico_1886_1934 |type=PhD |publisher=[[El Colegio de México]] |access-date=16 January 2021 |location=Mexico City |language=Spanish |trans-title=My Husband and My Nation: The Nationality of Married Women in Mexico, 1886-1934 |date=December 2018 |oclc=1091580488}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hernández Pina |first1=Fuensanta |title=Constitution, Education and Research |journal=European Educational Research Journal |date=March 2013 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=34-47 |doi=10.2304/eerj.2013.12.1.34 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2304/eerj.2013.12.1.34 |access-date=25 December 2020 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |issn=1474-9041 |oclc=4960170259}}
*{{cite journal |last=Herzog |first=Tamar |title='A Stranger in a Strange Land': The Conversion of Foreigners into Community Members in Colonial Latin America (17th-18th Centuries) |journal=Social Identities |date=June 1997 |volume=3 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=London |page=247-264 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13504639752087?src=recsys |doi=10.1080/13504639752087 |isbn= |issn=1350-4630 |oclc=6894742529}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Heuer |first1=Jennifer |title=The One-Drop Rule in Reverse? Interracial Marriages in Napoleonic and Restoration France |journal=[[Law and History Review]] |date=Fall 2009 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=515–548 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40646056 |access-date=13 April 2021 |publisher=[[American Society for Legal History]] |location=Notre Dame, Indiana |issn=0738-2480 |oclc=8271382325}}
*{{cite conference |last1=Hoogers |first1=Herman |last2=Karapetian |first2=Gohar |title=Europe's Caribbean Borders: The Peculiar Case of the Sint Maarten/Saint Martin Border |url=https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/05b0373e-8099-4fdd-b568-87eeef37df87.pdf |date=13 June 2018 |conference=ECPR SGEU Conference: Contradictions – Whither the Political, Economic and Social Integration of Europe? |conference-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423203440/https://research.rug.nl/en/activities/ecpr-sgeu-conference-2 |publisher=[[European Consortium for Political Research]] |location=Paris, France |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423202712/https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/05b0373e-8099-4fdd-b568-87eeef37df87.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2021 |oclc=8086836042}}
*{{cite book |last1=Horn |first1=Denise M. |editor-last1=Shepherd |editor-first1=Laura J. |title=Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWAKBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA326 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, New York |chapter=Citizenship, Nationality and Gender |isbn=978-1-134-75252-2 |pages=320-330}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Manley O. |editor1-last=United Nations Law Commission |title=Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1952 |volume=2 |date=1958 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |location=New York, New York |pages=3-24 |url=https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/f4a0ce/pdf/ |oclc=1032570108 |chapter=Report on Nationality, Including Statelessness |chapter-url=https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_50.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Illueca |first1=Jorge E. |title=Síntesis histórica de la Codificación civil panameña |journal=Boletin del Instituto de legislación comparada y derecho internacional |date=1945 |volume=1 |issue=89-156 |url=http://bdigital.binal.ac.pa/bdp/descarga.php?f=boletin/derecho3.pdf |access-date=24 January 2021 |trans-title=Historical synthesis of the Panamanian Civil Code |publisher=[[Universidad de Panamá]] |location=Panama City, Panama |language=Spanish |oclc=183311684 |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210124163153/http://bdigital.binal.ac.pa/bdp/descarga.php?f=boletin%2Fderecho2.pdf 89-104], [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124162706/http://bdigital.binal.ac.pa/bdp/descarga.php?f=boletin%2Fderecho3.pdf 105-156]}}
*{{cite news |last=Ivy |first=William |title=Post Cards From Europe |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/politics-clipping-sep-21-1928-2133807/ |date=21 September 1928 |newspaper=[[The Anniston Star]] |location=Anniston, Alabama |access-date=19 December 2020 |via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}
*{{cite web |last1=Jerónimo |first1=Patrícia |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Angola |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/62284/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2019_04.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625222210/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/62284/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2019_04.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=25 June 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=April 2019 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jacques |first1=Catherine |editor1-last=Kimble |editor1-first=Sara Lynn |editor2-last=Röwekamp |editor2-first=Marion |title=New Perspectives on European Women's Legal History |url=https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=vkuTDAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA327#v=onepage |date=2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, New York |chapter=13. Tracking Feminist Interventions in International Law Issues at the League of Nations |pages=321-348 |isbn=978-1-138-80554-5}}
*{{cite web |last1=Jerónimo |first1=Patrícia |title=Report on Citizenship Law: East Timor (Timor-Leste) |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45931/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404041052/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/45931/GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=4 April 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jivan |first1=Vedna |last2=Forster |first2=Christine |title=Translating CEDAW into Law: CEDAW Legislative Compliance in Nine Pacific Islands Countries |date=2007 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Fund for Women]], Pacific Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126040209/https://www.iknowpolitics.org/en/knowledge-library/international-agreement-and-action-plans/translating-cedaw-law-cedaw-legislative |archive-date=26 November 2020 |location=Suva, Fiji |isbn=978-982-304-022-6 |edition=May 2007 |url=https://www.iknowpolitics.org/en/knowledge-library/international-agreement-and-action-plans/translating-cedaw-law-cedaw-legislative |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Justin |first1=Joseph |title=De la nationalité en Haïti: suivie d'un aperçu historique sur le droit haïtien |date=1905 |publisher=Imprimerie de l’Abeille |location=Port-au-Prince |url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00000994/00001/107j |language=French |trans-title=Nationality in Haiti: Followed by a Historical Overview of Haitian Law |chapter=Chapitre VII: Influence du marriage sur la nationalité ou acquisition de la nationalité haitienne par le bienfait de la loi [Chapter VII: Influence of Marriage on Nationality or Acquisition of Haitian Nationality by the Benefit of the Law] |pages=91-108 |oclc=1557495}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kebir |first1=Yamina |title=Algeria |journal=Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Online |date=1994 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=397-401 |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/yislamie1&id=415&men_tab=srchresults |access-date=1 July 2021 |publisher=Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law at the School of Oriental and African Studies, [[University of London]] |location=London |issn=2211-2987 |oclc=875046566 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Kerber |first=Linda K. |author-link=Linda K. Kerber |title=No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/noconstitutional00kerb/page/11/mode/1up |date=1998 |publisher=[[Hill & Wang]] |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-8090-7383-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kienle |first1=Eberhard |title=Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, 1994 |volume=1 |date=1995 |publisher=Kuwler Law International for the [[SOAS School of Law|Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law at the School of Oriental and African Studies]] |location=London |chapter=Imagined Communities Legislated: Nationalism and the Law of Nationality in Syria and Egypt |chapter-url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/yislamie1&div=12&start_page=47&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults|pages=47-67 |isbn=978-90-411-0883-8 |oclc=822567664 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Kinsbruner |first=Jay |title=Independence in Spanish America: Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Underdevelopment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d3-YevdqgfYC&pg=PA36 |edition=2nd Revised Diálogos |date=2000 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico |isbn=978-0-8263-2177-0}}
*{{cite web |last1=Klapdor |first1=Michael |last2=Coombs |first2=Moira |last3=Bohm |first3=Catherine |title=Australian Citizenship: A Chronology of Major Developments in Policy and Law |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/0910/AustCitizenship |website=Social Policy and Law and Bills Digest Sections |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422184811/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/0910/AustCitizenship |archive-date=22 April 2021 |location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory |date=11 September 2009 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Körber |first1=Lill-Ann |title=Sweden and St. Barthélemy: Exceptionalisms, Whiteness, and the Disappearance of Slavery from Colonial History |journal=[[Scandinavian Studies (journal)|Scandinavian Studies]] |date=Summer 2019 |volume=91 |issue=1-2 |pages=74-97 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/730269/pdf |access-date=23 April 2021 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |location=Urbana, Illinois |issn=0036-5637 |oclc=8183746865}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kuznesof |first1=Elizabeth |title=The House, the Street and the Brothel: Gender in Latin American History |journal=History of Women in the Americas |date=April 2013 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17-31 |url=https://journals.sas.ac.uk/hwa/article/view/1686/1563 |access-date=25 December 2020 |publisher=Society for the History of Women in the Americas |location=Uxbridge, Middlesex |issn=2042-6348 |oclc=7181453193}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lamy |first1=Amilcar |title=Nationalité: lois et conventions doctrine, jurisprudence et repertoire; droit haitien (extraits) |date=1953 |publisher=Impr. de l'État |location=Port-au-Prince |oclc=1908423 |url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00001003/00001/15j |language=French |trans-title=Nationality: Laws and Conventions, Doctrine, Case Law and Repertoire (Haitian Law Extracts)}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Lavoie |first1=Yolande |last2=Fick |first2=Carolyn |last3=Mayer |first3=Francine-M. |title=A Particular Study of Slavery in the Caribbean Island of Saint Barthelemy: 1648-1846 |journal=[[Caribbean Studies (UPR)|Caribbean Studies]] |date=December 1995 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=369-403 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25613312 |access-date=23 April 2021 |publisher=Institutte of Caribbean Studies |location=Río Piedras, Puerto Rico |issn=0008-6533 |oclc=5547020198}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Lazarus-Black |first1=Mindie |title=Alternative Readings: The Status of the Status of Children Act in Antigua and Barbuda |journal=[[Law & Society Review]] |date=1994 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=101-115 |doi=10.2307/3054021 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3054021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |issn=0023-9216 |oclc=201168080}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Muna |author1-link=Muna Lee (writer) |editor1-last=Cohen |editor1-first=Jonathan |title=A Pan-American Life: Selected Poetry and Prose of Muna Lee |date=2004 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, Wisconsin |chapter=The Inter-American Commission of Women |chapter-url=http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/surgery/IACW.pdf |pages=222-229 |isbn=978-0-299-20234-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Legislative Council of Saint Lucia |title=The Civil Code of Saint Lucia |date=1879 |publisher=Harrison and Sons |location=London |page=12 |oclc=868946456 |quote=17. An alien may be naturalised by ordinance, or if a woman, is naturalised by marriage with a British subject.}}
*{{cite news |last=Leila |first=Reem |title=Citizens at last |url= http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/697/eg10.htm |date=7 July 2004 |access-date=2011-09-10 |newspaper=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] |issue=697 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114503/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/697/eg10.htm |archive-date=2012-10-23 |location=Cairo, Egypt |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web |last1=Leiva Salinas |first1=Maria Lorena |translator-last1=Rubio Grundell |translator-first1=Lucrecia |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Bolivia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66427/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_2.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221171308/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66427/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_2.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Allen Montgomery |title=The Civil Code of Saint Lucia: Revised Ordinances, 1957, Chapter 242 |url=https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-108619-371/page/n37/mode/1up |date=1959 |publisher=Voice Publishing Company |location=Castries, Saint Lucia |oclc=872566244}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Llewellyn-Jones |first1=Frederick |title=The Nationality of Married Women |journal=Transactions of the Grotius Society |date=1929 |volume=15 |pages=121-138 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/742756 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=[[Grotius Society]] |location=London |issn=1479-1234 |oclc=5544683551}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Loeb |first1=Isidore |title=The German Colonial Fiscal System |journal=Publications of the American Economic Association |date=August 1900 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=40-72 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2485790 |access-date=20 May 2021 |publisher=[[American Economic Association]] |location=New York, New York |issn=1049-7498 |oclc=5791225492}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Lobingier |first1=Charles Sumner |title=Rise and Fall of Feudal Law |journal=[[Cornell Law Review]] |date=December 1932 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=192–231 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/216738103.pdf |access-date=9 April 2021 |publisher=[[Cornell Law School]] |location=Ithaca, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409181428/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/216738103.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2021 |issn=0010-8847 |oclc=8254996940 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Charles |title=Notes on Haiti: Made During a Residence in that Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA8WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225 |volume=2 |year=1830 |publisher=Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley |location=London |oclc=973229801}}
*{{cite book |last=Maestre Alfonso |first=Juan |title=Constituciones y leyes políticas de América Latina, Filipinas y Guinea Ecuatorial |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_H1qWbXARIC&pg=PA364 |volume=1: Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Guinea Ecuatorial — Tomo 1: La expectative revolucionaria [The Revolutionary Expectation] |year=1987 |publisher=Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press |location=Seville |language=Spanish |trans-title=Constitutions and Political Laws of Latin America, the Philippines and Equatorial Guinea |isbn=978-84-00-06491-4}}
*{{cite web |last1=Malek |first1=Dalia |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Egypt |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/71906/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_16.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/71906/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_16.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=14 July 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=July 2021 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Manby |first=Bronwyn |title=Citizenship Law in Africa |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/d5d1d086-1a0d-4088-b679-003e09e9c125/citizenship-law-africa-third-edition-20160129.pdf |edition=3rd |year=2016 |publisher=African Minds |location=Cape Town, South Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626151025/https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/d5d1d086-1a0d-4088-b679-003e09e9c125/citizenship-law-africa-third-edition-20160129.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2021 |url-status=live |isbn=978-1-928331-08-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Manby |first=Bronwen |title=Citizenship in Africa: The Law of Belonging |url=https://1lib.mx/book/16918880/7480c7 |year=2018 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-5099-2078-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Manby |first1=Bronwen |title=Citizenship Law in Africa: A Comparative Study |date=2010 |publisher=Open Society Foundations, Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy (AfriMAP), Open Society Justice Initiative |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-1-936133-29-1 |edition=2nd |url=https://www.unhcr.org/4cbc60ce6.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215021424/https://www.unhcr.org/4cbc60ce6.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2021 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Manby |first1=Bronwen |title=The Nationality Laws of the Lusophone States in Africa |journal=Electronic British Library Journal |date=2019 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=14–34 |url=https://www.networktimor.org/uploads/1/1/9/7/119766361/final_002_eblj_ano_2_n.%C2%BA_3__pp_manby.pdf |access-date=23 July 2021 |publisher=[[British Library]] |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206023256/https://www.networktimor.org/uploads/1/1/9/7/119766361/final_002_eblj_ano_2_n.%C2%BA_3__pp_manby.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2021 |issn=2616-9649 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mander |first1=Linden A. |title=The New Hebrides Condominium |journal=[[Pacific Historical Review]] |date=June 1944 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=151–167 |doi=10.2307/3634610 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3634610 |access-date=23 June 2021 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, California |issn=0030-8684 |oclc=5972217587}} 
*{{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Jatinder |title='Anglo-Conformity': Assimilation Policy in Canada, 1890s–1950s |journal=International Journal of Canadian Studies |date=January 2014 |volume=50 |pages=253-276 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/566306/pdf |access-date=22 April 2021 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |issn=1180-3991 |oclc=5714525681}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Marglin |first1=Jessica M. |title=Nationality on Trial: International Private Law across the Mediterranean |journal=[[Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales]] |date=March 2018 |volume=73 |issue=1 |edition=English |pages=81-113 |doi=10.1017/ahsse.2020.12 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annales-histoire-sciences-sociales-english-edition/article/nationality-on-trial-international-private-law-across-the-mediterranean/4FC3E3C06300820FC6C2F124CD8B2E3A |access-date=19 January 2022 |publisher=[[School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences|Éditions de l'École des Hautes études en sciences sociales]] |location=Paris |issn=2398-5682 |oclc=8937961391}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Cambridge University Press|Cambridge Core]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Matsuda |first=Matt K. |title=Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_BBr0sZM5kC&pg=PA94 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-534747-0}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Manzano Cosano |first1=David |title=Filipinas en la historia del constitucionalismo español y su representación en las cortes españolas |journal=Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional |date=April 2016 |issue=106 |pages=273–302 |doi=10.18042/cepc/redc.106.0 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5467726.pdf |access-date=22 May 2021 |trans-title=Philippines in the Spanish Constitutional History and its Representation in the Spanish Courts |publisher=[[Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales]] |location=Madrid, Spain |language=Spanish |issn=0211-5743 |oclc=6032305166}}
*{{cite web |last1=McLintock |first1=A. H. |author-link1=Alexander Hare McLintock |last2=Wilson |first2=James Oakley |title=Nationality |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/nationality-and-naturalisation |website=TeAra.govt.nz |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224095521/https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/nationality-and-naturalisation |archive-date=24 February 2018 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |date=1966 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Merle |first1=Isabelle |title=Retour sur le régime de l'indigénat: Genèse et contradictions des principes répressifs dans l'empire français |journal=[[French Politics, Culture & Society]] |date=Summer 2002 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=77-97 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843233 |access-date=25 June 2021 |trans-title=The Indigenous Status Regime Revisited: Genesis and Contradictions of the Repressive Principles in the French Empire |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |location=New York, New York |language=French |issn=1537-6370 |oclc=5792451223}}
*{{cite book |last1=Moran |first1=Sarah Joan |last2=Pipkin |first2=Amanda C. |editor1-last=Moran |editor1-first=Sarah Joan |editor2-last=Pipkin |editor2-first=Amanda C. |title=Women and Gender in the Early Modern Low Countries 1500-1750 |date=2019 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |series=Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions |volume=217 |isbn=978-90-04-39135-2 |url=https://brill.com/view/title/11207?contents=toc-37962 |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004391352/BP000009.xml?language=en |pages=1-20}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mugnier |first1=Clifford J. |title=Grids & Datums: Central African Republic |journal=[[Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing]] |date=March 2012 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=192–194 |url=https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/03-2012-Central-African-Republic.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=[[American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing]] |location=Falls Church, Virginia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719072939/https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/03-2012-Central-African-Republic.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2021 |issn=0099-1112 |oclc=780462390 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Neill |first1=J. S. |title=Review of Legislation, 1935: Kingdom of Tonga |journal=[[Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law]] |date=1937 |volume=19 |issue=2–3 |pages=108–109 |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/jclilcs19&div=39&start_page=106&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=4&men_tab=srchresults |access-date=21 June 2021 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray Publishing]] |location=London |issn=1479-5949 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Newbury |first1=C. W. |title=A Note on the Abomey Protectorate |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |date=April 1959 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=146-155 |doi=10.2307/1157517 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1157517 |access-date=7 July 2021 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] for the [[International African Institute]] |location=London |issn=0001-9720 |oclc=772533112}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Neyrand |first1=Gerard |last2=M'Sili |first2=Marine |title=Mixed Couples in Contemporary France: Marriage, Acquisition of French Nationality and Divorce |journal=[[Population (journal)|Population]] |date=1998 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=385-416 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/pop_0032-4663_1998_hos_10_2_6834 |access-date=14 July 2021 |publisher=[[Institut national d'études démographiques]] |location=Paris |issn=1169-1018 |oclc=5546128348}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Niort |first1=Jean-François |title=L’application du Code civil à la Guadeloupe dans le contexte dela réaction napoléonienne |journal=Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire de la Guadeloupe |date=August 2007 |issue=146-147 |pages=19–45 |doi=10.7202/1040648a |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/bshg/2007-n146-147-bshg03145/1040648ar.pdf |access-date=23 April 2021 |trans-title=The Application of the Civil Code to Guadeloupe in the Context of the Napoleonic Reaction |publisher=[[Société d'histoire de la Guadeloupe]] |location=Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe |language=French |issn=0583-8266}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Niyonzima |first1=Matthias |title=Burundi: Debat au Sujet de la Double Nationalite |journal=[[African Journal of International and Comparative Law]] |date=December 1995 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=895-905 |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/afjincol7&id=911&collection=journals&index= |access-date=17 July 2021 |trans-title=Burundi: Debate on Dual-Nationality |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |location=Edinburgh, Scotland |language=French |issn=0954-8890 |oclc=769928668 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Noerdin |first1=Edriana |editor1-last=Anastasia |editor1-first=Ayu |title=Indonesian Women's Movements: Making Democracy Gender Responsive |date=2013 |publisher=Women Research Institute |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |isbn=978-602-9230-03-1 |pages=41-84 |edition=First |url=https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/45078-EN-indonesian-womens-movements-making-democracy-gender-responsive.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101032219/https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/45078-EN-indonesian-womens-movements-making-democracy-gender-responsive.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2018 |chapter=2. Women's Organizations Amidst Political Openness}}
*{{cite book |last=Oehser |first=Paul Henry |title=Proceedings of the Eighth American Scientific Congress Held in Washington May 10–18, 1940, Under the Auspices of the Government of the United States of America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wQFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA476 |volume=10: International Law, Public Law, and Jurisprudence |year=1943 |publisher=Department of State |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=1181595500}}
*{{cite book |last=Olcott |first=Jocelyn H. |title=Revolutionary Women in Postrevolutionary Mexico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCvzS_e2rb0C&pg=PA19 |date=2006 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |isbn=0-8223-8735-2}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Orfield |first1=Lester B. |title=The Citizenship Act of 1934 |journal=[[The University of Chicago Law Review]] |date=December 1934 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=99-118 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234120367.pdf |access-date=6 March 2021 |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306225441/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234120367.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2021 |issn=0041-9494 |oclc=5544328554 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Page |first1=Dorothy |title=Soljak, Miriam Bridelia |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4s36/soljak-miriam-bridelia |website=TeAra.govt.nz |publisher=[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304191909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4s36/soljak-miriam-bridelia |archive-date=4 March 2021 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |date=1998 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Parra Aranguren |first1=Gonzalo |title=La influencia del matrimonio sobre la nacionalidad de la mujer en el proyecto de Código Civil publicado en 1869 |journal=Revista de la Facultad de Derecho |date=1970 |issue=11 |pages=7-54 |url=http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/Parra-Aranguren/S-0043.pdf |access-date=15 February 2021 |trans-title=The Influence of Marriage on the Nationality of Women in the Civil Code Project Published in 1869 |publisher=Editorial Sucre for the [[Andrés Bello Catholic University|Universidad Católica Andrés Bello]] |location=Caracas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215163254/http://acienpol.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/Parra-Aranguren/S-0043.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2021 |language=Spanish |oclc=717920074}}
*{{cite book |last=Passinhas |first=Sandra |title=Property and Trust Law in Portugal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGfIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 |edition=2nd |date=2019 |publisher=[[Wolters Kluwer]] |location=Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands |isbn=978-94-035-1791-9}}
*{{cite web |last1=Pazo Pineda |first1=Oscar Andrés |translator-last1=Mendes |translator-first1= Mariana |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Peru |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36215/EUDO-CIT_2015_12-Peru_En.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201192944/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36215/EUDO-CIT_2015_12-Peru_En.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=June 2015 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite thesis |last1=Pedersen |first1=Christian Damm |title=Mellem slave og borger. Stat, rettigheder og etniske forskelle i det danske imperium, 1814-48 |url=https://dwis.dk/images/Dokumenter/Specialer/Vestindien/Pedersen.Mellem_slave_og_borger_1814-48.Kbh_2012.pdf |type=Kandidatspeciale |publisher=[[University of Copenhagen]] |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321205033/https://dwis.dk/images/Dokumenter/Specialer/Vestindien/Pedersen.Mellem_slave_og_borger_1814-48.Kbh_2012.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2021 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=Danish |trans-title=Between Slave and Citizen: State, Rights and Ethnic Differences in the Danish Empire, 1814-48 |date=6 January 2012 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Peña |first1=Lorenzo |editor1-last=González García |editor1-first=José María |title=América y Europa, identidades, exilios y expectativas: Pensar en Español II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6loAAAAMAAJ |date=2002 |publisher=Casa de América |location=Madrid |language=Spanish |trans-title=America and Europe, Identities, Exiles and Expectations: Thinking in Spanish II |chapter=Un puente jurídico entre Iberoamérica y Europa:la Constitución española de 1812 [A Legal Bridge between Latin America and Europe: the Spanish Constitution of 1812] |chapter-url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/9858/1/1812Cadiz.pdf |pages=95–114 |isbn=978-84-88490-55-1}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Perrin|2016}} |last1=Perrin |first1=Delphine |title=Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=978-0-415-51972-4 |edition=Revised 2016 |chapter-url=https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01395220/document |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027161110/https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01395220/document |archive-date=27 October 2020 |chapter=Struggles of Citizenship in the Maghreb |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Plaisant |first1=Robert |last2=Sutherland Jr. |first2=Arthur E. |title=New French Law of Nationality A Study ofDemographic Policy and Comparative Legislation |journal=[[Cornell Law Review]] |date=March 1948 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=373-390 |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1551&context=clr |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=[[Cornell Law School]] |location=Ithaca, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319144222/https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1551&context=clr |archive-date=19 March 2020 |issn=0010-8847 |oclc=8254475182 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Plender |first1=Richard |title=The New French Nationality Law |journal=[[The International and Comparative Law Quarterly]] |date=October 1974 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=709-747 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/758412 |access-date=23 April 2021 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |issn=0020-5893 |oclc=769971121}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Polack |first1=Kenneth |title=The Defence of Act of State in Relation to Protectorates |journal=[[Modern Law Review]] |date=March 1963 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=138–155 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1963.tb00704.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1963.tb00704.x |access-date=18 June 2021 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishers]] |location=London |issn=0026-7961 |oclc=4794706569}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Pollock |first1=Nancy |title=Doctor Administrators in Wallis and Futuna |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |date=June 1990 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=47-67 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25169020 |access-date=25 June 2021 |publisher=[[Australian National University]] |location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory |issn=0022-3344 |oclc=5543897714}}
*{{cite book |last1=Prihatiningsih |first1=Rinawati |last2=Irianto |first2=Sulistyowati |last3=Adelina |first3=S. |editor1-last=Adi |editor1-first=Isbandi Rukminto |editor2-last=Achwan |editor2-first=Rochman |title=Competition and Cooperation in Social and Political Sciences: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Depok, Indonesia, 7-9 November 2016: Topics in Social and Political Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.1201/9781315213620-20/indonesian-women-transnational-marriages-gender-perspective-struggles-negotiations-transformations-ownership-rights-indonesian-citizens-prihatiningsih-irianto-adelina |chapter=Indonesian Women in Transnational Marriages: Their Struggles, Negotiations, and Transformations on Ownership Rights as Indonesian Citizens: A Gender Studies Perspective |pages=157-165 |isbn=978-1-138-62676-8}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rawlings |first1=Gregory |title=Stateless Persons, Eligible Citizens and Protected Places: The British Nationality Act in Vanuatu |journal=[[Twentieth Century British History]] |date=March 2019 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=53–80 |doi=10.1093/tcbh/hwy011 |url=https://academic-oup-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/tcbh/article/30/1/53/5062286?searchresult=1 |access-date=23 June 2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |issn=0955-2359 |oclc=8017753876 |via=Oxford Journals]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Reestman |first1=Jan Herman |title=Citizenship and Nationality: The Case of (Post-) Colonial France and Europe |journal=The Irish Review |date=Autumn 1999 |issue=24 |pages=18-30 |doi=10.2307/29735938 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29735938 |access-date=28 June 2021 |publisher=[[Cork University Press]] |location=Togher, Cork |issn=0790-7850 |oclc=5557043058}}
*{{cite book |last1=René |first1=Carl |last2=Wohltmann |first2=Ferdinand |title=Kamerun und die Deutsche Tsâdsee-Eisenbahn |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XYo5AQAAIAAJ/page/n32/mode/1up |date=1905 |publisher=E.S. Mittler & Sohn |location=Berlin |language=German |trans-title=Cameroon and the German Tsâdsee Railway |oclc=251679727}} 
*{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Walter Adolphe |title=The French in the West Indies |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchinwestindi0000robe/page/152/mode/1up |edition=1942 Reprint |year=1971 |publisher=Cooper Square Publishers Inc. |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-8154-0377-1}}
*{{cite web |last1=Rodríguez Serna |first1=Nicolás |translator-last1=Rubio Grundell |translator-first1=Lucrecia |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Panama |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/41746/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_08(2).pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616043659/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/41746/EUDO_CIT_CR_2016_08(2).pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=16 June 2017 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=June 2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |last1=Rosemain |first1=Mathieu |title=New Caledonia Rejects Full Independence from France Again |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newcaledonia-independence-france-idUSKBN26P07I |access-date=24 June 2021 |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318075512if_/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newcaledonia-independence-france-idUSKBN26P07I |archive-date=18 March 2021 |location=Canary Wharf, London |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Rossi |first=M. Laura |title=El desarrollo de la ensenanza social de los obispos del Paraguay (1940-1993). Un compromiso progresivo con la dignidad de la persona humana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMXAvhoodDMC&pg=PA24 |year=1998 |publisher=Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana |location=Rome |language=Spanish |trans-title=The Development of the Social Education of the Bishops of Paraguay (1940-1993): A Progressive Commitment to the Dignity of the Human Person |isbn=978-88-7652-802-6}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Russell-Wood |first1=A. J. R. |title=Women and Society in Colonial Brazil |journal=[[Journal of Latin American Studies]] |date=May 1977 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1-34 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/156605 |access-date=27 December 2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |issn=0022-216X |oclc=936885301}}
*{{cite book |last=Saada |first=Emmanuelle |translator-last=Goldhammer |translator-first=Arthur |title=Empire's Children: Race, Filiation, and Citizenship in the French Colonies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZu_Bkf2RukC&pg=PA101 |year=2012 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |isbn=978-0-226-73307-4}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Salvatto |first1=Fabricio Gabriel |last2=Carzolio |first2=María Inés |title='Naturaleza' and Citizenship in Modern Spain: From Subject Representation to the Dawn of Contemporary Citizenship (17th-19th Centuries) |journal=Almanack |date=December 2015 |issue=11 |pages=670-687 |doi=10.1590/2236-46332015110 |url=https://www.scielo.br/pdf/alm/n11/2236-4633-alm-11-00670.pdf |access-date=25 December 2020 |publisher=[[Federal University of São Paulo]] |location=São Paulo, Brazil |issn=2236-4633}}
*{{cite book |last=Sandell |first=Marie |title=The Rise of Women's Transnational Activism: Identity and Sisterhood Between the World Wars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |year=2015 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-85773-730-4}}
*{{cite web |last1=Sarazua |first1=Juan Carlos |translator-last1=Rubio Grundell |translator-first1=Lucrecia Carlos |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Guatemala |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66429/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_4.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109195729/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66429/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_4.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=March 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Şaul |first1=Mahir |title=Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846733/obo-9780199846733-0174.xml |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0174 |website=[[Oxford Bibliographies Online|Oxford Bibliographies]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=13 July 2021 |location=Oxford, Oxfordshire |date=29 June 2015}}
*{{cite web |last1=Sawyer |first1=Caroline |last2=Wray |first2=Helena |title=Country Report: United Kingdom |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/33839/EUDO-CIT_2014_01_UK.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528081501/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/33839/EUDO-CIT_2014_01_UK.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=December 2014 |edition=revised |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Schwarz |first1=Tobias |title=Políticas de inmigración en América Latina: el extranjero indeseable en las normas nacionales, de la Independencia hasta los años de 1930 |journal=Procesos |date=2012 |volume=36 |pages=39-72 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4544586.pdf |access-date=12 February 2021 |trans-title=Immigration Policies in Latin America: The Undesirable Foreigner in National Norms, from Independence to the 1930s |publisher=Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar |location=Quito |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212162640/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4544586.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2021 |language=Spanish |issn=1390-0099 |oclc=8056258725 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Sembe |first1=Eugene Arnaud Yombo |title=Report on Citizenship Law: Cameroon |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/71404/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_13.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704103507/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/71404/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_13.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=4 July 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=May 2021 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |last1=Sickmon |first1=May C. |title=Nationality of Women and the Hague Conference |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4443966/the_sun_and_the_erie_county_independent/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |newspaper=The Erie County Republican |date=26 April 1930 |location=Hamburg, New York  |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} 
*{{cite book |last=Siegel |first=Mona L. |author-link1=Mona L. Siegel |title=Peace on Our Terms: The Global Battle for Women's Rights After the First World War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AlaXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 |year=2020 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-231-55118-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Sik |first=Ko Swan |editor-last1=van Panhuys |editor-first1=H. F. |editor-last2=Heere |editor-first2=W. P. |editor-last3=Jitta |editor-first3=J. W. Josephus |editor-last4=Sik |editor-first4=Ko Swan |editor-last5=Stuyt |editor-first5=A. M. |title=International Law in the Netherlands |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPseXaPHxmwC&pg=PA6 |volume=III |year=1980 |publisher=Sijthoff & Noordhoff |location=Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands |isbn=90-286-0179-1|chapter=19. The Netherlands and the Law concerning Nationality |pages=3-80}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sluga |first1=Glenda |author-link1=Glenda Sluga |title=Female and National Self‐Determination: A Gender Re‐reading of 'The Apogee of Nationalism' |journal=[[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]] |date=2000 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=495–521 |url=https://www.academia.edu/586750 |accessdate=27 January 2019 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell for the [[Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism]] |issn=1354-5078 |doi=10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00495.x}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Andrea Lynn |title=Citizenship in the Colony: Naturalization Law and Legal Assimilation in 19th Century Algeria |journal=[[Political and Legal Anthropology Review]] |date=May 1996 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=33-49 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24498061 |access-date=30 June 2021 |publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]] |location=Arlington, Virginia |issn=1081-6976 |oclc=4632790285}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Marian L. |title='Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married...': Women and Naturalization, ca. 1802–1940 |journal=[[Prologue Magazine]] |date=Summer 1998 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=146-153, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201101143403/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/summer/women-and-naturalization-1.html part 1],[https://web.archive.org/web/20201027184906/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/summer/women-and-naturalization-2.html part 2] |publisher=[[U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |location=Washington, D.C. |issn=0033-1031 |oclc=208742006}}
*{{cite book |last1=Söhngen |first1=Frederika Adolphina |title=De nationaliteit van de gehuwde vrouw |date=1930 |publisher=H. J. Paris |location=Amsterdam |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB05:000037401:pdf |language=Dutch |trans-title=The Nationality of the Married Woman |oclc=1024185871}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Annemette |last2=McLanahan |first2=Sara |title=Married Women's Economic Dependency, 1940-1980 |journal=[[American Journal of Sociology]] |date=November 1987 |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=659-687 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780294 |access-date=23 December 2020 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |issn=0002-9602 |oclc=936702896}}
*{{cite book |last1=Soux |first1=María Luisa |last2=Lema |first2=Ana María |title=Las mujeres en la historia boliviana, siglos XIX y XX: de la invisibilización a la lucha por la equidad e igualdad |date=2017 |publisher=Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas – UNFPA |location=La Paz, Bolivia |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/354301478/Mujeres-en-La-Historia |language=Spanish |trans-title=Women in Bolivian History, 19th and 20th Centuries: From Invisibility to the Struggle for Equity and Equality}}
*{{cite web |last1=Spiro |first1=Peter J. |title=Report on Citizenship Law: United States |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36498/EUDO_CIT_CR_2015_13_USA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213122520/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36498/EUDO_CIT_CR_2015_13_USA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=July 2015 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite speech |last1=Stevens |first1=Doris |author-link1=Doris Stevens |title=Doris Stevens Returns from The Hague |url=https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/dorp/apdf/0/9d4e/a504/1004213257.a.pdf?e=1608567582&h=337c1d29fa7e4d95523175e639a035e4 |event=National Woman's Party reception, 114 B Street N.E., Washington, D. C. |date=19 May 1930  |publisher=[[Inter-American Commission of Women]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=20 December 2020 |via=[[Alexander Street Press|Alexander Street Press: Women and Social Movements]]}}
*{{cite conference |last1=Stevens |first1=Doris |author-link1=Doris Stevens |title=Report on the Nationality of Women |url=https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/dorp/apdf/0/5bc5/db81/1003437960.a.pdf?e=1608394874&h=57f31c27d478be7dc2c4c840b938dbeb |date=28 November 1933  |publisher=[[Inter-American Commission of Women]] |location=Washington, D.C. |conference=7th Conference of American Republics, Montevideo, December 1933 |via=[[Alexander Street Press|Alexander Street Press: Women and Social Movements]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Steward |first=Theophilus Gould |title=The Haitian Revolution, 1791 to 1804: Or, Side Lights on the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/haitianrevoluti00stewgoog/page/n9/mode/1up |edition=2nd |year=1915 |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell Company |location=New York, New York |oclc=2453450}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Stolcke |first1=Verena |title=Los mestizos no nacen sino que se hacen |journal=Avá |date=July 2009 |issue=14 |pages=1-30 |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1690/169013838002.pdf |access-date=26 December 2020 |trans-title=Mestizos Are Not Born but Are Made |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Misiones]] |location=Posadas , Misiones |language=Spanish |issn=1515-2413 |oclc=7179195100}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Stratton |first1=Lisa C. |title=The Right to Have Rights: Gender Discrimination in Nationality Laws |journal=[[Minnesota Law Review]] |date=1992 |url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/217207320 |access-date=23 December 2020 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Law School]] |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |issn=0026-5535 |id=paper 1838}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Tagupa |first1=William |title=Law, Status and Citizenship: Conflict and Continuity in New Zealand and Western Samoa (1922–1982) |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |date=June 1994 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25169200 |access-date=14 June 2021 |publisher=[[Australian National University]] |location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory |issn=0022-3344 |oclc=6015501156}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Takirambudde |first1=Peter Nanyenya |title=A Note on the 1982 Botswana Citizenship Act |journal=[[Pula (journal)|Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies]] |date=1983 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=76–81 |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/PULA/pula003002/pula003002008.pdf |access-date=12 July 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |location=Gaborone, Botswana| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714153343/https://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/PULA/pula003002/pula003002008.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2020 |issn=0256-2316 |oclc=772470302 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Territorial Planning Commission |title=American Samoa’s Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy, 2012 |url=https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/oia/reports/upload/American-Samoa-CEDS_2012__First_Draft__9.pdf |website=doi.gov |publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior]] |access-date=25 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223223627/https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/oia/reports/upload/American-Samoa-CEDS_2012__First_Draft__9.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2017 |location=Pago Pago, American Samoa |date=6 August 2012 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Theodorou |first1=Angelina E. |title=27 Countries Limit a Woman’s Ability to Pass Citizenship to Her Child or Spouse |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/05/27-countries-limit-a-womans-ability-to-pass-citizenship-to-her-child-or-spouse/ |website=Pew Research |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203102926/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/05/27-countries-limit-a-womans-ability-to-pass-citizenship-to-her-child-or-spouse/ |archive-date=3 December 2020 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=5 August 2014 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Thwaites |first1=Rayner |title=Report On Citizenship Law: Australia |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/46449/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2017_11.pdf |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101232538/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66909/RSC_GLOBALCIT_Comp_2020_03.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2021 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=May 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |last=Torres |first=Manuel |editor-last1=Lowrie |editor-first1=Walter |editor-last2=Franklin |editor-first2=Walter S. |title=American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRRFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA832 |volume=4. From the First Session of the Fourteenth to the First Session of the Seventeenth Congress, Inclusive: Commencing March 4, 1815 and Ending May 8, 1822 |year=1834 |publisher=Gales and Seaton |location=Washington, D.C. |chapter=Manuel Torres, Agent and Chargé des Affaires of the Republic of Colombia, in the United States to John Quincy Adams, Esq., Secretary of State 20 February 1821 |page=832 |oclc=2053058}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Towns |first1=Ann |title=The Inter-American Commission of Women and Women's Suffrage, 1920–1945 |journal=[[Journal of Latin American Studies]] |date=November 2010 |volume=42 |issue=4 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8578136 |accessdate=19 December 2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |pages=779–807 |doi=10.1017/S0022216X10001367 |issn=0022-216X |oclc=8272805411}}
*{{cite journal |last=Trigg |first=Mary |title=To Work Together for Ends Larger Than Self: The Feminist Struggles of Mary Beard and Doris Stevens in the 1930s |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/363615/pdf |date=1995 |journal=[[Journal of Women's History]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |pages=52–85 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2010.0307|s2cid=144171486 |issn=1042-7961 |oclc=4896484700}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Project MUSE]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Umpiérrez Blengio |first1=Camila |title=Los derechos políticos de la mujer en la evolución constitucional uruguaya |journal=Revista de Derecho Público |date=December 2018 |volume=27 |issue=54 |pages=83-100 |url=http://www.revistaderechopublico.com.uy/ojs/index.php/Rdp/article/download/105/76/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |trans-title=The Political Rights of Women in the Uruguayan Constitutional Evolution |publisher=Fundación de Cultura Universitaria |location=Montevideo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429052936/http://www.revistaderechopublico.com.uy/ojs/index.php/Rdp/article/download/105/76/ |archive-date=29 April 2019 |language=Spanish |issn=0797-4302 |oclc=7943306793 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women |last2=Chinkin |first2=Christine |title=Women, Nationality and Citizenship |journal=Women2000 and Beyond |date=June 2003 |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/jun03e.pdf |access-date=2 January 2021 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |location=New York, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921173219/https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/jun03e.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2020 |issn=2071-1514 |oclc=614497525 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite report |author=US Department of State |title=Annual Human Rights Reports Submitted to Congress: Algeria |date=2005 |volume=2 |edition=30th annual |pages=1753-1769 |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.intyb/huhelsnk3002&div=7&start_page=1753&collection=hoil&set_as_cursor=2&men_tab=srchresults |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=72763851 |via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
*{{cite book |author=US Department of State |title=Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCpIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 |series=International Organization and Conference Series 53 |volume=16th Annual Report: July 1, 1962 to June 30, 1963 |year=1964 |publisher=Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Office of United Nations Political Affairs |location=Washington, D.C. |id=Publication 7676}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Sharon|1950}} |author=United States Department of Justice |editor-last1=Sharon |editor-first1=Joel Paul |title=Administrative Decisions Under Immigration & Nationality Laws |volume=2: January 1944 to August 1947 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9YdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA778 |year=1950 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C.|chapter=In the Matter of W: In Exclusion Proceedings A-6391576 |pages=778-782}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|US Department of State|1873}} |author=United States Department of State |title=Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3YWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1422 |volume=II: Part I. General Correspondence; and Papers Relating to Naturalization and Expatriation |year=1873 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D. C. |oclc=3173585}}
*{{cite book |last=Uribe |first=Antonio José |title=Anales diplomáticos y consulares de Colombia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ibo-AAAAYAAJ |volume=6: Tratados publicos |year=1901 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores |location=Bogotá |language=Spanish |trans-title=Diplomatic and Consular Annals of Colombia |oclc=1586416 |quote=Ley 145 de 1888… Entre los ya citados artículos 16 á 22 de la Ley 145, merecen especial mención el 17, por el importante principio de que en cabeza del marido quedarán naturalizados su mujer y sus hijos menores de 21 años}}
*{{cite book |author=US Department of State |title=Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCpIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9 |series=International Organization and Conference Series 53 |volume=16th Annual Report: July 1, 1962 to June 30, 1963 |year=1964 |publisher=Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Office of United Nations Political Affairs |location=Washington, D.C. |id=Publication 7676}}
*{{cite book |author=US Office of Personnel Management |title=Citizenship Laws of the World |date=2001 |publisher=American Immigration Lawyers Association |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-57370-110-5 |url=https://multiplecitizenship.com/documents/IS-01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108125517/https://multiplecitizenship.com/documents/IS-01.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |author=U.S. Senate Committee on Immigration |title=American Citizenship Rights of Women: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration, United States Senate, Seventy-second Congress, Second Session...March 2, 1933 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqrrVFmf-KEC&pg=PA20 |year=1933 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |location=Washington, D. C. |oclc=6257990}}
*{{cite web |last1=van den Bosch |first1=D.P. |title=Toescheiding van nationaliteit |url=https://rechtenoverheid.nl/files/2013-09/Bosch_Toescheiding%20van%20nationaliteit.pdf |website=rechtenoverheid.nl |publisher=Academie voor Overheidsjuristen |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518124830/https://rechtenoverheid.nl/files/2013-09/Bosch_Toescheiding%20van%20nationaliteit.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2019 |location=The Hague |language=Dutch |trans-title=Attribution of Nationality |date=September 2013 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Van Dyne |first1=Frederick |title=Reviewed Work: Commentaire de la Loi du 17 Juin 1909, Ayant pour Objet l'Acquisition et la Perte de la Nationalite Belge by Fernand Glesner |journal=[[American Journal of International Law]] |date=July 1914 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=673–676 |doi=10.2307/2187513 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2187513 |access-date=17 July 2021 |trans-title=Reviewed Work: Commentary on the Law of June 17, 1909, Concerning the Acquisition and Loss of Belgian Nationality by Fernand Glesner |publisher=[[American Society of International Law]] |location=Washington, D.C. |jstor=2187513 |issn=0002-9300 |oclc=5545358086}}
*{{cite book |last1=van Oers |first1=Ricky |last2=de Hart |first2=Betty |last3=Groenendijk |first3=Kees 
|editor-last1=Bauböck |editor-first1=Rainer |editor-last2=Ersbøll |editor-first2=Eva |editor-last3=Groenendijk |editor-first3=Kees |editor-last4=Waldrauch |editor-first4=Harald |title=Acquisition and Loss of Nationality |volume=2: Country Analyses: Policies and Trends in 15 European Countries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n00f |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |location=Amsterdam |date=2006 |chapter=11 The Netherlands |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n00f.15 |isbn=978-90-5356-920-7}}
*{{cite web |last1=van Oers |first1=Ricky |last2=de Hart |first2=Betty |last3=Groenendijk |first3=Kees |title=Country Report: The Netherlands |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/19629/Netherlands.pdf?sequence=1 |website=cadmus.eui.eu |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102210606/http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/19629/Netherlands.pdf;jsessionid=A921521F4F885D702CE823ACA47A92EC?sequence=1 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |location=[[Badia Fiesolana]] |date=April 2010 |edition=revised |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Venator-Santiago |first1=Charles R. |title=US Territorial Citizenship Today: Four Interpretations |journal=[[PS – Political Science & Politics]] |date=March 2017 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=515–519 |doi=10.1017/S1049096516003103 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/us-territorial-citizenship-today-four-interpretations/EA4668648B97338CB7DCBD048DC40787 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York, New York |issn=1049-0965 |oclc=8271230316}}{{subscription needed|via=[[Cambridge University Press|Cambridge Core]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Villarroel Smeall |first=Gratzia |editor-last1=Walter |editor-first1=Lynn |title=Women's Rights: A Global View |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0IXyvEGao8C&pg=PA17|date=2001 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-313-30890-1|chapter=Bolivia: Women's Rights, the International Women's Convention, and State Compliance |pages=15-28}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Villazor |first1=Rose Cuison |title=American Nationals and Interstitial Citizenship |journal=[[Fordham Law Review]] |date=March 2017 |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=1673–1724 |url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5304&context=flr |access-date=March 9, 2021 |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |location=New York, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322121109/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5304&context=flr |archive-date=March 22, 2020 |issn=0015-704X |oclc=8090930759 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Volpp |first1=Leti |title=Divesting Citizenship: On Asian American History and the Loss of Citizenship through Marriage |url=https://www.uclalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/17_53UCLALRev4052005-2006.pdf |journal=[[UCLA Law Review]] |date=2005 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=405–483 |publisher=[[UCLA School of Law]] |location=Los Angeles, California |issn=0041-5650 |oclc=193654281}}
*{{cite book |last=Vonk |first=Olivier Willem |title=Nationality Law in the Western Hemisphere: A Study on Grounds for Acquisition and Loss of Citizenship in the Americas and the Caribbean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo3PBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-27641-3}}
*{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=Iain |title=Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros |url=https://1lib.mx/book/11268473/e7a7ce |date=2019 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-19-007130-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Westlake |first1=Donald E. |title=Under an English Heaven |date=1972 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-671-21311-3 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/underenglishheav00dona/page/20/mode/1up}}
*{{cite book |last=Whiteman |first=Marjorie M. |title=Digest of International Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llmfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA116 |volume=8 |year=1967 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=635025053 |id=Department of State Publication 8290}}
*{{cite news |last1=Wint |first1=Carl |title=Election Day by April 8th |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-mar-05-1993-2372171/ |access-date=7 April 2021 |date=5 March 1993 |newspaper=[[The Gleaner]] |location=Kingston, Jamaica |page=1 |via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}
*{{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |title=New UK Legal Advice Could Open Door to Hong Kong Citizens |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/24/new-uk-legal-advice-could-open-door-to-hong-kong-citizens |access-date=24 February 2021 |date=24 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216173049/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/may/24/new-uk-legal-advice-could-open-door-to-hong-kong-citizens |archive-date=16 February 2021 |location=London}}
*{{cite book |last=Wold |first=Emma |author-link1=Emma Wold |title=Effect of Marriage upon Nationality: Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization House of Representatives, 70th Congress, First Session |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhUlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA47 |year=1928 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D. C. |oclc=237585125}}
*{{cite book |last=Wylie |first=Campbell |title=The Law of Tonga: Comprising All Laws, Acts, and Ordinances in Force on the 1st Day of January, 1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VN9AAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA351 |edition=Revised |volume=I. |year=1967 |publisher=Government Printer |location=Nukualofa, Tonga |oclc=1001024946}}
*{{cite book |last1=Yohannes |first1=Okbazghi |title=Eritrea: A Pawn in World Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/eritreapawninwor00yoha/page/3/mode/1up |date=1991 |publisher=[[University of Florida Press]] |location=Gainesville, Florida |isbn=0-8130-1044-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zahniser |first1=Jill Diane |last2=Fry |first2=Amelia R. |title=Alice Paul: Claiming Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xit8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-19-995842-9}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Zavareh |first1=Seyyed Mohsen Hashemi-Nasab |last2=Ghaffarian |first2=Elham |last3=Ghamkhar |first3=Naser |title=The Principles of the Dependent and Independent Nationality of Spouses: Advantages and Disadvantages |journal=Ius Humani: Revista de derecho |date=April 2018 |volume=7 |pages=105-121 |doi=10.31207/ih.v7i0.187 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7190612.pdf |access-date=22 December 2020 |publisher=Universidad de los Hemisferios |location=Quito |issn=1390-440X |oclc=7547579123}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''Star Nieuws''|2014}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Aanpassing Wet Surinaamse nationaliteit aangenomen |url=http://www.starnieuws.com/index.php/welcome/index/nieuwsitem/24123 |access-date=6 February 2021 |date=11 July 2014 |newspaper=Star Nieuws |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713042955/http://www.starnieuws.com/index.php/welcome/index/nieuwsitem/24123 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |location=Paramaribo, Suriname |language=Dutch |trans-title=Surinamese Nationality Act Adopted |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Act 11''|1976}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Act No. 11: Citizenship of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |url=http://laws.gov.tt/ttdll-web2/revision/download/62249?type=amendment |website=laws.gov.tt |publisher=Government of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419214307/http://laws.gov.tt/ttdll-web2/revision/download/62249?type=amendment |archive-date=19 April 2021 |location=Port of Spain |date=30 March 1976 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Georgetown University|2011}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Barbados Constitution of 1966 |url=https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Barbados/barbados66.html#ch2 |website=Political Database of the Americas |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021202/https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Barbados/barbados66.html |archive-date=24 February 2021 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=5 July 2011 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''Gaceta de Bolivia''|1936}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Bolivia Decreto Supremo del 24-10-1936 |url=https://www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-supremo-24-10-1936-1-del-24-octubre-1936 |access-date=21 February 2021 |issue=GOB-50 |date=22 May 1936 |newspaper=Gaceta Oficial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221194504/https://www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-supremo-24-10-1936-1-del-24-octubre-1936 |archive-date=21 February 2021 |location=La Paz, Bolivia |page=1894 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Bolivia Supreme Decree of October 24, 1936}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Act No. 39''|2013}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Citizenship (Amendment) Act No. 39 of 2013 |url=https://vancitizenship.gov.vu/images/pdf/Citizenship_Act_(Amendments).pdf |website=Citizenship Office and Commission |access-date=24 June 2021 |publisher=Government of Vanuatu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624190504/https://vancitizenship.gov.vu/images/pdf/Citizenship_Act_%28Amendments%29.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2021 |location=Port Vila, Vanuatu |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|''Codigo Civil''|1868}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Codigo Civil: Portuguez |url=http://www.fd.ulisboa.pt/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Codigo-Civil-Portugues-de-1867.pdf |date=1868 |edition=Segunda edição official |publisher=Imprensa Nacional |location=Lisbon |oclc=33477664 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414072441/http://www.fd.ulisboa.pt/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Codigo-Civil-Portugues-de-1867.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2021 |url-status=live |via=Faculty of Law, [[University of Lisbon]] |quote=Titulo II: De como se adquire a qualidade de cidadão portuguez, Artigo 18° 6.° A mulher estrangeiros naturalisados, que casa com cidadão portuguez; Titulo III: De como se perde a qualidade de cidadão portuguez, Artigo 22° 4.° A mulher portugueza que casa com estrangeiro, salvo se não for, por esse facto, naturalisada pela lei do paiz de seu marido. (pp. 6–7)}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Constitución de 1830''|1829}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Constitución de 1830 |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/constitucion-del-10-de-septiembre-1830/html/0bcaedb5-73b9-42d9-880d-ed5df99af635_2.html |website=[[Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library]] |publisher=Fundación Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210202533/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/constitucion-del-10-de-septiembre-1830/html/0bcaedb5-73b9-42d9-880d-ed5df99af635_2.html |archive-date=10 February 2021 |location=Alicante, Spain |language=Spanish |trans-title=Constitution of 1830 |date=10 September 1829 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Constitución''|1967}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Constitución de 1967 |url=https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Paraguay/para1967.html |website=[[Political Database of the Americas]] |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101084752/https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Paraguay/para1967.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |location=Washington, D.C. |language=Spanish |trans-title=Constitution of 1967 |date=25 August 1967 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Constitución de Honduras''|1936}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Constitución de Honduras |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/constitucion-de-honduras-de-1936/html/206e62f5-6a92-4624-8836-1357445ae0fc_2.html |website=[[Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library]] |publisher=University of Alicante |access-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226061024/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/constitucion-de-honduras-de-1936/html/206e62f5-6a92-4624-8836-1357445ae0fc_2.html |archive-date=26 December 2020 |location=Alicante, Spain |language=Spanish |trans-title=Constitution of Honduras |date=28 March 1936 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Constitution|1970}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Constitution of the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana of 1970 |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Guyana/guyana70.html |website=[[Political Database of the Americas]] |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217062651/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Guyana/guyana70.html |archive-date=17 February 2020 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=1970 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Avalon Project|1933}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Convention on the Nationality of Women (Inter-American); December 26, 1933 |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/intam02.asp |website=[[Avalon Project]] |publisher=[[Yale Law School]] |access-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.vn/zWpkc |archive-date=27 December 2020 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |date=December 26, 1933 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Nationality Code''|1971}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Décret-loi n° 1/93 du 10 août 1971 portant code de la nationalité burundaise |url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Burundi-D%C3%A9cret-loi-n%C2%B01-93-du-10-ao%C3%BBt-1971-portant-code-de-la-nationalit%C3%A9-burundaise.pdf |website=Citizenship Rights Africa |publisher=[[Government of Burundi]] |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718153624/http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Burundi-D%C3%A9cret-loi-n%C2%B01-93-du-10-ao%C3%BBt-1971-portant-code-de-la-nationalit%C3%A9-burundaise.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2021 |location=Gitega, Burundi |language=French |trans-title=Decree-Law N° 1/93 of 10 August 1971 Relating to the Burundian Nationality Code |date=10 August 1971 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|Agence de Presse Africaine|2007}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Devenir centrafricain: Les privilégiés et les autres |url=https://www.sangonet.com/afriqg/PAFF/Dic/actuC/ActuC6/code-natio-centrafr-dev.html |access-date=27 July 2021 |agency=Agence de Presse Africaine |date=14 August 2007 |via=sangonet.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727155332/https://www.sangonet.com/afriqg/PAFF/Dic/actuC/ActuC6/code-natio-centrafr-dev.html |archive-date=27 July 2021 |location=Dakar, Senegal |language=French |trans-title=Becoming a Central African: The Privileged and the Others |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Home Office|2017}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Historical Background Information on Nationality |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/650994/Background-information-on-nationality-v1.0EXT.pdf |website=publishing.service.gov.uk |publisher=[[Home Office]] |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031938/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/650994/Background-information-on-nationality-v1.0EXT.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2020 |location=London |date=21 July 2017 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Code of Dahomean Nationality''|1965}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Law No. 65-17 of 23/06/65 containing the Code of Dahomean Nationality |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5b14.html |website=RefWorld |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204717/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5b14.html |archive-date=16 February 2018 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |date=23 June 1965 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Nationality Law''|1976}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Lei da nacionalidade e regulamento: Decreto-Lei n.º 71/76 de 24 de Julho |url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Cape-Verde-Lei-da-nacionalidade-1976.pdf |website=Citizenship Rights Africa Organization |publisher=Government of Cape Verde |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724163445/http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Cape-Verde-Lei-da-nacionalidade-1976.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2021 |location=Praia, Cape Verde |language=Portuguese |trans-title=Nationality Law and Regulation: Decree-Law No. 71/76 of July 24th |date=24 July 1976 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Lei da nacionalidade''|2020}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Lei n.º 37/81, de 03 de Outubro: Lei da nacionalidade |url=http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=614&tabela=leis |website=Procuradoria-Geral da República |publisher=[[Public Prosecution Service (Portugal)|Public Prosecution Service]] |date=2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321013518/http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=614&tabela=leis |archive-date=21 March 2021 |location=Lisbon |language=Portuguese |trans-title= Law no. 37/81, of 3 October: Nationality Law |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Nationality Law|1981}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Loi n° 1981/002 du 29 juin 1981 sur la nationalité zaïroise |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5b4c.html |website=RefWorld |publisher=[[Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Government of Zaire]] |access-date=8 August 2021 |location=Kinshasa, Zaire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211014119/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5b4c.html |archive-date=11 February 2021 |language=French |trans-title=Law N° 1981/002 of 29 June 1981 about Zairian Nationality |date=29 June 1981 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|''Equal Rights''|1930b}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Mile. Henni Forchhammer |journal=Equal Rights |date=8 November 1930 |volume=XVI |issue=44 |page=cover |url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cdocument%7C3928195?account_id=196403&usage_group_id=1338161 |access-date=2 September 2023 |publisher=[[National Woman's Party]] |location=Washington, D. C. |issn=1936-9417}}{{subscription required| via=[[Alexander Street Press|ASP: Women and Social Movements]]}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Naoero Citizenship Act''|2005}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Naoero Citizenship Act 2005 |url=http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/acts/942cf40f16f0f586650b92265ac21d97.pdf |website=Republic of Nauru |publisher=[[Parliament of Nauru]] |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125180223/http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/acts/942cf40f16f0f586650b92265ac21d97.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2019 |location=Yaren, Nauru |date=30 December 2005 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|''Report for Pre-Mandate Period''|1922}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Nauru: Report for Pre-Mandate Period, Ending 17th December, 1920 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/imageserver/parliamentary/P29pZD1BSkhSMTkyMi1JLjIuMS4yLjcmZ2V0cGRmPXRydWU |website=[[Papers Past]] |publisher=[[National Library of New Zealand]] |access-date=31 May 2021 |location=Thorndon, Wellington |date=1922}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|''Nauruan Community Ordinance''|1962}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Nauruan Community Ordinance 1956–1962 |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4f20.html |website=RefWorld |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130201559/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4f20.html |archive-date=30 January 2018 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |date=31 December 1962 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Embassy of Jamaica|2007}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Obtaining Jamaican Citizenship |url=http://www.embassyofjamaica.org/visitors/obtaining_citizenship.htm |website=[[Embassy of Jamaica, Washington, D.C.|Embassy of Jamaica]] |publisher=Government of Jamaica |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609121048/http://www.embassyofjamaica.org/visitors/obtaining_citizenship.htm |archive-date=9 June 2020 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=2014 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|''Revised Statutes''|1902}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Revised Statutes and Codes of Porto Rico, Containing All Laws Passed at the First and Second Sessions of the Legislative Assembly, in Effect after July First, Nineteen Hundred And Two, Including the Political Code, the Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Civil Code |url=https://archive.org/details/ajs5828.0001.001.umich.edu/page/XVII/mode/1up |date=1902 |publisher=Boletin Mercantil Press |location=San Juan, Puerto Rico |oclc=60410913}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|2019}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Social Institutions and Gender Index: Congo |url=https://www.genderindex.org/wp-content/uploads/files/datasheets/2019/CG.pdf |website=[[OECD]] |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803184508/https://www.genderindex.org/wp-content/uploads/files/datasheets/2019/CG.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2021 |location=Paris |date=2019 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |ref={{harvid|''The Press-Courier''|1928}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Suffragists Storm Kellogg Conference |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4433867/suffragists_storm_kellogg_conference/ |date=28 August 1928 |newspaper=[[Press-Courier]] |location=Oxnard, California |access-date=19 December 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
*{{cite report |ref={{harvid|Ministry of Women Youth Children and Family Affairs|2019}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The 2014–2019 National Review Report on Solomon Islands Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action |url=https://www.asiapacificgender.org/sites/default/files/documents/Solomon_Islands_(English).pdf |publisher=Ministry of Women Youth Children and Family Affairs, Government of the Solomon Islands |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201429/https://www.asiapacificgender.org/sites/default/files/documents/Solomon_Islands_(English).pdf |archive-date=24 June 2021 |location=Honiara, Guadalcanal |date=2019 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|''Equal Rights''|1930a}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=The Assembly of the League of Nations |journal=Equal Rights |date=1 November 1930 |volume=XVI |issue=43 |page=cover |url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cdocument%7C3928182?account_id=196403&usage_group_id=1338161 |access-date=2 September 2023 |publisher=[[National Woman's Party]] |location=Washington, D. C. |issn=1936-9417}}{{subscription required| via=[[Alexander Street Press|ASP: Women and Social Movements]]}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Georgetown University|2008}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Bahamas/Bahamas Constitution of 1973 |url=https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Bahamas/bah73.html |website=Political Database of the Americas |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211085613/https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Bahamas/bah73.html |archive-date=11 February 2021 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=16 July 2008 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|''Bulletin of the Pan American Union''|1939}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The New Constitution of El Salvador |journal=Bulletin of the Pan American Union |date=June 1939 |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=353-361 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qV4qAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA353 |publisher=Pan American Union |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=19074966}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|2016}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy: Promulgated in Cádiz, the Nineteenth Day of March, 1812 |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/the-political-constitution-of-the-spanish-monarchy-promulgated-in-cadiz-the-nineteenth-day-of-march--0/html/ffd04084-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_1.html |website=[[Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes]] |publisher=Fundación Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204171247/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/the-political-constitution-of-the-spanish-monarchy-promulgated-in-cadiz-the-nineteenth-day-of-march--0/html/ffd04084-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_1.html |archive-date=4 December 2019 |location=Alicante, Spain |date=2016 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|1933 resolutions|2008}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The World's First Treaty of Equality for Women – Montevideo, Uruguay, 1933 |url=http://portal.oas.org/Portal/Topic/Comisi%C3%B3nInteramericanadeMujeres/Historia/TratadosobreigualdadparalaMujerUruguay1933/tabid/660/Default.aspx?language=en-us |website=Organización de los Estados Americanos |publisher=[[Inter-American Commission of Women]] |access-date=13 July 2015 |location=Washington, DC |date=2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226233818/http://portal.oas.org/Portal/Topic/Comisi%C3%B3nInteramericanadeMujeres/Historia/TratadosobreigualdadparalaMujerUruguay1933/tabid/660/Default.aspx?language=en-us |archivedate=26 February 2016}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Pacific Islands Development Program|2008}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Tongan Expatriates Eligible for Dual Citizenship |url=http://www.pireport.org/articles/2008/02/05/tongan-expatriates-eligible-dual-citizenship |website=Pacific Islands Report |publisher=Pacific Islands Development Program |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317004505/http://www.pireport.org/articles/2008/02/05/tongan-expatriates-eligible-dual-citizenship |archive-date=17 March 2021 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |date=5 February 2008 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Pan American Union|1941}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Uruguay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yt3FgD00TNEC&pg=PA5|series=American Nation Series |volume=20 |date=1941 |publisher=[[Pan American Union]] |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=800460134}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|''Commonwealth Law Bulletin''|1980}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Vanuatu Achieves Independence |url=https://heinonline-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/commwlb6&div=51&start_page=1466&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=3&men_tab=srchresults |journal=Commonwealth Law Bulletin |volume=6 |issue=4 |date=October 1980 |pages=1466–1474 |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|Her Majesty's Stationery Office]] |access-date=24 June 2021 |location=London |issn=0305-0718 |oclc=4655294128}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women's nationality}}
[[:Category:Nationality]]
[[:Category:Human migration]]
[[:Category:Nationality law]]
[[:Category:People by legal status]]
[[:Category:Women's rights]]
Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):
Template:Broken ref (view source) (protected)
Template:Broken ref/lang (view source) (protected)
Template:Broken ref/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite conference (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite magazine (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite report (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite speech (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite thesis (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Clear (view source) (protected)
Template:Country data Algeria (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data American Samoa (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Angola (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Anguilla (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Aruba (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Australia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Bahamas (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Barbados (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Belize (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Benin (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Bermuda (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Bonaire (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Botswana (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data British Virgin Islands (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Burkina Faso (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Burundi (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data CAR (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Country data Cameroon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Cape Verde (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Cayman Islands (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Central African Republic (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Chad (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Comoros (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Cook Islands (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Curaçao (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data DRC (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Country data Democratic Republic of the Congo (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Djibouti (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Dominica (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data East Timor (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Egypt (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Equatorial Guinea (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Eritrea (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Eswatini (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Ethiopia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data FSM (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Country data Federated States of Micronesia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Fiji (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data French Guiana (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data French Polynesia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Grenada (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Guadeloupe (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Guam (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Guyana (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Indonesia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Jamaica (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Kiribati (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Marshall Islands (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Martinique (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Mayotte (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Mexico (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Montserrat (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Nauru (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data New Caledonia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data New Zealand (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Nicaragua (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Niue (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Northern Mariana Islands (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Palau (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Panama (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Papua New Guinea (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Peru (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Pitcairn Islands (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Puerto Rico (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Republic of the Congo (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Réunion (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data SVG (edit)
Template:Country data Saba (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Country data Saint Barthélemy (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Saint Lucia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Saint Martin (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Saint Pierre and Miquelon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Samoa (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Sint Eustatius (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Country data Sint Maarten (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Solomon Islands (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Suriname (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Tokelau (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Tonga (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Turks and Caicos Islands (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Tuvalu (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data U.S. Virgin Islands (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data UK (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data US (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data USVI (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Country data United Kingdom (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data United States (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Vanuatu (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Wallis and Futuna (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Date table sorting (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dts (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flag decoration (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flag decoration/core (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flagdeco (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Harvid (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ill (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Interlanguage link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Langx (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Link note (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Refbegin (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Refbegin/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Refend (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sfn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:SfnRef (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sfnm (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Subscription needed (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Subscription required (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Date table sorting (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/langx (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Return to User:SusunW/Women's nationality.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SusunW/Women%27s_nationality"
Category:
Open proxies blocked on Wikipedia