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{{short description|Fourth-generation home video game console}}
{{Redirect|TG-16|the U.S. Air Force training glider|DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine
| logo = [[File:TurboGrafx16logo.jpg|70px]]<br />[[File:PC Engine logo.png|120px]]
| image = [[File:TurboGrafx16-Console-Set.jpg|250px]]<br />[[File:PC-Engine-Console-Set.jpg|250px]]
| caption = North American TurboGrafx-16 (top) and the original Japanese PC Engine (bottom)
| manufacturer = [[NEC|NEC Home Electronics]]
| type = [[Home video game console]]
| generation = [[Fourth generation of video game consoles|Fourth]]
| releasedate = {{vgrelease|JP|October 30, 1987|NA|August 29, 1989|FRA|November 22, 1989|UK|1989|SPA|1990}}
| lifespan = 1987–1994
| discontinued = {{vgrelease|FRA|1993|NA|May 1994|JP|December 16, 1994}}
| unitssold = {{ubl|5.62 million<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.neogaf.com/threads/retro-sales-age-thread.981407/ | title=Retro Sales Age Thread }}</ref> (HuCard only)|2.02 million (CD-ROM{{sup|2}} + Duo)}}
| media = [[HuCard]]
| cpu = [[Hudson Soft HuC6280]]
| display = Composite or RF TV out; {{plainlist|565×242 or 256×239, 512 color palette, 482 colors on-screen}}
| successor = {{ubl|[[PC Engine SuperGrafx]]|[[PC-FX]]}}
| CPUspeed = 7.16 MHz
| sound = [[Hudson Soft HuC6280]], PSG, 5 to 10 bit stereo PCM
| graphics = [[Hudson Soft HuC6270|HuC6270]] VDC, [[HuC6260]] VCE
| memory = {{ubl|8 KB RAM|64 KB VRAM}}
}}

The '''TurboGrafx-16''', known as the {{nihongo foot|'''PC Engine'''|PCエンジン|Pīshī Enjin|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} outside North America, is a [[home video game console]] designed by [[Hudson Soft]] and sold by [[NEC|NEC Home Electronics]]. It was the first console marketed in the [[fourth generation of video game consoles|fourth generation]], commonly known as the 16-bit era, however in actuality, the console has an [[8-bit]] [[central processing unit]] (CPU) coupled with a 16-bit graphics processor, effectively making the claim somewhat [[false advertising]]. It was released in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1989. In Europe<ref name="CVG130"/> the Japanese model was unofficially imported and distributed in the United Kingdom<ref name="Age"/> and France from 1988. In Japan, the system was launched as a competitor to the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|Famicom]], but the delayed United States release meant that it ended up competing with the [[Sega Genesis]] and later the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]].

The console has an 8-bit CPU and a dual [[16-bit]] [[graphics processing unit]] (GPU) chipset consisting of a [[video display controller]] (VDC) and video color encoder. The GPUs are capable of displaying 482 colors simultaneously, out of 512. With dimensions of just 14&nbsp;cm × 14&nbsp;cm × 3.8&nbsp;cm (5.5 in × 5.5 in × 1.5 in), the Japanese PC Engine is the smallest major home game console ever made.<ref>''Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition'' (2008)</ref><ref name="Nintendo Life">{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/06/feature_the_making_of_the_pc_engine_the_8-bit_wonder_that_took_on_nintendo|title=Feature: The Making of the PC Engine|author=McFerran|first=Damien|date=November 2, 2012|website=[[Nintendo Life]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730094735/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/06/feature_the_making_of_the_pc_engine_the_8-bit_wonder_that_took_on_nintendo|archive-date=July 30, 2019}}</ref> Games were released on [[HuCard]] cartridges and later the [[CD-ROM]] optical format with the TurboGrafx-CD add-on. The "16" in its North American name and the marketing of the console as a 16-bit platform despite having an 8-bit CPU was criticized by some as deceptive.<ref name="Therrien">{{cite journal|last1=Therrien|first1=Carl|last2=Picard|first2=Martin|date=April 29, 2015|title=Enter the bit wars: A study of video game marketing and platform crafting in the wake of the TurboGrafx-16 launch|journal=[[New Media & Society]]|volume=18|issue=10|pages=2323–2339|doi=10.1177/1461444815584333|s2cid=19553739}}</ref>

In Japan, the PC Engine was very successful. It gained strong third-party support and eventually became the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Famicom]]'s main rival. However, the TurboGrafx-16 failed to break into the North American market and was a commercial failure, which has been blamed on the delayed release and inferior marketing.<ref name="Gamasutra">{{cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/225466/stalled_engine_the_turbografx16_.php|title=Stalled engine: The TurboGrafx-16 turns 25|author=Nutt|first=Christian|date=September 12, 2014|website=[[Gamasutra]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627080057/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/225466/stalled_engine_the_turbografx16_.php|archive-date=June 27, 2017}}</ref> In Europe, the Japanese models were [[grey market]] imported, modified, and distributed in France and the United Kingdom beginning in 1988,<ref name="Age"/> but an official [[PAL]] model (named simply "TurboGrafx" without the "16") planned for 1990 was cancelled following the disappointing North American launch with the already-manufactured stock of systems liquidated via mail-order retailers.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|author=Sartori|first=Paul|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2013/apr/02/turbografx-16-machine-that-time-forgot|title=TurboGrafx-16: the console that time forgot (and why it's worth re-discovering)|date=April 2, 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701054900/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2013/apr/02/turbografx-16-machine-that-time-forgot|archive-date=July 1, 2018}}</ref>

At least 17 distinct models of the console were made, including portable versions and those that integrated the CD-ROM add-on.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stuart|first1=Keith|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/feb/27/why-kanye-west-right-recommend-turbografx-16-console|title=Why Kanye West is right to recommend the TurboGrafx-16|date=February 27, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=December 25, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622125924/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/feb/27/why-kanye-west-right-recommend-turbografx-16-console|archive-date=June 22, 2017|last2=Freeman|first2=Will}}</ref> An enhanced model, the [[PC Engine SuperGrafx]], was rushed to market in 1989. It featured many performance enhancements and was intended to supersede the standard PC Engine. It failed to catch on—only six titles were released that took advantage of the added power and it was quickly discontinued. The final model was discontinued in 1994. It was succeeded by the [[PC-FX]], which was released only in Japan and was not successful.

== History ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2020}}

The PC Engine was created as a collaborative effort between [[Hudson Soft]], who created video game software, and [[NEC]], a company which was dominant in the Japanese [[personal computer]] market with their [[PC-88]] and [[PC-98]] platforms. NEC lacked the vital experience in the video gaming industry and approached numerous video game studios for support. By pure coincidence, NEC's interest in entering the lucrative video game market coincided with Hudson's failed attempt to sell designs for then-advanced graphics chips to [[Nintendo]]. The two companies successfully joined to then develop the new system.<ref name="Nintendo Life" />

The PC Engine made its debut in the Japanese market on October 30, 1987, and it was a tremendous success. The PC Engine had an elegant, "eye-catching" design, and it was very small compared to its rivals.<ref name="Gamasutra"/> The PC Engine sold 500,000 units in its first week of release.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Console Yourself |magazine=[[New Computer Express]] |date=31 August 1989 |issue=43 (2 September 1989)|page=8 |url=https://archive.org/details/NewComputerExpress043/page/n7}}</ref>

The CD-ROM expansion was a major success for the CD-ROM format, selling 60,000 units in its first five months of release in Japan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Feldman |first1=Tony |title=The Emergence of the Electronic Book |date=1990 |publisher=[[British Library]] |isbn=978-0-7123-3227-9 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5ksAAAAYAAJ |quote=These figures exclude the extraordinary phenomenon in Japan of the 'PC Engine' games console. In December 1988, NEC launched a CD-ROM drive dedicated to a computer games console. They sold 60,000 in the first five months.}}</ref> By 1989, NEC had sold over {{nowrap|1.2 million}} consoles and more than 80,000 CD-ROM units in Japan.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Japanese Announcements |journal=Database |date=1989 |volume=12 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0gPAQAAMAAJ |publisher=Online, Incorporated |quote=NEC showed both regular CD-ROM drives and a small consumer drive that is an option for the PC Engine System, a modular game machine that has sold over {{nowrap|1.2 million}} units. Since December 1988, NEC has sold more than 80,000 CD}}</ref>

In 1988, NEC decided to expand to the American market and directed its U.S. operations to develop the system for the new audience. NEC Technologies boss Keith Schaefer formed a team to test the system. They found out that there was a lack of enthusiasm in its name "PC Engine" and also felt its small size was not very suitable to American consumers who would generally prefer a larger and "futuristic" design. They decided to call the system the "TurboGrafx-16", a name representing its graphical speed and strength and its 16-bit [[GPU]]. They also completely redesigned the hardware into a large, black casing. This lengthy redesign process and NEC's questions about the system's viability in the United States delayed the TurboGrafx-16's debut.<ref name="Gamasutra"/>

The TurboGrafx-16 (branded as the TurboGrafx-16 Entertainment SuperSystem on the packaging and promotional material) was eventually released in the [[New York City]] and [[Los Angeles]] [[test market]]s in late August 1989. However, this was two weeks after Sega of America released the [[Sega Genesis]] with a 16-bit CPU to test markets. Unlike NEC, Sega did not waste time redesigning the original Japanese Mega Drive system, making only slight aesthetic changes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kent|first=Steve L.| authorlink = Steven L. Kent|title=[[The Ultimate History of Video Games]]|year=2001|publisher=Three Rivers Press|isbn=0-7615-3643-4|publication-date=October 2, 2001|pages=413|lccn=2001036497}}</ref><ref name="Gamasutra"/>

The Genesis quickly eclipsed the TurboGrafx-16 after its American debut. NEC's decision to [[pack-in]] ''[[Keith Courage in Alpha Zones]]'', a Hudson Soft game unknown to western gamers, proved costly as Sega packed-in a port of the hit arcade title ''[[Altered Beast]]'' with the Genesis. NEC's American operations in [[Chicago]] were also overhyped about its potential and quickly produced 750,000 units, far above actual demand. This was very profitable for Hudson Soft as NEC paid Hudson Soft royalties for every console produced, whether sold or not. By 1990, it was clear that the system was performing very poorly and NEC could not compete with Nintendo and Sega's marketing.<ref name="Gamasutra"/>

In late 1989, NEC announced plans for a coin-op [[arcade video game]] version of the TurboGrafx-16. However, NEC cancelled the plans in early 1990.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Revolution That Failed: NEC's bold ''TurboGrafx-16'' coin-op venture didn't pan out |magazine=RePlay |date=March 1990 |volume=15 |issue=6 |page=66 |url=https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-14-issue-no.-6-march-1990-600dpi/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2014%2C%20Issue%20No.%206%20-%20March%201990/page/66}}</ref>

In Europe, the console is known by its original Japanese name PC Engine, rather than its American name TurboGrafx-16.<ref name="CVG130">{{cite magazine |last1=Anglin |first1=Paul |last2=Rand |first2=Paul |last3=Boone |first3=Tim |title=4 Page Review: BC Kid (Amiga) |magazine=[[Computer and Video Games]] |date=15 August 1992 |issue=130 (September 1992) |pages=22–5 |url=https://retrocdn.net/images/0/08/CVG_UK_130.pdf#page=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001190810/https://retrocdn.net/images/0/08/CVG_UK_130.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> PC Engine imports from Japan drew a cult following, with a number of unauthorized PC Engine imports available along with [[NTSC]]-to-[[PAL]] adapters in the United Kingdom during the late 1980s. In 1989, a British company called Mention manufactured an adapted PAL version called the PC Engine Plus. However, the system was not officially supported by NEC.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Secret's Out! |magazine=[[ACE (magazine)|ACE]] |date=October 1989 |issue=26 (November 1989) |pages=27–30 |url=https://retrocdn.net/images/d/d9/ACE_UK_26.pdf#page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McFerran |first1=Damien |title=Feature: The Making Of The PC Engine, The 8-Bit Wonder That Took On Nintendo |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/06/feature_the_making_of_the_pc_engine_the_8-bit_wonder_that_took_on_nintendo |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=[[Nintendo Life]] |date=2019-06-15 |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730094735/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/06/feature_the_making_of_the_pc_engine_the_8-bit_wonder_that_took_on_nintendo |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Age">{{cite news |title=NEC PC Engine: A New Age Has Dawned |url=https://i1.wp.com/tiredoldhack.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/pc-engine-magazine-ad.png?ssl=1 |access-date=2021-08-25 |publisher=Micro Media |location=United Kingdom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825222536/http://i1.wp.com/tiredoldhack.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/pc-engine-magazine-ad.png?ssl=1 |archive-date=August 25, 2021 }}</ref> From November 1989 to 1993, PC Engine consoles as well as some add-ons were imported from Japan by French importer Sodipeng (''Société de Distribution de la PC Engine''), a subsidiary of [[Ubisoft|Guillemot International]]. This came after considerable enthusiasm in the French press. The PC Engine was largely available in France and [[Benelux]] through major retailers. It came with [[French language]] instructions and also an AV cable to enable its compatibility with [[SECAM]] television sets.

After seeing the TurboGrafx-16 falter in America, NEC decided to cancel their European releases. Units for the European markets were already produced, which were essentially US models modified to run on PAL television sets. NEC sold this stock to distributors; in the United Kingdom, [[Telegames]] released the console in 1990 in extremely limited quantities.<ref name=Guardian/><ref name=Gamasutra/>

[[File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-CD-FL.jpg|thumb|The TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine was the first video game console capable of playing CD-ROM games with an optional add-on.]]
By March 1991, NEC claimed that it had sold 750,000 TurboGrafx-16 consoles in the United States and 500,000 CD-ROM units worldwide.<ref name="cgw199106">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1991&pub=2&id=83 | title=Celebrating Software | magazine=Computer Gaming World | date=June 1991 | access-date=November 17, 2013 | pages=64–7}}</ref>

In an effort to relaunch the system in the North American market, in mid-1992 NEC and Hudson Soft transferred management of the system in North America to a new joint venture called Turbo Technologies Inc. and released the TurboDuo, an all-in-one unit that included the CD-ROM drive built in. However, the North American console gaming market continued to be dominated by the Genesis and [[Super NES]], which was released in North America in August 1991. In May 1994, Turbo Technologies announced that it was dropping support for the Duo, though it would continue to offer repairs for existing units and provide ongoing software releases through independent companies in the U.S. and Canada.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 1994|title=At the Deadline|page=172|magazine=[[GamePro]]|publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|issue=60|url=https://retrocdn.net/images/9/92/GamePro_US_060.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112004115/https://retrocdn.net/images/9/92/GamePro_US_060.pdf|archive-date=January 12, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Japan, NEC had sold a total of {{nowrap|5.84 million}} PC Engine units {{as of|1995|lc=y}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=小川 (Ogawa)|first=純生 (Sumio)|date=2010-12-14|title=テレビゲーム機の変遷 —ファミコン、スーパーファミコン、プレステ、プレステ2、Wiiまで—|trans-title=Recent Developments in Video Game Technology in Japan — Famicom, Super Famicom, Play Station, Play Station 2 and Wii —|url=http://www.toyo.ac.jp/uploaded/attachment/3049.pdf|journal=経営論集 (Keiei Ronshū)|language=ja|publication-date=March 2011|issue=77|pages=1–17 (2)|issn=0286-6439|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725185700/http://www.toyo.ac.jp/uploaded/attachment/3049.pdf|archive-date=July 25, 2015|access-date=2021-12-06|via=Toyo University Academic Information Repository ([[Toyo University]])|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sekimoto">{{cite news |title=ウィークエンド経済 第765号 あの失敗がこう生きた [Weekend Economics Issue 765. That Mistake Lived On.] |work=Asahi Shinbun (Evening Edition) |location=Osaka, Japan |date=December 1, 2001 |language=ja }}</ref> and {{nowrap|1.92 million}} CD-ROM² units {{as of|1996|3|lc=y}}.<ref name="Sega Stats">{{cite magazine|date=June 21, 1996|title=Weekly ''Famitsu'' Express|url=https://imgur.com/hXXa6DE|magazine=[[Famitsu]]|volume=11|issue=392|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211019/https://imgur.com/hXXa6DE|archive-date=2021-10-19|access-date=August 2, 2019|lang=ja|url-status=live}}</ref> This adds up to a total of more than {{nowrap|{{#expr:5.84+0.75}} million}} PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 units sold in Japan and the United States {{as of|1995|lc=y}}, and {{nowrap|1.92 million}} CD-ROM² units sold in Japan. The final licensed release for the PC Engine was ''[[Dead of the Brain]] Part 1 & 2'' on June 3, 1999, on the Super CD-ROM² format.

==Add-ons==
===TurboGrafx-CD/CD-ROM²===
[[File:PC Engine CD-ROM2 Interface Unit.jpg|thumb|PC Engine CoreGrafx with CD-ROM² and interface unit]]
The ''CD-ROM²'' is an add-on attachment for the PC Engine that was released in Japan on December 4, 1988. The add-on allows the core versions of the console to play PC Engine games in CD-ROM format in addition to standard HuCards. This made the PC Engine the first video game console to use CD-ROM as a storage media. The add-on consisted of two devices – the CD player itself and the interface unit, which connects the CD player to the console and provides a unified power supply and output for both.<ref>[http://www.ign.com/top-25-consoles/13.html Top 25 Videogame Consoles of All Time], IGN. Retrieved June 14, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond|last=Wolf|first=Mark J. P.|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-313-33868-7|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA119|access-date=April 10, 2011}}</ref> It was later released as the ''TurboGrafx-CD'' in the United States in November 1989, with a remodeled interface unit in order to suit the different shape of the TurboGrafx-16 console.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=December 1989|title=TurboGrafx-CD System|url=https://retrocdn.net/images/d/d6/ComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.8_09.pdf|magazine=[[Computer Entertainer]]|volume=8|issue=9|page=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065311/https://retrocdn.net/images/d/d6/ComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.8_09.pdf|archive-date=September 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The TurboGrafx-CD had a launch price of $399.99 and did not include any bundled games.<ref name="ToysRUs">{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=373&dat=19901205&id=ek1OAAAAIBAJ&pg=2470,1037511|title=Toys R Us weekly ad|date=December 5, 1990|newspaper=The Catoosa County News|access-date=June 17, 2014}}</ref> ''[[Fighting Street]]'' and ''[[Wonder Boy III: Monster Lair|Monster Lair]]'' were the TurboGrafx-CD launch titles;<ref name="RePlay">{{cite magazine |title=Home Games Look Robust at Winter CES Show; "Coin-Op Must Get On Track Fast," Observers Say |magazine=RePlay |date=February 1990 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=38–44 |url=https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-14-issue-no.-5-february-1990-600dpi/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2014%2C%20Issue%20No.%205%20-%20February%201990/page/38/mode/2up}} {{Dead link|date=December 2021}}</ref> ''[[Ys Book I & II]]'' soon followed.

===Super CD-ROM²===
[[File:Super CD-ROM2 with CoreGrafx II (3-4 right view).jpg|thumb|Super CD-ROM² attached to a CoreGrafx II]]
In 1991, NEC introduced an upgraded version of the CD-ROM² System known as the ''Super CD-ROM²'', which updates the BIOS to Version 3.0 and increases buffer RAM from 64 KB to 256 KB. This upgrade was released in several forms: the first was the ''PC Engine Duo'' on September 21, a new model of the console with a CD-ROM drive and upgraded BIOS/RAM already built into the system. This was followed by the ''Super System Card'' released on October 26, an upgrade for the existing CD-ROM² add-on that serves as a replacement to the original System Card. PC Engine owners who did not already own the original CD-ROM² add-on could instead opt for the Super-CD-ROM² unit, an updated version of the add-on released on December 13, which combines the CD-ROM drive, interface unit and Super System Card into one device.

===Arcade Card===
On March 12, 1994, NEC introduced a third upgrade known as the {{nihongo|''Arcade Card''|アーケードカード|Ākēdo Kādo}}, which increases the amount of onboard RAM of the Super CD-ROM² System to 2MB. This upgrade was released in two models: the ''Arcade Card Duo'', designed for PC Engine consoles already equipped with the Super CD-ROM² System, and the ''Arcade Card Pro'', a model for the original CD-ROM² System that combines the functionalities of the Super System Card and Arcade Card Duo into one. The first games for this add-on were ports of the [[Neo-Geo]] fighting games ''[[Fatal Fury 2]]'' and ''[[Art of Fighting]]''. Ports of ''[[World Heroes 2]]'' and ''[[Fatal Fury Special]]'' were later released for this card, along with several original games released under the ''Arcade CD-ROM²'' standard. By this point, support for both the TurboGrafx-16 and Turbo Duo was already waning in North America; thus, no North American version of either Arcade Card was produced, though a Japanese Arcade Card can still be used on a North American console through a HuCard converter.

==Variations==

Many variations and related products of the PC Engine were released.

===CoreGrafx===
[[File:PC Engine Core Grafx1&2.jpg|right|thumb|CoreGrafx & CoreGrafx II]]
The ''PC Engine CoreGrafx'' is an updated model of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 8, 1989. It has the same form factor as the original PC Engine, but it changes the color scheme from white and red to black and blue and replaces the original's [[radio frequency]]-output connector with a [[composite video]] AV port. It also used a revised CPU, the HuC6280A, which supposedly fixed some minor audio issues. A recolored version of the model, known as the ''PC Engine CoreGrafx II'', was released on June 21, 1991. Aside from the different coloring (light grey and orange), it is nearly identical to the original CoreGrafx except that the CPU was changed back to the original HuC6280.

=== SuperGrafx ===
The [[PC Engine SuperGrafx]], released on the same day as the CoreGrafx in Japan, is an enhanced variation of the PC Engine hardware with updated specs. This model has a second HuC6270A (VDC), a HuC6202 (VDP) that combines the output of the two VDCs, four times as much RAM, twice as much video RAM, and a second layer/plane of scrolling. It also uses the revised HuC6280A CPU, but the sound and color palette were not upgraded, making the expensive price tag a big disadvantage to the system. As a result, only five exclusive SuperGrafx games and two hybrid games (''[[Darius (arcade game)|Darius Plus]]'' and ''[[Darius Alpha]]'' were released as standard HuCards which took advantage of the extra video hardware if played on a SuperGrafx) were released, and the system was quickly discontinued. The SuperGrafx has the same expansion port as previous PC Engine consoles, but requires an adapter in order to utilize the original CD-ROM² System add-on, due to the SuperGrafx console's large size.

===Shuttle===
[[File:PC Engine Shuttle.jpg|left|thumb|PC Engine Shuttle]]
The ''PC Engine Shuttle'' was released in Japan on November 22, 1989, as a less expensive model of the console, retailing at ¥18,800. It was targeted primarily towards younger players with its spaceship-like design and came bundled with a TurboPad II controller, which is shaped differently from the other standard TurboPad controllers. The reduced price was made possible by removing the expansion port from the back, making it the first model of the console that was not compatible with the CD-ROM² add-on. However, it does have a slot for a memory backup unit, which is required for certain games. The RF output used on the original PC Engine was also replaced with an A/V port for the Shuttle.

The PC Engine Shuttle was also distributed in South Korea. It was released in 1990 by Daewoo Electronics.

===TurboExpress===
[[File:NEC-TurboExpress-Upright-FL.jpg|right|thumb|TurboExpress]]
The ''PC Engine GT'' is a portable version of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 1, 1990, and then in the United States as the [[TurboExpress]]. It can play only HuCard games. It has a {{convert|2.6|in|mm|adj=on}} backlit, active-matrix color LCD screen, the most advanced on the market for a portable video game unit at the time. The screen contributed to its high price and short battery life, however, which hurt its performance in the market. It also has a TV tuner adapter as well as a two-player link cable.

=== LT ===
The ''PC Engine LT'' is a model of the console in a [[laptop]] form, released on December 13, 1991, in Japan, retailing at ¥99,800. The LT does not require a television display (and does not have any AV output) as it has a built-in flip-up screen and speakers, just as a laptop would have, but, unlike the GT, the LT runs on a power supply. Its expensive price meant that few units were produced compared to other models. The LT has full expansion port capability, so the CD-ROM² unit is compatible with the LT the same way as it is with the original PC Engine and CoreGrafx. However, the LT requires an adapter to use the enhanced Super CD-ROM² unit. {{clear}}

===Duo===
{{see|TurboDuo}}
{|style="width:268px; float:right; border:1px solid #ccc; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; padding:1em; margin: 1em 0 1em 2em;"
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|[[File:NEC-TurboDuo-Console-wController-L.jpg|240px]]
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|[[File:NEC-Turbo-Duo-Flaps-Up.jpg|240px]]
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|colspan="2"|NEC/Turbo Technologies later released the TurboDuo, which combined the TurboGrafx-CD (with the new Super System Card on board) and TurboGrafx-16 into one unit.
|}
NEC Home Electronics released the ''PC Engine Duo'' in Japan on September 21, 1991, which combined the PC Engine and Super CD-ROM² unit into a single console. The system can play HuCards, audio CDs, CD+Gs, standard CD-ROM² games and Super CD-ROM² games. The North American version, the ''TurboDuo'', was launched in October 1992.

[[File:PC Engine Duo-RX.jpg|left|thumb|PC Engine Duo RX]]
Two updated variants were released in Japan: the ''PC Engine Duo-R'' on March 25, 1993, and the ''PC Engine Duo-RX'' on June 25, 1994. The changes were mostly cosmetic, but the RX included a new 6-button controller.

===Third-party models===
The ''PC-KD863G'' is a [[CRT monitor]] with built-in PC Engine console, released on September 27, 1988, in Japan for ¥138,000. Following NEC's PCs' naming scheme, the PC-KD863G was designed to eliminate the need to buy a separate television set and a console. It output its signals in [[RGB]], so it was clearer at the time than the console which was still limited to RF and [[Composite video|composite]]. However, it has no BUS expansion port, which made it incompatible with the CD-ROM² System and memory backup add-ons.

The ''X1-Twin'' was the first licensed PC Engine-compatible hardware manufactured by a third-party company, released by [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] in April 1989 for ¥99,800.<ref name=super_pcefan_vol1>{{cite magazine|title=スーパーPCエンジンファン|trans-title=Super PC Engine Fan|language=ja|volume=1|publisher=Tokuma Shoten Intermedia|date=January 15, 1994}}</ref> It is a hybrid system that can run PC Engine games and [[X1 (computer)|X1]] computer software.

[[Pioneer Corporation]]'s [[LaserActive]] supports an add-on module which allows the use of PC Engine games (HuCard, CD-ROM² and Super CD-ROM²) as well as new "LD-ROM²" titles that work only on this device. NEC also released their own LaserActive unit (NEC PCE-LD1) and PC Engine add-on module, under an [[OEM]] license.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=January 1994|title=International News|url=https://archive.org/stream/ElectronicGamingMonthly_201902/Electronic%20Gaming%20Monthly%20Issue%20054%20%28January%201994%29#page/n95/mode/2up|magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|issue=54|page=94|access-date=March 10, 2020}}</ref> A total of eleven LD-ROM<sup>2</sup> titles were produced, with only three of them released in North America.

===Other foreign markets===
Outside North America and Japan, the TurboGrafx-16 console was released in [[South Korea]] by a third-party company, [[Haitai]], under the name ''Vistar 16''. It was based on the American version but with a new curved design. [[Daewoo Electronics]] distributed the PC Engine Shuttle in the South Korean market as well.<ref>[http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/korea/part1/company-daewoo.htm A History of Korean Gaming]</ref>

==Technical specifications==
[[File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Motherboard-Top.jpg|thumb|250px|Top view of the motherboard for the TurboGrafx-16]]

The TurboGrafx-16 uses a [[Hudson Soft HuC6280]] CPU—an [[8-bit]] CPU running at 7.16 [[Hertz|MHz]] paired with two 16-bit graphics processors, a [[Hudson Soft HuC6270|HuC6270]] video display controller and a HuC6260 video color encoder.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States patent 5059955|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5059955}}</ref> It includes 8 [[kilobyte|KB]] of [[Random access memory|RAM]], 64 KB of [[Video RAM]], and the ability to display 482 colors at once from a 512-color [[palette (computing)|palette]]. The sound hardware, built into the CPU, includes a [[programmable sound generator]] running at 3.58&nbsp;MHz and a 5-10 bit stereo PCM.

TurboGrafx-16 games use the [[HuCard]] [[ROM cartridge]] format, thin credit card-sized cards that insert into the front slot of the console. PC Engine HuCards have 38 connector pins. TurboGrafx-16 HuCards (alternatively referred to as "TurboChips") reverse eight of these pins as a region lockout method. The power switch on the console also acts as a lock that prevents HuCards from being removed while the system is powered on. The European release of the TurboGrafx-16 did not have its own PAL-formatted HuCards as a result of its limited release, with the system instead supporting standard HuCards and outputting a PAL 50&nbsp;Hz video signal.<ref name="Gamasutra"/>

===Peripherals===
[[File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Controller-FR.jpg|thumb|left|The TurboGrafx-16 TurboPad]]

In Japan, the PC Engine was originally sold with a standard controller known simply as the Pad. It has a rectangular shape with a directional pad, two action buttons numbered "I" and "II", and two rubber "Select" and "Run" buttons, matching the number of buttons on the [[Nintendo Entertainment System#Controllers|Famicom's primary controller]] (as well as a standard NES controller). Another controller known  as the TurboPad was also launched separately with the console, which added two "Turbo" switches for the I and II buttons with three speed settings. The switches allow for a single button press to register multiple inputs at once (for instance, this allows for rapid fire in scrolling shooters). The TurboPad became standard-issue with the TurboGrafx-16 in North America, as well as subsequent models of the PC Engine in Japan starting with the PC Engine Coregrafx, immediately phasing out the original PC Engine Pad.

All PC Engine and TurboGrafx-16 consoles only have one controller port; in order to use multiple controllers on the same system and play multiplayer games, a separate peripheral, known in Japan as the MultiTap and in North America as the TurboTap, was required, which allowed up to five controllers to be plugged into the system. The Cordless Multitap was also available exclusively in Japan, sold as a set with a single Cordless Pad, with additional wireless controllers available separately.

Due to using different diameter controller ports, PC Engine controllers and peripherals are not compatible with TurboGrafx-16 consoles and vice versa. The TurboDuo would revert to using the same controller port that the PC Engine uses, resulting in new TurboDuo-branded versions of the TurboPad and TurboTap peripherals, known as the DuoPad and the DuoTap respectively, to be made. An official TurboGrafx-16/Duo Adapter was also produced, which was an extension cable that allowed any TurboGrafx-16 controller or peripheral to be connected into the TurboDuo console (as well as any PC Engine console as a side effect).

The [[Virtual Cushion]], released in 1992, allows players to feel the impact of enemy attacks through sound vibrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=System - PC Engine Virtual Cushion |url=https://www.pcengine-fx.com/TS/system_-_pc_engine_virtual_cus.html |website=www.pcengine-fx.com |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Electric Brain |date=April 1993 |location=United Kingdom |page=5 |edition=33 |url=https://archive.org/details/1993-04-electric-brain-33/page/5/mode/1up |access-date=29 July 2024 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Electronic Gaming Monthly |date=February 1993 |location=United States |page=68 |edition=43 |url=https://archive.org/details/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly_43/page/n67/mode/1up |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

Many peripherals were produced for both the TurboGrafx-16 and PC Engine. The TurboStick is a tabletop joystick designed to replicate the standard control layout of arcade games from the era. Other similar joystick controllers were produced by third-party manufacturers, such as the Python 4 by QuickShot and the Stick Engine by [[ASCII Corporation]]. The TurboBooster attached to the back of the system and allowed it to output composite video and stereo audio. Hudson released the Ten no Koe 2 in Japan, which enabled the ability to save progress in compatible HuCard titles. In 1991, NEC Avenue released the Avenue Pad 3, which added a third action button labelled "III" that could be assigned via a switch to function as either the Select or Run button, as many games had begun to use one of those for in-game commands. The Avenue Pad 6 was released in 1993 in conjunction with the PC Engine port of ''[[Street Fighter II: Champion Edition]]'', adding four action buttons numbered "III" through "VI"; unlike the three-button pad, these buttons did not duplicate existing buttons, and instead added new functionalities in compatible titles. Another six-button controller, the Arcade Pad 6, was released by NEC Home Electronics in 1994, replacing the TurboPad as the bundled controller of the PC Engine Duo-RX (the last model of the console).

==Library==
{{see also|List of TurboGrafx-16 games}}

A total of 686 commercial games were released for the TurboGrafx-16. In North America, the system featured ''[[Keith Courage in Alpha Zones]]'' as a pack-in game, a conversion of the PC Engine title Mashin Eiyuuden Wataru. The PC Engine console received strong third-party support in Japan, while the TurboGrafx-16 console struggled to gain the attention of other developers. Hudson brought over many of its popular franchises, such as ''[[Bomberman]]'', ''[[Bonk (video game)|Bonk]]'', and ''[[Adventure Island (video game)|Adventure Island]]'', to the system with graphically impressive follow-ups. Hudson also designed and published several original titles, such as ''[[Air Zonk]]'' and ''[[Dungeon Explorer (1989 video game)|Dungeon Explorer]]''. [[Compile (company)|Compile]] published ''[[Alien Crush]]'' and ''[[Devil's Crush]]'', two well-received virtual pinball games. [[Namco]] contributed several high-quality conversions of its arcade games, such as ''[[Valkyrie no Densetsu]]'', ''[[Pac-Land]]'', ''[[Galaga '88]]'', ''[[Final Lap Twin]]'', and ''[[Splatterhouse]]'', as did [[Capcom]] with a port of ''[[Street Fighter II: Champion Edition|Street Fighter II: Champion Edition]]''.

A large portion of the TurboGrafx-16's library is made up of horizontal and vertical-scrolling shooters. Examples include [[Konami]]'s ''[[Gradius (video game)|Gradius]]'' and ''[[Salamander (video game)|Salamander]]'', [[Hudson Soft|Hudson]]'s ''[[Super Star Soldier]]'' and ''[[Soldier Blade]]'', [[Namco]]'s ''[[Galaga '88]]'', [[Irem]]'s ''[[R-Type]]'', and [[Taito]]'s ''[[Darius (video game)|Darius Alpha]], [[Darius (video game)|Darius Plus]]'' and ''[[Darius (video game)|Super Darius]]''. The console is also known for its platformers and role-playing games; [[Victor Entertainment]]'s ''[[The Legendary Axe]]'' won numerous awards and is seen among the TurboGrafx-16's definitive titles. ''[[Ys I & II]]'', a compilation of two games from [[Nihon Falcom]]'s ''[[Ys (series)|Ys]]'' series, was particularly successful in Japan. ''[[Cosmic Fantasy 2]]'' was an RPG ported from Japan to the United States that earned Electronic Gaming Magazine RPG of the year in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reverie|first=Zenic|date=September 4, 2016|title=The RPG Consoler: Game #59: Cosmic Fantasy 2 (TurboGrafx-CD) - "RPG of the Year" -- EGM 1993 (Finished)|url=http://allconsolerpgs.blogspot.com/2016/09/game-59-cosmic-fantasy-2-turbografx-cd.html|access-date=September 27, 2020|website=The RPG Consoler}}</ref>

==Reception==
In Japan, the PC Engine was very successful, and at one point it was the top-selling console in the nation.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1995|title=What in the Name of Sam Hill is a PC Engine?|url=https://retrocdn.net/images/d/d6/EGM_US_070.pdf|magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|issue=70|page=15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407211552/https://retrocdn.net/images/d/d6/EGM_US_070.pdf|archive-date=April 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In North America and Europe, the situation was reversed, with both Sega and Nintendo dominating the console market at the expense of NEC. Initially, the TurboGrafx-16 sold well in the U.S., but eventually, it suffered from a lack of support from third-party [[software developer]]s and publishers.

In 1990, ''[[ACE (games magazine)|ACE]]'' magazine praised the console's [[Racing video game|racing game]] library, stating that, compared to "all the popular consoles, the PC Engine is way out in front in terms of the range and quality of its race games."<ref>''[[ACE (games magazine)|ACE]]'', issue 34 (July 1990), [https://wos.meulie.net/pub/sinclair/magazines/ACE/Issue34/Pages/ACE3400059.jpg page 59]</ref> Reviewing the Turbo Duo model in 1993, ''[[GamePro]]'' gave it a "thumbs down". Though they praised the system's CD sound, graphics, and five-player capability, they criticized the outdated controller and the games library, saying the third-party support was "almost nonexistent" and that most of the first party games were localizations of games better suited to the Japanese market.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=December 1993|title=System Shopper|pages=46–49|magazine=[[GamePro]]|publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|issue=53|url=https://retrocdn.net/images/4/48/GamePro_US_053.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202920/https://retrocdn.net/images/4/48/GamePro_US_053.pdf|archive-date=February 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, the TurboGrafx-16 was ranked the 13th greatest video game console of all time by [[IGN]], citing "a solid catalog of games worth playing," but also a lack of third-party support and the absence of a second controller port.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/top-25-consoles/13.html |title=TurboGrafx-16 is number 13 |website=IGN |access-date=July 5, 2011}}</ref>

The controversy over bit width marketing strategy reappeared with the advent of the [[Atari Jaguar]] console. [[Mattel]] did not market its 1979 [[Intellivision]] system with bit width, although it used a 16-bit CPU.<ref name="Therrien"/>

==Legacy==
In 1994, NEC released a new console, the Japanese-exclusive [[PC-FX]], a [[32-bit]] system with a tower-like design. It was a commercial failure, leading NEC to abandon the video game industry. 

[[Video game console emulator|Emulation programs]] for the TurboGrafx-16 exist for several modern and retro operating systems and architectures. Popular and regularly updated programs include [[Mednafen]] and BizHawk.

In 2006, a number of TurboGrafx-16 (TurboChip/HuCARD), TurboGrafx-CD (CD-ROM²) and Turbo Duo (Super CD-ROM²) games were released on Nintendo's [[Virtual Console]] download service for the [[Wii]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hudsonent.com/user/newsdetail.php?news_id=68 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702194939/http://www.hudsonent.com/user/newsdetail.php?news_id=68 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |title=Hudson Entertainment – Video Games, Mobile Games, Ringtones, and More! |publisher=Hudsonent.com |access-date=July 5, 2011 }}</ref> and later the [[Wii U]], and [[Nintendo 3DS]], including several that were originally never released outside Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/03/23/gdc-06-satoru-iwata-keynote|title=GDC 06: Satoru Iwata Keynote|date=March 23, 2006|website=[[IGN]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060809201844/http://wii.ign.com/articles/697/697882p1.html|archive-date=August 9, 2006|access-date=July 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revolutionfanboy.com/2006/03/23/virtual-console-sega-and-hudson-games-are-a-go/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201134356/http://www.revolutionfanboy.com/2006/03/23/virtual-console-sega-and-hudson-games-are-a-go/ |archive-date=December 1, 2008 |title=Virtual Console: Sega and Hudson games are a go! – Nintendo Wii Fanboy |publisher=Revolution Fanboy |date=March 23, 2006 |access-date=July 5, 2011}}</ref> In 2011, [[List of PlayStation Store TurboGrafx-16 games|ten TurboGrafx-16 games]] were released on the [[PlayStation Network]] for play on the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[PlayStation Portable]] in the North American region.

In 2010, Hudson released an [[iPhone]] application entitled "TurboGrafx-16 GameBox" which allowed users to buy and play a number of select Turbo Grafx games via [[in-app purchases]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/122690/Hudson_Releases_TurboGrafx16_GameBox_Emulator_For_iOS.php|title=Hudson Releases ''TurboGrafx-16 GameBox'' Emulator For iOS|last1=Cowan|first1=Danny|date=December 21, 2010|website=[[Gamasutra]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712180223/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/122690/Hudson_Releases_TurboGrafx16_GameBox_Emulator_For_iOS.php|archive-date=July 12, 2016|access-date=April 6, 2016}}</ref>

The 2012 JRPG ''[[Hyperdimension Neptunia Victory]]'' features a character, known as Peashy, that pays homage to the console.

In 2016, rapper [[Kanye West]]'s [[Turbo Grafx 16 (album)|8th solo album]] was initially announced to be titled "Turbo Grafx 16".<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=703446573552967680|user=kanyewest|title=My next album is titled "Turbo Grafx 16" as of now…|date=February 26, 2016|first=Kanye|last=West|author-link=Kanye West|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614185134/https://twitter.com/kanyewest/status/703446573552967680|archive-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/27/11125294/kanye-west-new-album-turbografx-16|title=Kanye West says his new album is called Turbo Grafx 16 and coming this summer|last1=Byford|first1=Sam|date=February 27, 2016|website=[[The Verge]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906042152/https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/27/11125294/kanye-west-new-album-turbografx-16|archive-date=September 6, 2018|access-date=April 6, 2016}}</ref> The album, however, was eventually scrapped.

In 2019, [[Konami]] announced at [[E3 2019]] and at [[Tokyo Game Show|Tokyo Game Show 2019]] the [[TurboGrafx-16 Mini]],<ref>{{cite web|title=PC Engine mini, PC Engine CoreGrafx mini, TurboGrafx-16 mini Official Website|url=https://www.konami.com/games/pcemini/gate}}</ref> a [[dedicated console]] featuring many built-in games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/gaming/news/konami-releasing-a-mini-version-of-turbografx-16-with-pre-loaded-games-1203240532/|title=Konami Releasing a Mini Version of TurboGrafx-16 With Pre-Loaded Games|last=Lanier|first=Liz|date=June 12, 2019|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200310180618/https://variety.com/2019/gaming/news/konami-releasing-a-mini-version-of-turbografx-16-with-pre-loaded-games-1203240532/|archive-date=March 10, 2020|access-date=March 10, 2020}}</ref> On March 6, 2020, Konami announced that the TurboGrafx-16 Mini and its peripheral accessories would be delayed indefinitely from its previous March 19, 2020 launch date due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] disrupting supply chains in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-03-06-turbografx-16-mini-indefinitely-delayed-due-to-coronavirus|title=TurboGrafx-16 Mini indefinitely delayed due to coronavirus|last=Batchelor|first=James|date=March 6, 2020|website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307135801/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-03-06-turbografx-16-mini-indefinitely-delayed-due-to-coronavirus|archive-date=March 7, 2020|access-date=March 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-03-06-konami-delays-pc-engine-core-grafx-mini-over-coronavirus|title=Konami delays PC Engine Core Grafx mini over coronavirus|last=Yin-Poole|first=Wesley|date=March 6, 2020|website=[[Eurogamer]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310175829/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-03-06-konami-delays-pc-engine-core-grafx-mini-over-coronavirus|archive-date=March 10, 2020|access-date=March 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1235852906856730624|user=konamieu|title=[Notice] We have added the notice "Regarding the manufacturing and shipping delays of the PC Engine Core Grafx mini products due to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)" to the official website. Check here for more details: https://konami.com/games/pcemini/eu/en/ #CoreGrafx|date=March 6, 2020}}</ref> It was released in North America on May 22, 2020, and released in Europe on June 5, 2020.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|PC Engine}}
* [https://www.copetti.org/projects/consoles/pc-engine/ PC Engine / TurboGrafx-16 Architecture: A Practical Analysis]

{{NEC video game consoles}}
{{Fourth generation game consoles}}
{{Home video game consoles}}
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Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dead link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Fourth generation game consoles (edit)
Template:Further (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Home video game consoles (edit)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox computing device (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Infobox information appliance (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:MONTHNAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNUMBER (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:NEC video game consoles (edit)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nihongo (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nihongo foot (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:Notelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nowrap (view source) (protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Redirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Replace (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:See (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:See also (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sup (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Ubl (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Unbulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Vgrelease (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Video game consoles (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Video game release (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Cite tweet (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Cite web (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:CountryData (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:CountryData/summary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If preview (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If preview/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If preview/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/langx (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Nihongo (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/e (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/other (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/v (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:TwitterSnowflake (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Video game release (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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