View source for Tsongkha

You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 206.189.32.0/20 has been blocked by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~}}. You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 07:33, 6 August 2027. Your current IP address is 206.189.44.186.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 206.189.0.0/16 has been blocked by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~}}. You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 07:37, 6 August 2027. Your current IP address is 206.189.44.186.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
This IP address range has been globally blocked.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis.
The IP address or range 206.189.32.0/20 has been globally blocked by ‪EPIC‬ for the following reason(s):

Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected

This block will expire on 08:48, 2 July 2025. Your current IP address is 206.189.44.186.

Even while globally blocked, you will usually still be able to edit pages on Meta-Wiki.

If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

Other useful links: Global blocks · Help:I have been blocked

You can view and copy the source of this page:

{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Tsongkha 
|common_name = Tsongkha
|government_type = Theocracy
|capital      = Tsongkha (modern [[Ping'an District]]),<br>Qingtang ([[Xining]])
|common_languages = [[Old Tibetan|Tibetan]]
|religion     = Buddhism
|year_start   = 997
|year_end     = 1104
|p1           = Xiliangfu
|s1           = Song dynasty
|image_map    =  File:Era of Fragmentation.png
|image_flag   =
|title_leader = 
|stat_year1   = 
|stat_area1   = 
|today        = [[China]]
}}

'''Tsongkha''' ({{bo|t=ཙོང་ཁ།|w=tsong kha}}; {{zh|t=宗喀國}}), also known as '''Qingtang''' ({{zh|t=青唐國}}) and '''Gusiluo''' ({{zh|t=唃廝囉國}}), was a [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] theocracy that ruled northeastern [[Tibet]] from 997 to 1104.{{sfn|Tuttle|2013|p=xvii}}

==History==

In 997 the elders of [[Amdo]] found a descendant of the [[Tibetan Empire|Yarlung]] dynasty in [[Gaochang]] by the name of Qinanling Wenqianbu. They took him to [[Linxia City|Hezhou]] where they named him [[Gusiluo]]/Juesiluo, otherwise known as Gyelsé, meaning "son of Buddha".{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=173}}

In 1008 [[Gusiluo]] was enthroned at [[Hualong Hui Autonomous County|Kuozhou]] as [[Tsenpo]].{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=173}}

In 1017 Tsongkha was defeated by the [[Song dynasty]] commander [[Cao Wei]].{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=175}}

In 1025 Gusiluo relocated to [[Miaochuan]].{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=175}}

In 1032 Gusiluo relocated to [[Qingtang]].{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=176}} Around the same time his eldest son Xiazhan established himself in Hezhou and his second son Mozhanjiao in Tsongkha.{{sfn|Tuttle|2013|p=152}}

In 1054 assisted the Song army in resolving a dispute among Tibetan tribes.{{sfn|Tuttle|2013|p=152}}

In 1058 a [[Khitan people|Khitan]] princess married Gusiluo's son Dongzhan.{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=192}} Dongzhan killed Xiazhan and Mozhanjiao.{{sfn|Tuttle|2013|p=152}}

In 1065 Gusiluo died and was succeeded by his son Dongzhan. Mucheng, son of Xiazhan, declared independence in Hezhou. Mucheng sided with the [[Tanguts]] and began interfering with trade caravans entering the [[Song dynasty]].{{sfn|Tuttle|2013|p=153}}

In 1070 the monks Jiewuchila and Kangzunxinluojie attempted to enthrone Mucheng's younger brother Donggu at [[Lintao|Wushengjun]] but failed.{{sfn|Tuttle|2013|p=153}}

In 1072 the Song dynasty commander Wang Shao attacked Mucheng and gained control of Wushengjun (Xizhou) and Hezhou, though Mucheng escaped. The Song general Jing Sili was killed by the Tibetan warrior Guizhang. During the taking of Hezhou, 7,000 Tibetans were killed and 12,000 were taken prisoner. More than 20,000 tent dwellings were destroyed.{{sfn|Tuttle|2013|p=154}}

In 1074 Dongzhan and Mucheng submitted to Song governance.{{sfn|Tuttle|2013|p=154}}

After the failed [[Song-Xia War (1081–1085)|Song invasion of Western Xia]] ended in 1085, the Song lost all influence in Tsongkha. Mucheng had been succeeded by Guizhang.{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=95}}

In 1086, Dongzhan died and was succeeded by his adopted son, Aligu ([[Khotan]]ese mother). Aligu hid the death of Dongzhan for a year and induced his father's Khitan wife to kill two other wives to eliminate potential rivals. Then he married his daughter to the [[Tanguts]]. Aligu gained Song recognition, which infuriated Guizhang. Guizhang fortified himself at [[Lintan County|Taozhou]] and began raiding Song territory. In 1087, Song forces led by Chong Yi captured Guizhang and sent him to [[Kaifeng]]. Two years later he was released and sent to live in [[Qín Prefecture|Qinzhou]], where he died two years later.{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=96-98}}

Aligu was an unpopular ruler. In 1092 he incarcerated the tribal leader Wenxixin and his son Xibawen as Song spies.{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=99}}

Aligu died in 1096 and was succeeded by his son, Xiazheng.{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=99}}

In 1099, Xiazheng was expelled by Xinmouqinzhan, who enthroned Longza as rightful heir to the Gusiluo line. The Song commander Wang Shan defeated Longza and occupied Tsongkha. At first the Song tried to directly administrate the area, but Tibetan resistance forced the reinstatement of Longza as hereditary administrator and Mucheng's son, Bangbiwudingwa as military commissioner with responsibility over the Tibetan tribes.{{sfn|Tuttle|2013|p=xvii}}{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=100-106}}

Longza returned to power in 1101, but was immediately driven off by his brother, Xisheluosa.{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=112}}

In 1103, the Song dispatched Wang Hou to conquer Tsongkha. Wang led 20,000 troops to capture the Tibetan border settlements, forcing Xisheluosa to retreat to Tsongkha (Zongge). Wang's forces were increased by another 10,000 reinforcements. They defeated a Tibetan army, taking 4,316 heads and over 3,000 prisoners. A princess of Tsongkha led her followers to surrender. Qingtang turned on Xisheluosa, who fled further west into [[Qinghai]]. The [[Song occupation of Tsongkha|Song armies occupied the region]] again and renamed Qingtang to [[Xining]].{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=196}}

==Aftermath==
Xiazheng found refuge in Song territory and died in 1102.{{sfn|Bielenstein|2005|p=290}}

In 1108, Longza, renamed Zhao Huaide, was raised to the rank of prince and military governor. Rebellious elements in the newly conquered territory persisted. The tribal chieftains, Jiezhanpangjian and Zangzhengpuge, continued to raid Song territory. Song forces eventually forced Jiezhanpangjian to flee and without his help, Zangzhengpuge submitted to Song authority.{{sfn|Smith|2006|p=121}}

By 1109 the Song dynasty had registered all the Tibetan towns of [[Qinghai|Kokonor]] under Chinese names.{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=196}}

The area was later conquered by the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]], which ceded the area to the [[Western Xia]] in 1136.{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=180}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last1=Bielenstein |first1=Hans |title=Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589-1276 |date=2005 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789047407614 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdJ7DwAAQBAJ|language=en}}
*{{citation|last=Smith|first=Paul Jakov|year=2006|title=Irredentism as Political Capital}}
* {{citation|last=Tuttle|first=Gray|title=The Tibetan History Reader|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
* {{citation |last = Twitchett |first = Denis|title = The Cambridge History of China'', Volume 6,'' Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368 |year = 1994 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |ISBN = 0521243319 }}
{{Tibet topics}}
[[Category:997 establishments]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]


{{Tibet-stub}}

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Economy of Tibet (edit)
Geography of Tibet (edit)
History of Tibet (edit)
Index of Tibet-related articles (edit)
Outline of Tibet (edit)
Tibet (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Asbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Asbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Bo (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Bo-textonly (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Bo-textonly/fonts.css (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Both (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Bulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Citation (view source) (protected)
Template:Country topics (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:ISO 3166 code (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Ifsubst (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox country (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox country/formernext (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox country/multirow (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox country/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Sfn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Small (view source) (protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Tibet-stub (edit)
Template:Tibet topics (edit)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:\ (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Asbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Buffer (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166/data/National (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang-zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)

Return to Tsongkha.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsongkha"