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{{for|the river Tiền|Tiền River}}

[[File:Philong Minh Mang CdM.jpg|thumb|right|A silver ''Phi Long'' coin of 1 ''tiền'' issued under the [[Minh Mạng]] Emperor in 1833.]]

The term '''''tiền''''' ([[chữ Hán]]: [[Wiktionary:錢|錢]]) is used to refer to various currency-related concepts used in [[History of Vietnam|Vietnamese history]]. The name is a [[cognate]] with the [[Standard Mandarin|Chinese]] ''qián'' (錢), a unit of weight called "[[Mace (measurement)|mace]]" in English. It can refer to a unit of weight used in [[precious metal]] coinages as well as the number of cash coins in a [[String of cash coins (currency unit)|string]]. The name was also used for different [[award]]s, both Chinese-style and Western-style awards given in [[Vietnam]] throughout different times of its history. 

The word ''tiền'' is also the Vietnamese word for the concept of [[money]] in general.

== Cash coins ==
{{Main|Vietnamese cash}} 

In [[Vietnamese cash|cash coins]] the term ''tiền'' could be used to refer to sub-strings of 10 cash coins in a string of 100~600.<ref name="French-Overseas-Currencies-1894">{{cite book|url= https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1473560.r=Sap%C3%A8ques?rk=321890;0#visuAccordion|title= Note sur la circulation monétaire et les moyens d'échange dans les colonies françaises et pays de protectorat, d'après les documents officiels recueillis par l'administration des colonies.|date=1894|accessdate=22 January 2022|author= [[Ministry of the Overseas (France)|Ministry of the Colonies]]|publisher= The [[government of France]]|language=fr}}</ref> Though the quality of cash coins was also important for counting a ''tiền'', in 1945 a ''tiền'' of ''[[tiền gián]]'' included 36 cash coins, while a ''tiền'' of ''[[tiền quý]]'' included 60 cash coins.{{Efn|The terms ''[[tiền gián]]'' and ''[[tiền quý]]'' were used to refer to different types of cash coins based on different quality and alloys between the 16th and 20th centuries.}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vcomtech.net/vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=954:s-vit-c-vai-quyn-4&catid=38:lichsuvietnam&Itemid=527 |accessdate=2011-06-13 |title=''Sử Việt, đọc vài quyển'' Chương IV "Tiền bạc, văn chương và lịch sử" |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235419/http://www.vcomtech.net/vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=954:s-vit-c-vai-quyn-4&catid=38:lichsuvietnam&Itemid=527 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Precious metal coinages == 
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2007}}

In the early 19th century, silver and gold bars were traded as currency in [[Nguyễn dynasty|imperial Vietnam]] with values of up to 10 tiền (approximately 40 [[gram]]s, or 1 [[tael]]). Bars of 1 tiền weighed between 3 and 4&nbsp;grams.<ref>ED. TODA. (1882) [http://art-hanoi.com/toda ANNAM and its minor currency.] Retrieved: 23 July 2017.</ref> During this time, silver and gold coins were minted (using Vietnamese characters and design, but of types resembling either [[cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash]] or Western coins) with denominations of up to 10 tiền being minted. 

During the [[Minh Mạng]] period (1820–1841) dragons on silver ''tiền'' coins were often depicted facing dexter (to the right), while during the [[Thiệu Trị]] period (1841–1847) and later these coins depicted dragons guardant (facing forwards).<ref name="Hubert-de-Vries-Armorial-of-Vietnam">De Rode Leeuw - [http://www.hubert-herald.nl/Vietnam.htm Armorial of Vietnam] by Hubert de Vries. Retrieved: 19 August 2021.</ref>

In the year Minh Mệnh 14 (1833) the ''Phi Long'' dragon coins were [[Currency appreciation and depreciation|depreciated]] by increasing the amounts of copper and zinc that were in them lowering their silver content.<ref name="Triều-Nguyễn-với-chính-sách-đúc-và-lưu-thông-tiền-tệ">{{cite web|url= https://www.archives.org.vn/gioi-thieu-tai-lieu-nghiep-vu/trieu-nguyen-voi-chinh-sach-duc-va-luu-thong-tien-te.htm|title= Triều Nguyễn với chính sách đúc và lưu thông tiền tệ. - 06:21 AM 01/04/2016. - Nói về sự phát triển tiền tệ dưới triều Nguyễn, có thể khẳng định đây là một triều đại tiền tệ phát triển rất phong phú. Ngoài những đồng tiền căn bản là tiền đồng và tiền kẽm, còn có cả vàng, bạc dùng trong lưu thông.|date=1 April 2016|accessdate=4 February 2022|author= Ths. Hoàng Nguyệt (Thạc sĩ Hoàng Nguyệt)|publisher= Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I (National Archives Nr. 1, Hanoi) - Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of Việt Nam).|language=vi}}</ref> 

These coins continued to be minted in varying quantities into the 20th century in [[French Indochina]], although circulating alongside the [[French Indochinese piastre]].

== Tiền decorations ==

The ''Tiền'' was also a name of [[Award|decorations]] given by the government of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1945, like in [[Imperial China]] these coins came in the form of [[presentation coin]]s, but after [[French Indochina|French colonisation]] the ''Tiền'' was also awarded as European-style [[medal]]s called the ''[[Sapèque d'Honneur]]'' ("[[Vietnamese cash|Cash coin]] of Honour").<ref name="Numismatics-French-medals-and-decorations">{{cite web|url= http://numismatics.org/digitallibrary/ark:/53695/nnan3868|title= Notes on the decorations and medals of the French colonies and protectorates.|date=1928|accessdate=20 March 2021|author= Gillingham, Harrold E. (Harrold Edgar), 1864-1954|publisher= [[American Numismatic Society]] |language=en}}</ref> 

''Tiền'' presentation coin decorations came in multiple classes and were known as ''Đồng Tiền'' (銅錢, "Copper money"), ''Ngân Tiền'' (銀錢, "Silver money"), and ''Kim Tiền'' (金錢, "Gold money").<ref name="Numismatics-French-medals-and-decorations"/> The ''Sapèque d'Honneur''  medal was further subdivided into the ''Sapèque d'Argent'' (made of silver) and the ''Sapèque d'Or'' (made of gold).<ref name="Numismatics-French-medals-and-decorations"/>

These decorations generally took the shape of silver or gold cash coins as well as [[Nguyễn dynasty coinage|other coinages issued by the Nguyễn dynasty]], but would often have more elaborate designs and (often) different inscriptions.<ref name="Numismatics-French-medals-and-decorations"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Money}}
* [[Vietnamese mạch]] 

== Notes == 
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://art-hanoi.com/collection/annam/silver.html Vietnamese imperial coinage]
* [http://www.viettouch.com/numis/ancient-coins_fs.html Descriptions of Vietnamese imperial coinage (in Vietnamese)]

{{Commons category|Tiền (currency unit)}}

{{Vietnamese currency and coinage}}
{{Nguyễn dynasty topics}} 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tien}}
[[Category:Currencies of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]


{{money-stub}}

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