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{{Short description|Theme in mythology and folk tales}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{original research|date=January 2016}}
}}
[[File:Le petit chaperon rouge (BM 1928,0713.190 1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A 1830 print by [[Achille Devéria]] depicting the story of [[Little Red Riding Hood]], where a child mistakes a wolf for her grandmother and converses with it.]]
[[Talking animal]]s are a common element in [[mythology]] and [[Folklore|folk tales]], [[children's literature]], and modern [[comic books]] and [[animated cartoons]]. Fictional talking animals often are [[anthropomorphic]], possessing human-like qualities (such as bipedal walking, wearing clothes, and living in houses). Whether they are realistic animals or fantastical ones, talking animals serve a wide range of uses in literature, from teaching morality to providing social commentary. Realistic talking animals are often found in fables, religious texts, indigenous texts, wilderness coming of age stories, naturalist fiction, animal autobiography, animal satire, and in works featuring pets and domesticated animals. Conversely, fantastical and more anthropomorphic animals are often found in the fairy tale, science fiction, toy story, and fantasy genres.

== Utility of talking animals in fiction ==
The use of talking animals enables storytellers to combine the basic characteristics of the animal with human behavior, to apply metaphor, and to entertain children as well as adults.<ref name="Foster">{{cite journal|last1=Foster|first1=John|last2=Rahn|first2=Suzanne|last3=Whitley|first3=David|date=2001|title=Animals in Fiction|journal=The Cambridge Guide to Children's Books in English|location=Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press|publisher=Ed. Victor Watson}}</ref> Animals are used in a variety of ways in fictional works including to illustrate morality lessons for children, to instill wonder in young readers,<ref name="Foster" /> and as a tool for inserting social commentary.<ref name="Mathis">Mathis, Janelle B. "Animal Stories." Continuum Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. Eds. Bernice E. Cullinan and Diane Goetz Person. London, UK: Continuum, 2005. Web.</ref> In addition talking animals can be utilized for satirical purposes,<ref name="Foster" /> for humorous purposes like in the case of Frog and Toad,<ref name="Foster" /> and to decentralize and deemphasize the human experience.<ref name="You-2021">{{cite journal|last1=You|first1=Chengcheng|title=The Necessity of an Anthropomorphic Approach to Children's Literature|journal=Children's Literature in Education|date=June 2021|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1007/s10583-020-09409-6|s2cid=216435756}}</ref> Talking animals can also be used to create analogies or allegories. For example, in [[Narnia]], Aslan the Lion can be seen as an allegory for Christ.<ref name="Foster" /> Finally, fictional works with talking animals challenge the human-animal divide and they identify children as the members of society who take on the responsibility of being ecological/environmental changemakers.<ref name="You-2021" />

==Realistic/non-fictional animals==

In textual representations the creature retains its original form, other than being able to speak. Sometimes it may only speak as a narrator for the reader's convenience. The rabbits in ''[[Watership Down]]'' who, except for the ability to discuss their actions, behave exactly as normal rabbits, also come under this category, as do characters from animated films like ''[[Happy Feet (film)|Happy Feet]]'' and ''[[The Lion King]]''.

=== Fables ===
The tradition of using talking animals in stories dates as far back as 550 BCE with the Greek ''[[Aesop's Fables|Aesop’s Fables]]''. The ''[[Panchatantra]]'', a collection of Indian animal fables, is another early example. Both use talking animals for didactic purposes.<ref name="Flynn">{{cite book | last=Hunt | first=Peter | title=International companion encyclopedia of children's literature | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=London | date=2004 | isbn=0-203-32566-4 | oclc=57173551}}</ref> More recent fables like Sarah Trimmer’s ''History of the Robins'' (1786) use talking animals to instruct children on how to behave in society as well as how to maintain the social order.<ref name="Flynn" /> They also reiterate the superiority of humans to animals which is why humans are responsible for caring for animals.<ref name="Flynn" />

=== Animals in religious texts ===
The talking creature concept is featured within much traditional literature'','' and several mythologies, including [[Greek mythology|Greek]], [[Chinese mythology|Chinese]] and [[Vedic mythology|Indian]] mythologies. A notable example from the [[Judaeo-Christian]] tradition is the talking [[Serpents in the Bible|serpent]] from the [[Book of Genesis]], which tempts [[Eve]] to eat the [[forbidden fruit]] of the [[Tree of the knowledge of good and evil]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

In the [[Quran|Qur’ān]], animals are seen as gifts from God and thus are meant to serve humans.<ref name="Eisenstein">Eisenstein, Herbert. "Animal Life." ''Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān''. Ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2007. Web.</ref> Aside from a few animals being able to speak, they are never anthropomorphized, personified, or given names.<ref name="Eisenstein" /> There are only a handful of times that animals speak in the Qur’ān and most of these occurrences happen in relation to Solomon.<ref name="Eisenstein" /> For example, it is a [[hoopoe]] (a bird native to Africa, Asia, and Europe) that tells King Solomon of Queen Sheba’s idolatrous ways.<ref name="Eisenstein" />

=== Native American/indigenous texts ===
In Native American mythology, animals are integral to human survival and thus a part of the Native American family/community.<ref name="Harde-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Harde |first1=Roxanne |title='He called their namesakes, the animals, from each direction': Kinship and Animals in Indigenous Children's Literature |journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly |date=2021 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=230–243 |id={{Project MUSE|840213}} |doi=10.1353/chq.2021.0034 }}</ref> Distinctions between humans and animals are more fluid.<ref name="Harde-2021" /> In these stories animals represent the ability to adapt and serve as mentors and guides.<ref name="Harde-2021" /> For example, in Louise Erdrich’s book ''Chickadee'' the protagonist is saved by a Chickadee, who instructs him in finding food and water, after he escapes a kidnapping.<ref name="Harde-2021" />

Other examples of Native American works with talking animal stories include ''How I Became a Ghost'', ''Keepers of the Earth'', and ''The Orphan and the Polar Bear'', just to name a few.<ref name="Mathis" />

=== Wilderness coming-of-age stories ===
In the Disney franchises of ''[[The Jungle Book (franchise)|The Jungle Book]]'' and ''[[Tarzan (franchise)|Tarzan]]'', [[Mowgli]] along with Shanti and Ranjan can talk to the animals (such as a sloth bear, an elephant, a black panther, a tiger and a python) in the jungles of India, and [[Tarzan]] along with Jane and her father can talk to the animals: gorillas and elephants in African jungle.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} Out of the animals, Sabor the leopard does not speak.

In the French [[feral child]] [[list of fictional feral children#In comics|comic book]] ''[[Pyrénée]]'', Pyrénée can talk to the forest animals in the French mountains of [[Pyrenees]].

In ''[[Go, Diego, Go!]]'' and ''[[Dora the Explorer (TV series)|Dora the Explorer]]'', Dora and her cousin Diego can talk to the animals in the rainforest.

=== Naturalist animal fiction ===
Animal fictions with more conservation-oriented themes allow young readers to engage with challenging messages at a safe distance. For example, ''[[Charlotte’s Web]]'' introduces the concept of death when Charlotte dies and Wilbur is charged with taking care of her offspring.<ref name="Flynn" /> Similarly, naturalist animal fictions also provide a vehicle with which to provide commentary on the humane treatment of animals, animal rights, and the conservation of animals. A good example of this would be the [[Doctor Dolittle|Doctor Doolittle]] series.<ref name="Foster" /> Finally, in this digital age where modern childhood generally has very little contact and exposure to animals in the natural environment, naturalist animal fictions allow authors to portray natural animal behavior.<ref name="Foster" /><ref name="You-2021" /> For instance ''[[Bambi]]'', both the 1928 novel and the Disney film, realistically portrays the life cycle of deers.<ref name="Foster" /> The hunting dogs in the film adaptation do not talk.

=== Animal autobiography ===
Fictional works told from an animal’s perspective, like the horse in ''[[Black Beauty]]'', encourage readers to empathize with animals. Furthermore, more generally they challenge the human-animal divide.<ref name="Flynn" /> Other examples of animal autobiographies include ''[[The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse|The Life and Perambulations of a Mouse]]'' (1783), ''The Biography of a Spaniel'' (1806), ''[[The Adventures of a Donkey]]'' (1815), ''The Curious Adventures of a Field Cricket'' (1881), and ''Thy Servant, a Dog'' (1930).<ref name="Flynn" />

=== Animal satire ===
For some authors talking animals, rather than human characters, allowed them to publish their satirical commentary by protecting them from censure. Chaucer’s ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]'' and Orwell’s ''[[Animal Farm]]'' are some of the most famous examples of this.<ref name="Flynn" />

=== Contemporary fiction ===
Contemporary novels such as [[Alexis Wright]]'s ''[[The Swan Book]],'' [[Colin McAdam (novelist)|Colin McAdam]]'s ''A Beautiful Truth'', Erin Hortle's ''The Octopus and I'' and [[Laura Jean McKay]]'s ''[[The Animals in That Country (novel)|The Animals in That Country]]'' show animal voices alongside human characters. These novels portray animals as equally deserving of a place in the narrative. 

== Fantastical creatures<!--'Funny animal', 'Funny animals', 'Anthropomorphic character', and 'Anthropomorphic characters' redirect here--> ==

In the industries of [[illustration]], [[cartoon]]ing, and [[animation]], professionals refer to these types of creature characters as '''talking animals''',<ref>Katalin Orban, ''Ethical Diversions: The Post-Holocaust Narratives of Pynchon, Abish, DeLillo, and Spiegelman'', New York, London: Routledge, 2013, p. 55.</ref> '''funny animals'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://comicbookplus.com/?cbplus=funnyanimals|title=Funny Animals Comics and Books|website=comicbookplus.com|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref> or '''anthropomorphic characters'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->.<ref>M. Keith Booker (ed.), ''Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas'', Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2014, p. 177.</ref>

=== Fairy tales ===
Many [[fairy tale]]s include talking creatures that prove to be [[shapeshifting|shapeshifted]] people, or even [[ghost]]s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} The fairy tales ''[[How Ian Direach got the Blue Falcon]]'' and ''[[Tsarevitch Ivan, the Fire Bird and the Gray Wolf]]'' have the hero aided by a fox and a wolf respectively, but in the similar tale ''[[The Golden Bird]]'', the talking fox is freed from a spell to become the heroine's brother, and in ''[[The Bird 'Grip']]'', the fox leaves the hero after explaining that it was the [[Grateful dead (folklore)|dead man]] whose debts the hero had paid.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Whether shape-shifted or merely having the magical ability to speak, the talking creature is perhaps the most common trait of [[fairy tale]]s. The motif is certainly present in many more tales than fairies.<ref>Stith Thompson, ''The Folktale'', p 55, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977</ref>

=== Science fiction ===
A good example of the science fiction genre is the [[webcomic]] ''[[Anima: Age of the Robots]]'' which uses anthropomorphism to portray an alternate world as modern as ours, but inhabited by creature-lookalikes.{{Disputed inline|Differentiation Between "Talking Animals" and "Furries"|date=December 2022}} The intelligent robots that they have made do rebel and threaten the creatures. This serves as a warning to mankind's thoughtless pursuit of technological advancement.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

=== Toy stories ===
Animated toys in fictional works are popular for expressing human developmental and existential concerns.<ref name="Kuznets 1994 An Introduction to My World of Literary Toys">{{cite book |last1=Kuznets |first1=Lois Rostow |chapter=An Introduction to My World of Literary Toys |pages=1–9 |jstor=j.ctt1dszwh6.5 |title=When Toys Come Alive: Narratives of Animation, Metamorphosis, and Development |date=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05645-7 }}</ref> In toy literature, there are a few common motifs talking toys are used to convey. For example, talking toys can embody human anxiety about what it means to be “real” as well as reflect struggles of power when they are at the disposal of humans.<ref name="Kuznets 1994 An Introduction to My World of Literary Toys"/> Another common motif is the religious allusion to divine creation when humans create toys that come alive.<ref name="Kuznets 1994 An Introduction to My World of Literary Toys"/> Some examples of talking toy animals include the animals in ''[[Winnie-the-Pooh (book)|Winnie the Pooh]]'', the wooden toy dog in ''Poor Cecco'',<ref name="Kuznets 1994 An Introduction to My World of Literary Toys"/> the Skin Horse and Velveteen rabbit in ''[[The Velveteen Rabbit]]'', and the [[Slinky Dog (toy)|Slinky Dog]] toy and Tyrannosaurus Rex toy in Disney’s ''[[Toy Story]]''.
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bolat |first1=Dorris, M |title=Jestful nickname |url=https://findfunnynames.com/ |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
=== Fantasy ===
Anthropomorphism of animals is common in the fantasy genre.<ref name="Mathis" /> For example, in [[L. Frank Baum]]'s ''[[Land of Oz]]'', creatures (such as the Cowardly Lion and the Hungry Tiger) talk. The chicken Billina gains the ability to talk when she is swept away by a storm to land near Oz, as do other animals, and Toto, as explained in a [[retcon]], always had the ability since arriving in Oz, but never used it.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} In [[C. S. Lewis]]'s ''[[Chronicles of Narnia]]'', the world of Narnia is ruled by a talking lion by the name of [[Aslan]], and many minor characters are talking woodland animals, both of which interact with both the humans of Narnia, and the children who act as the protagonists of the books. The popularity of talking animals in Western fantasy has fluctuated over time, with a new wave of animal stories appearing in the 1970s, but they became less common in subsequent decades.<ref name="fm-ej">{{cite book|last1=Mendlesohn|first1=Farah|last2=James|first2=Edward|title=A Short History of Fantasy|page=115-117|date=2009|edition-date=2012|publisher=Middlesex University Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-907471-66-7}}</ref> In the ''[[Sailor Moon]]'' franchise, the protagonist [[Sailor Moon (character)|Usagi Tsukino]] and her friends awaken their powers as Sailor Guardians thanks to talking cats [[Luna (Sailor Moon)|Luna]] and [[List of Sailor Moon characters#Artemis|Artemis]], who also serve as mentoring figures and advisors to them.<ref name="vol1">{{cite book|last1=Takeuchi|first1=Naoko|title=Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon: Volume 1|date=July 6, 1992|publisher=Kodansha|location=Tokyo|isbn=978-4-06-178721-6}}</ref>{{rp|Act 1}}In the [[Pokémon]]  franchise. [[List of Pokémon anime characters#Antagonists|Meowth of Team Rocket]] is considered a unique Pokémon in that he can understand and use human language, even serving as a translator for his fellow Pokémon, where they can only usually call out their own names verbally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Jeffrey |date=2008-02-04 |title=Pokémon: Indigo League Season 1, Volume 3 DVD Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/02/04/pokacmon-indigo-league-season-1-volume-3-dvd-review |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anthropomorphism]]
* [[Furry fandom]]
* [[Talking animal|Talking Animal]]
* [[Talking animals in science fiction]]
* [[Uplift (science fiction)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Blount, M. ''Animal Land: The Creatures of Children's Fiction''. William Morrow & Company, 1975. 336 p.
* Cosslett, T. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9km18VvPA6YC ''Talking animals in British children's fiction, 1786-1914'']. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. 205 p. {{ISBN|0-7546-3656-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3656-4}}
* Elick, C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CELYBgAAQBAJ Talking Animals in Children's Fiction: A Critical Study]. McFarland, 2015. 258 p. {{ISBN|0-7864-7878-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7864-7878-1}}
* {{cite book | last1=Clute | first1=John | last2=Grant | first2=John | title=The Encyclopedia of Fantasy | publisher=St. Martin's Press | publication-place=New York | date=1997 | isbn=0-312-14594-2 | oclc=35978500 | title-link=The Encyclopedia of Fantasy}}
* Morgenstern, J. [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/lion_and_the_unicorn/v024/24.1morgenstern.html "Children and other talking animals"]. ''The Lion and the Unicorn''. 2000. '''24'''.1. pp.&nbsp;110–127.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzy1tWw-AQ0C ''Speaking for animals: Animal Autobiographical Writing'']. Ed. by Margo DeMello. New York: Routledge, 2012. — 274 p. {{ISBN|0-415-80899-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-80899-6}}
* ''Talking Animals Or Humans in Fur?: A Study of Anthropomorphic Animals in Illustrated Children's Literature''. Victoria University of Wellington, 1998. 86 p.
* Teupe, L. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nJqTAgAAQBAJ ''The Function of Animals in Fairy Tales and Fables'']. GRIN Verlag, 2014. 12 p. {{ISBN|3-656-57197-X}}, {{ISBN|978-3-656-57197-1}}.
* Ziolkowski, J. M. ''Talking animals: Medieval Latin beast poetry, 750-115''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Talking animals in fiction}}

{{fantasy fiction}}
{{comics}}
[[Category:Fiction about talking animals| ]]
[[Category:Fantasy creatures]]
[[Category:Anthropomorphic animals|-]]
[[Category:Folklore]]

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