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{{Skip to talk}}
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{{WikiProject banner shell |class=B|vital=yes|1=
{{WikiProject Media |importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Electronics |importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Professional sound production |importance=Mid}}
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{{Refideas
|1={{cite web|author=Seth Golstein|url=http://www.hive4media.com/index.cfm?sec_id=2|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001213051700/http://www.hive4media.com/index.cfm?sec_id=2|title=Manufacturers Discuss DVD's Growing Pains at Recording Media Conference|archivedate=December 13, 2000|date=April 3, 2001|accessdate=}}
}}
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==Uncited material in need of citations==
I am moving the following uncited material here until it can be properly supported with [[WP:INCITE|inline citations]] of [[WP:IRS|reliable]], [[WP:PSTS|secondary]] sources, per [[WP:V]], [[WP:NOR]], [[WP:CS]], [[WP:NOR]], [[WP:IRS]], [[WP:PSTS]], et al. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DVD&type=revision&diff=1108337437&oldid=1108275367 This diff] shows where it was in the article. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 20:44, 3 September 2022 (UTC) 

{{collapse top}}
<blockquote>
== History ==
<!--  A possible rewrite may be coming soon. -->

=== Development and launch ===
[[File:Comparison disk storage.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (tracks not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.<br /><nowiki>*</nowiki> Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in [[constant linear velocity#Zoned Constant Linear Velocity|ZCLV]], [[constant Angular Acceleration|CAA]] or [[constant angular velocity|CAV]] modes, but most work in [[constant linear velocity]] (CLV) mode.]]
[[File:schouhamerimmink.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Kees Schouhamer Immink]] received a personal technical [[Emmy]] award for his contributions to DVD and [[Blu-ray]] disc.]]

There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD. Optical recording technology was invented by [[David Paul Gregg]] and [[James Russell (inventor)|James Russell]] in 1963 and first patented in 1968. A consumer optical disc data format known as the [[LaserDisc]] was developed in the [[United States]], and first came to market in [[Atlanta, Georgia]] in December 1978. It used much larger discs than the later formats. Due to the high cost of players and discs, consumer adoption of the LaserDisc was very low in both North America and Europe, and was not widely used anywhere outside Japan and the more affluent areas of [[Southeast Asia]], such as [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Taiwan]].{{fact|date=July 2022}}

The Super Density logo would later be reused in [[Secure Digital]].{{fact|date=July 2022}}

Representatives from the SD camp asked [[IBM]] for advice on the file system to use for their disc, and sought support for their format for storing computer data. [[Alan E. Bell]], a researcher from IBM's [[Almaden Research Center]], got that request, and also learned of the MMCD development project. Wary of being caught in a repeat of the costly [[videotape format war]] between [[VHS]] and [[Betamax]] in the 1980s, he convened a group of computer industry experts, including representatives from [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Microsoft]], [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Dell]], and many others. This group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

...and [[Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation|EFMPlus]] modulation designed by [[Kees Schouhamer Immink]].{{fact|date=July 2022}}

Shortly after the format's finalization, talks began in mid-December 1995 on how to distribute the format at retail.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

===Adoption===
They embraced DVD as it produced higher quality video and sound, provided superior data lifespan, and could be interactive.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}} Interactivity on [[LaserDisc]]s had proven desirable to consumers, especially collectors. When LaserDisc prices dropped from approximately $100 per disc to $20 per disc at retail, this luxury feature became available for mass consumption. Simultaneously, the movie studios decided to change their home entertainment release model from a rental model to a for purchase model,{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} and large numbers of DVDs were sold.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

At the same time, a demand for interactive design talent and services was created. Movies in the past had uniquely designed title sequences. Suddenly every movie being released required information architecture and interactive design components that matched the film's tone and were at the quality level that Hollywood demanded for its product.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

DVD as a format had two qualities at the time that were not available in any other interactive medium: enough capacity and speed to provide high quality, full motion video and sound, and low cost delivery mechanism provided by consumer products retailers. Retailers would quickly move to sell their players for under $200, and eventually for under $50 at retail. In addition, the medium itself was small enough and light enough to mail using general first class postage. Almost overnight, this created a new business opportunity and model for business innovators to re-invent the home entertainment distribution model. It also gave companies an inexpensive way to provide business and product information on full motion video through direct mail.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

==Specifications==
Additionally the [[DVD6C]] patent pool holds patents used by DVD drives and discs.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

The capacity of DVDs is conventionally stated in [[Gigabyte#Base 10 (decimal)|gigabyte]]s (GB), with the decimal definition of this term such that 1 GB = 10<sup>9</sup> bytes.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

===Discs with multiple layers===
Like other optical disc formats before it, a basic DVD disc—known as DVD-5 in the DVD Books, while called Type A in the ISO standard—contains a single data layer readable from only one side. However, the DVD format also includes specifications for three types of discs with additional recorded layers, expanding disc data capacity beyond the 4.7 GB of DVD-5 while maintaining the same physical disc size.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

====Double-sided discs====
Double-sided discs identify the sides as A and B. The disc structure lacks the dummy layer where identifying labels are printed on single-sided discs, so information such as title and side are printed on one or both sides of the non-data clamping zone at the center of the disc.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

DVD-10 discs fell out of favor because, unlike dual-layer discs, they require users to manually flip them to access the complete content (a relatively egregious scenario for DVD movies) while offering only a negligible benefit in capacity. Additionally, without a non-data side, they proved harder to handle and store.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

====Dual-layer discs====
Dual-layer discs also employ a second recorded layer, however both are readable from the same side (and unreadable from the other). These DVD-9 discs (Type C in ISO) nearly double the capacity of DVD-5 discs to a nominal 8.5 GB, but fall below the overall capacity of DVD-10 discs due to differences in the physical data structure of the additional recorded layer. However, the advantage of not needing to flip the disc to access the complete recorded data – permitting a nearly contiguous experience for A/V content whose size exceeds the capacity of a single layer – proved a more favorable option for mass-produced DVD movies.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

Most dual-layer discs are mastered with layer 0 starting at the inside diameter and proceeding outward—as is the case for most optical media, regardless of layer count—while Layer 1 starts at the absolute outside diameter and proceeds inward. Additionally, data tracks are spiraled such that the disc rotates the same direction to read both layers. DVD video DL discs can be mastered slightly differently: a single media stream can be divided between the layers such that layer 1 starts at the same diameter that layer 0 finishes. This modification reduces the visible layer transition pause because after refocusing, the laser remains in place rather than losing additional time traversing the remaining disc diameter.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

DVD-9 was the first commercially successful implementation of such technology.{{when|date=July 2020}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2019|reason=I can't find specific info on this either way, but since all "DL" references I find start with DVD and become more recent, I have to assume it's true.}}{{fact|date=July 2022}}

====Combinations of the above====
DVD-18 discs (Type D in ISO) effectively combines the DVD-9 and DVD-10 disc types by containing four recorded data layers (allocated as two sets of layers 0 and 1) such that only one layer set is accessible from either side of the disc. These discs provide a total nominal capacity of 17.0 GB, with 8.5 GB per side.  This format was initially used for television series released on DVD (like the first releases of ''[[Miami Vice]]'' and ''[[Quantum Leap]]''), but was eventually abandoned in favor of single sided discs for reissues.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

==DVD recordable and rewritable==
Although most current DVD writers can write in both the DVD+R/RW and DVD-R/RW formats (usually denoted by "DVD±RW" or the existence of both the [[DVD Forum]] logo and the DVD+RW Alliance logo), the "plus" and the "dash" formats use different writing specifications. Most DVD hardware plays both kinds of discs, though older models can have trouble with the "plus" variants.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

Some early [[DVD player]]s would cause damage to DVD±R/RW/DL when attempting to read them.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

The form of the spiral groove that makes up the structure of a recordable DVD encodes unalterable identification data known as [[Media Identification Code]] (MID). The MID contains data such as the manufacturer and model, byte capacity, allowed data rates (also known as speed), etc..{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}

=== Dual-layer recording ===
Many current [[DVD recorder]]s support dual-layer technology, and while the costs became comparable to single-layer burners over time, blank dual-layer media has remained more expensive than single-layer media.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==Capacity==
The basic types of DVD (12&nbsp;cm diameter, single-sided or homogeneous double-sided) are referred to by a rough approximation of their capacity in gigabytes. In draft versions of the specification, DVD-5 indeed held five gigabytes, but some parameters were changed later on as explained above, so the capacity decreased. Other [[DVD formats|formats]], those with 8&nbsp;cm diameter and hybrid variants, acquired similar numeric names with even larger deviation.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

The 12&nbsp;cm type is a standard DVD, and the 8&nbsp;cm variety is known as a [[MiniDVD]]. These are the same sizes as a standard CD and a [[mini CD|mini-CD]], respectively. The capacity by surface area ([[Mebibyte|MiB]]/cm<sup>2</sup>) varies from 6.92 MiB/cm<sup>2</sup> in the DVD-1 to 18.0 MB/cm<sup>2</sup> in the DVD-18.{{clarify|date=May 2018|reason=is this actually MiB for DVD-18?}}

Each DVD sector contains 2,418 bytes of data, 2,048 bytes of which are user data. There is a small difference in storage space between ''+'' and ''-'' (hyphen) formats:{{fact|date=July 2022}}
[[File:DVD-4.5-scan b.png|thumb|Scan of a DVD-R; the "a" portion has been recorded on while the "b" portion has not. It may be less obvious in [[CD-R]]s and [[BD-R]]s.]]

=== Laser and optics ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Comparison CD DVD HDDVD BD.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Comparison of various optical storage media<!-- parameters: track pitch (p), pit width (w) and minimum length (l), and laser spot size (⌀) and wavelength (λ). -->]]

All three common optical disc media ([[Compact disc]], DVD, and [[Blu-ray]]) use light from [[laser diode]]s, for its spectral purity and ability to be focused precisely.  DVD uses light of 650&nbsp;nm wavelength (red), as opposed to 780&nbsp;nm ([[far-red]], commonly called [[infrared]]) for CD. This shorter wavelength allows a smaller pit on the media surface compared to CDs (0.74&nbsp;µm for DVD versus 1.6&nbsp;µm for CD), accounting in part for DVD's increased storage capacity.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

In comparison, [[Blu-ray Disc]], the successor to the DVD format, uses a wavelength of
405&nbsp;nm (violet), and one dual-layer disc has a 50&nbsp;GB storage capacity.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

===Transfer rates===
However, in practice, discs should never be spun at their highest possible speed, to allow for a safety margin and for slight differences between discs, and to prevent [[material fatigue]] from the physical stress.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

Errors on DVDs are measured as:

* ''PIE'' — Parity Inner Error
* ''PIF'' — Parity Inner Failure
* ''POE'' — Parity Outer Error
* ''POF'' — Parity Outer Failure

A higher rate of errors may indicate a lower media quality, [[disc rot|deteriorating media]], scratches and dirt on the surface, and/or a malfunctioning [[DVD writer]].

''PI'' errors, ''PI'' failures and ''PO'' errors are correctable, while a ''PO'' failure indicates a [[Cyclic redundancy check|CRC]] error, one 2048 byte block (or sector) of data loss, a result of too many consecutive smaller errors.

Additional parameters that can be measured are laser beam focus errors, tracking errors, [[jitter]] and beta errors (inconsistencies in lengths of lands and pits).{{fact|date=July 2022}}

===Security===
The Content Scramble System (CSS) is a [[digital rights management]] (DRM) and [[encryption]] system employed on almost all commercially produced DVD-video discs. CSS utilizes a [[wikt:proprietary|proprietary]] [[40-bit encryption|40-bit]] [[stream cipher]] algorithm. The system was introduced around 1996 and was first compromised in 1999.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

While most CSS-decrypting software is used to play DVD videos, other pieces of software (such as [[DVD Decrypter]], [[AnyDVD]], [[DVD43]], Smartripper, and [[DVD Shrink]]) can copy a DVD to a hard drive and remove [[Macrovision]], CSS encryption, [[DVD region code|region codes]] and [[user operation prohibition]].{{fact|date=July 2022}}

=== Consumer restrictions ===
The rise of [[filesharing]] has prompted many copyright holders to display notices on DVD [[Optical disc packaging|packaging]] or displayed on screen when the content is played that warn consumers of the illegality of certain uses of the DVD. It is commonplace to include a 90-second advertisement warning that most forms of copying the contents are illegal. Many DVDs prevent skipping past or fast-forwarding through this warning.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

<!--
Add text about...
... the DMCA, CSS encryption, and how making backups of one's own purchased video DVDs is illegal because one would be required to violate the DMCA by cracking the CSS encryption on the DVD;
... how this has impacted free DVD playback software on free computer OSes such as Linux (see article on DeCSS);
... consumer protest of the above (by printing CSS cracking software code on t-shirts, for example)
-->
Arrangements for renting and lending differ by geography. In the U.S., the right to re-sell, rent, or lend out bought DVDs is protected by the [[first-sale doctrine]] under the [[Copyright Act of 1976]]. In Europe, rental and lending rights are more limited, under a 1992 European Directive that gives copyright holders broader powers to restrict the commercial renting and public lending of DVD copies of their work.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

== DVD-Audio ==
{{Main|DVD-Audio}}
DVD-Audio is a format for delivering high fidelity audio content on a DVD. It offers many channel configuration options (from [[monaural|mono]] to [[5.1 surround sound]]) at various sampling frequencies (up to 24-bits/192&nbsp;kHz versus [[Red Book (CD standard)|CDDA]]'s 16-bits/44.1&nbsp;kHz). Compared with the CD format, the much higher-capacity DVD format enables the inclusion of considerably more music (with respect to total running time and quantity of songs) or far higher audio quality (reflected by higher [[sampling rate]]s, greater sample resolution and additional channels for [[spatial sound]] reproduction).{{fact|date=July 2022}}

DVD-Audio briefly formed a niche market, probably due to the very sort of format war with rival standard [[Super Audio CD|SACD]] that [[DVD-Video]] avoided.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

=== Security ===
{{Main|Content Protection for Recordable Media}}
DVD-Audio discs employ a [[Digital rights management|DRM]] mechanism, called [[Content Protection for Prerecorded Media]] (CPPM), developed by the 4C group (IBM, Intel, Matsushita, and Toshiba).{{fact|date=July 2022}}

Although CPPM was supposed to be much harder to crack than a DVD-Video [[Content Scramble System|CSS]], it too was eventually cracked, in 2007, with the release of the ''dvdcpxm'' tool. The subsequent release of the libdvdcpxm library (based on dvdcpxm) allowed for the development of open source DVD-Audio players and ripping software. As a result, making 1:1 copies of DVD-Audio discs is now possible with relative ease, much like DVD-Video discs.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

==Successors and decline==
The DVD succeeded because it offered a compelling alternative to VHS. In addition, the uniform media size lets manufacturers make Blu-ray players (and HD DVD players) [[backward-compatible]], so they can play older DVDs. This stands in contrast to the change from vinyl to CD, and from tape to DVD, which involved a complete change in physical medium. {{As of|2019}} it is still commonplace for studios to issue major releases in "combo pack" format, including both a DVD and a Blu-ray disc (as well as a digital copy). Also, some multi-disc sets use Blu-ray for the main feature, but DVDs for supplementary features (examples of this include the ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' "Ultimate Edition" collections, the 2009 re-release of the 1967 ''[[The Prisoner]]'' TV series, and a 2007 collection related to ''[[Blade Runner]]''). Another reason cited (July 2011) for the slower transition to Blu-ray from DVD is the necessity of and confusion over "firmware updates" and needing an internet connection to perform updates.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

This situation is similar to the changeover from [[78&nbsp;rpm]] shellac recordings to 45 rpm and 33⅓ rpm vinyl recordings. Because the new and old media were virtually the same (a disc on a turntable, played by a needle), [[phonograph]] player manufacturers continued to include the ability to play 78s for decades after the format was discontinued.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

However, ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine#Documentary What We Left Behind|What We Left Behind]]'' included small amounts of remastered ''Deep Space Nine'' footage.{{fact|date=July 2022}}
</blockquote>
{{collapse bottom}}

== Sucessors and Decline Section Needs Update ==

The section uses data from 2011. [[User:InjectableBacon|InjectableBacon]] ([[User talk:InjectableBacon|talk]]) 09:05, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

== Edit suggestion - change "storage" to "data" ==

I can't edit the article because it's semi-protected, but this sentence needs to be fixed: "A standard DVD can store up to 4.7 GB of storage" - the disc stores ''data'', it doesn't store ''storage''. Additionally, dual-layer DVDs are also "standard" and store more than 4.7GB. [[Special:Contributions/109.149.226.66|109.149.226.66]] ([[User talk:109.149.226.66|talk]]) 09:49, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

: {{Done}} earlier by someone else. Marked as done so no one else has to spend effort looking. [[User:CDVDBD|CDVDBD]] ([[User talk:CDVDBD|talk]]) 14:27, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 7 October 2023 ==

{{edit semi-protected|DVD|answered=yes}}
The european release date is wrong. I own a czech DVD, which was authored in September 1997 and released one month later. [[Special:Contributions/90.64.195.176|90.64.195.176]] ([[User talk:90.64.195.176|talk]]) 19:08, 7 October 2023 (UTC)
: [[File:Red information icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done:''' please provide [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] that support the change you want to be made.<!-- Template:ESp --> We can't use your personal experience as a source.  [[User:RudolfRed|RudolfRed]] ([[User talk:RudolfRed|talk]]) 00:15, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 8 October 2023 ==

{{edit semi-protected|DVD|answered=yes}}
USB port [[Special:Contributions/41.116.190.75|41.116.190.75]] ([[User talk:41.116.190.75|talk]]) 15:58, 8 October 2023 (UTC)
:[[File:Red question icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done:''' it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a [[WP:EDITXY|"change X to Y" format]] and provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]] if appropriate.<!-- Template:ESp --> [[User:Aoidh|Aoidh]] ([[User talk:Aoidh|talk]]) 16:07, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

== Apparent stray ] ==

S'''ee this paragraph under history:''' Its drawback was a loss from 5 to 4.7 Gbyte of capacity. Philips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995] agreed to unify... [[Special:Contributions/73.225.207.156|73.225.207.156]] ([[User talk:73.225.207.156|talk]]) 08:29, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

Recommend removing the "]" after "1995"?
:{{Done}} --[[User:Zac67|Zac67]] ([[User talk:Zac67|talk]]) 14:04, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

== Release date for Europe ==

is there any reference to the date of release in Europe? Because the date is actually wrong, since DVD format was available in Europe in 1997. First czech DVD was released in October 1997. [[Special:Contributions/90.64.195.176|90.64.195.176]] ([[User talk:90.64.195.176|talk]]) 21:56, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

:I've added a citation for the listed Europe 1998 date (and removed a bogus 1998 launch claim in "Asia", as that largely happened earlier). The added source mentions a "pan-European" launch in April 1998. The article could still use more sourcing and clarity for the Asia and Commonwealth of Independent States launch dates. Maybe some other part of Eastern Europe including Czechia got an earlier launch too? [[User:PhilipRies|PhilipRies]] ([[User talk:PhilipRies|talk]]) 00:33, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
::At the end of 1997 there were several region 2 DVD players available in retail stores and the first czech/european DVD was Kolja (Kolya) released in October 1997 (authored in September 1997), EAN 8590548900044, released in regular CD jewel case, DVD matrix has text MADE BY SONOPRESS GERMANY. Read here https://cdmusic.cz/cs/dvd-region-2-europe/kolja-cr-1996-101min.-rezie-j.sverak-hraji-z.sverak-a.chalimon-l.safrankova-%5Bid%3D90004%5D
::or here https://www.idnes.cz/technet/pc-mac/pohodlne-se-posadte-dvd-prichazi-5.A020427_5159167_tech-a-trendy-nb [[Special:Contributions/90.64.195.176|90.64.195.176]] ([[User talk:90.64.195.176|talk]]) 16:21, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

== Repeated content in article ==

{{edit semi-protected|answered=yes}}
The sentence below is repeated twice under the [[DVD#Development and launch|development and launch]] sub-header (occurrences at the end of the 2nd paragraph and at the start of the 4th paragraph): <br><blockquote>"Philips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995 agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both."</blockquote>Requesting for a confirmed user to remove one of the existing duplicates at their discretion. Take note that separate citations are included in both occurrences and to include all sources in the resulting edit. [[User:Masterofthebrick|Masterofthebrick]] ([[User talk:Masterofthebrick|talk]]) 05:10, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
:{{done}}<!-- Template:ESp --> [[User:Geardona|Geardona]] ([[User talk:Geardona|talk to me?]]) 03:01, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
::Same sentence still appears twice in that sub-header, with separate citation in each instance. One needs to be deleted and its citation added to the other, or the wording needs to be changed to support the content and reflect the citations. [[User:NotTooDistantFuture|NotTooDistantFuture]] ([[User talk:NotTooDistantFuture|talk]]) 01:06, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
:::{{Done}}. Deduplicated. [[User:CDVDBD|CDVDBD]] ([[User talk:CDVDBD|talk]]) 17:08, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

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