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{{other ships|SS Citta di Napoli|Maasdam (disambiguation){{!}}SS Maasdam|SS Republic|SS Vittoria}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
|+SS ''Republic''
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = SS Republic.png
| Ship caption = SS Republic
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = 
| Ship name = *''Republic'' (1871–1889)
*''Maasdam'' (c.1889–1902)
*''Vittoria'' (1902)
*''Citta di Napoli'' (1902–10)
| Ship owner = *[[White Star Line]] (1871–1889)
*[[Holland America Line]] (1889–1902)
*La Veloce (1902–1910)
| Ship builder = *[[Harland and Wolff]], [[Belfast]]
*Engines by [[George Forrester and Company]], Liverpool
| Ship yard number = 76
| Ship registry = *{{flagicon|UKGBI|civil}} United Kingdom (1871–89)
*{{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands (1889–1902)
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}} Italy (1902–10)
| Ship launched = 4 July 1871
| Ship maiden voyage = 1 February 1872
| Ship fate = Scrapped in 1910
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Ship class = [[Oceanic-class ocean liner]]
| Ship tonnage = {{GRT|3708}}
| Ship length = {{convert|128.1|m|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|41|ft|abbr=on}}<!--ref?-->
| Ship height = 
| Ship draught = 
| Ship draft = 
| Ship depth = 
| Ship decks = 
| Ship deck clearance = 
| Ship ramps = 
| Ship ice class = 
| Ship sail plan = 
| Ship power = Steam
| Ship propulsion = Single screw, sail
}}
|}
'''SS ''Republic''''' was an [[ocean liner]] built in 1871 by [[Harland and Wolff]] for [[White Star Line]]. It was intended to be the last of four vessels forming the [[Oceanic-class ocean liner|Oceanic-class]], before two new ships were commissioned. After a rough maiden voyage from [[Liverpool]] to [[New York City]] on 1 February 1872, the ship was chosen to be on White Star Line's first voyage on the South Atlantic and Pacific line with four other ships, destined for Chile. In 1874, the construction of modern ships [[SS Germanic (1874)|SS ''Germanic'']] and [[SS Britannic (1874)|SS ''Britannic'']] led to SS ''Republic''{{'}}s becoming the standby vessel of White Star Line. It occupied this position for 15 years, and attempts were made to modernise it in 1888. When [[RMS Teutonic|RMS ''Teutonic'']] and [[RMS Majestic (1889)|RMS ''Majestic'']] entered service in the following year, the ''Republic'' became surplus to White Star's needs.

''Republic'' was sold in 1889 to [[Holland America Line]] and was renamed '''''Maasdam''''', and served with the company for twelve years. In 1902, it was sold to Italian company La Veloce where it was renamed '''''Vittoria''''', before being renamed again to '''''Città di Napoli'''''. It was used for many years to transport Italian migrants to America. It was retired in 1908, and was lent to the Italian government to house victims of the [[1908 Messina earthquake]]. The ship was scrapped in 1910 in [[Genoa]].

During its service it could carry a varying number of passengers; under White Star Line it could carry 166 first class and over 1,000 [[steerage (deck)|steerage]] passengers; under Holland America Line it could carry 150 first class, 60 second class, and 800 steerage passengers' and as a migrant ship it could carry 1,424 steerage passengers. The facilities on the ship were described as a "floating palace" when it was owned by White Star Line, and were similar to [[RMS Oceanic (1870)|RMS ''Oceanic'']], but were slightly modernised.

==History==
===White Star Line===
When [[Thomas Henry Ismay]] established White Star Line in 1867, he came to an agreement with [[Gustav Christian Schwabe]] in return for financial assistance.{{sfn|Anderson|1964|p = 42}} Ismay promised to build the company's future ships in Harland and Wolff's shipyards in [[Belfast]], which had been founded by Schwabe's nephew [[Gustav Wilhelm Wolff]].{{sfn|Anderson|1964|p = 42}} Four ships were originally commissioned to form the Oceanic class, but this was later expanded to six. ''Republic'' was the fourth ship of the class and was launched on 4 July 1871;{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 9}} its name notes the date it was launched was [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] in the United States.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 17}}

The ship's maiden voyage took place on 1 February 1872, from [[Liverpool]] to [[New York City]], stopping at [[Cobh|Queenstown]].{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 32}}<!--Kawarau (Māori name, still used today for the nearby river and region), The Camp (1862-1863, during the gold rush), Queenstown (officially named in 1863, in honor of Queen Victoria)--> This trip damaged the ship; a rainstorm flooded the engine room and boiler room,{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 32}} and a lifeboat was damaged, seriously injuring the [[Second mate|second officer]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaulk |first1=Bob |title=Atlantic's Last Stop: Courage, Folly, and Lies in the White Star Line's Worst Disaster Before Titanic |publisher=Nimbus |location=Halifax, NS |isbn=978-1774710104 |pages=8-9}}</ref>{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 17}} This incident led White Star Line to reconsider their routes, and they found that ships with the most freedom of movement rarely suffered damage.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 17}}

At the end of 1872, all six Oceanic class ships were in service, but White Star Line only required five. Ismay attempted to compete with the [[Pacific Steam Navigation Company]] on the line of the South Atlantic and the Pacific, destined for Chile.{{sfn|Anderson|1964|p = 50}}  ''Republic'' was chosen to serve this route with two smaller mixed-liners, [[SS Asiatic (1870)|SS ''Asiatic'']] and [[SS Tropic (1871)|SS ''Tropic'']], and two other ships, [[SS Gaelic (1872)|SS ''Gaelic'']] and [[SS Belgic (1873)|SS ''Belgic'']].{{sfn|Anderson|1964|p = 50}}

Faced with this offensive, the Pacific Steam Navigation Company attempted to construct a vessel capable of competing with ''Republic'', the ''Tacora''.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 18}} Both ships participated in a race between Liverpool and [[Callao]] in October 1871; the ''Tacora'' was unable to travel beyond [[Montevideo]], but ''Republic'' successfully completed the journey.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 18}} Despite the success of the trip, ''Republic'' was placed back on the route to New York, while the South Atlantic and Pacific routes were cancelled, as they were too expensive.{{sfn|Anderson|1964|p = 51}}

===Reserve vessel===
[[File:SS_Britannic.jpg|thumb|right|SS ''Britannic'', one of the modern ships that led to SS ''Republic''{{'s}} becoming unnecessary to White Star Line.]]
In 1874, White Star Line had two modern ships produced, the SS ''Britannic'' and the SS ''Germanic''.{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 32}} The ''Republic'' was deemed unnecessary for the regular service to New York and became a standby vessel for the company.{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 32}} Despite this, the SS ''Republic'' was used repeatedly in the future, whenever one of the modern vessels had to undergo repairs or maintenance.{{cn |date=June 2021}} On 8 August 1875, she discovered the Norwegian [[barque]] ''Velox'' abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. Some of her crew were put aboard with the intention of taking ''Velox'' in to [[Queenstown, County Cork]].<ref name=S110875>{{Cite news |title=Mercantile Ship News |newspaper=The Standard |location=London |date=11 August 1875 |issue=15924 |page=7 }}</ref>

In February 1879, the ship was badly damaged after being struck on the [[River Mersey]] by [[schooner]] ''Ocean Queen''.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p = 45}} In December of the same year, the ''Republic'' faced rough seas during a crossing of the Atlantic, and its smokestack was damaged and had to be repaired by the crew.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p = 45}} In December 1880, ''Republic'' was damaged and was meant to be towed by German steam vessel ''Mosel''.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p = 46}} This vessel did not have enough coal, but ''Republic'' managed to reach New York a few days later without assistance.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p = 46}} On 9 February 1883, ''Republic'' rescued 44 survivors from the Warren Line steamship {{SS|Glamorgan|1872|2}}, which had foundered in the Atlantic Ocean. One of her crew was lost effecting the rescue.<ref name=Times260283>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The United States |date=26 February 1883 |issue=30753 |page=5-6 |column=F, A-B }}</ref>

In 1885, White Star Line briefly provided [[Inman Line]] with SS ''Baltic'', as they{{who|date=May 2015}} were having financial difficulties.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|pp = 16–17}} The ''Republic'' temporarily served as the replacement for this ship.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 18}} On 20 September 1885, the ''Republic'' collided with the [[Cunard Line]] steamer [[RMS Aurania (1882)|''Aurania'']] while leaving the port of New York, following the error of a coast pilot.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p = 47}} ''Republic'' was sufficiently damaged for the journey to be cancelled, and the ship was put into dry dock.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p = 47}}

In 1888, the ''Republic'' underwent a redesign, and a second class was added.{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 33}} In January 1889, the ship began its final voyage with White Star Line under the command of [[Edward Smith (sea captain)|Edward Smith]], who later became the captain of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']].{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 19}} On 27 January, the ship was grounded a few hours before its arrival in New York; an incident near the boilers killed three trimmers and seriously injured several others. Despite this, the ship underwent repairs and made its last voyage to England.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 19}}

===Flagging and retirement===
The arrival of ''Teutonic'' in 1889 and the announcement of RMS ''Majestic'' made the ''Republic'' unnecessary, and it was put up for sale.{{sfn|Anderson|1964|p = 79}} It was purchased in June 1889 by the [[Holland America Line]], which paid £35,000 to acquire it. Renamed ''Maasdam'', it was immediately sent to G. Forrester & Co. in Liverpool for an overhaul of machinery (for more economical and effective machines) and a reorganisation of its facilities.{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 33}} Once this overhaul was completed, the ''Maasdam'' was able to carry 150 first class passengers, 60 second class passengers, and 800 steerage/third class passengers.{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 33}} From 15 March 1890, it served on a route between [[Rotterdam]] and New York, and was not damaged during its service with the Holland America Line, which satisfied the company.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 19}} In 1902, a brief stopover at [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] was added to the route to New York.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 19}}

In 1902, it was sold to Italian company La Veloce, which first renamed it ''Vittoria'', before quickly switching it to ''Città di Napoli''.{{sfn|Anderson|1964|p = 198}} The ship transported migrants from Genoa, [[Naples]], [[Palermo]], and [[Gibraltar]] to New York, and underwent an overhaul which increased its capacity to 1,424 steerage passengers.{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 33}} Its first voyage with the company began on 30 September 1902. ''Città di Napoli'' was used until 27 April 1907, when it was withdrawn by the company.{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 33}}

After the [[1908 Messina earthquake]], La Veloce lent ''Città di Napoli'', ''North America'', and ''Savoia'' to the Italian government, in order to shelter the victims.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 19}} La Veloce re-obtained the ship in 1909, and it was scrapped in Genoa the following year. With a lifetime of 38 years, the ship was the last of the Oceanic class to be scrapped.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 19}}

==Features==
[[File:S.S. Republic, Bound West, 1886, by T. Howard (mariner).jpg|thumb|S.S. Republic, Bound West, 1886, by T. Howard (mariner)]]
''Republic'' shared many characteristics with those of the first liner in the Oceanic series, [[RMS Oceanic (1870)|''Oceanic'']], constructed in 1870. ''Republic'' measured {{convert|128.1|by|12.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} and had a [[gross register tonnage]] of 3708. It could be powered by sail, with four masts,{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 32}} but also had funnels painted the colours of White Star Line, brown and black. Its machines came from G. Forrester & Co. of Liverpool and were two reciprocating engines (able to accommodate two cylinders), similar to those of the [[RMS Atlantic|RMS ''Atlantic'']]. Although it could theoretically reach speeds of 14.5 knots, it never managed to reach that speed.{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 32}} When the ship was renamed to ''Maasdam'', its propulsion system was redesigned and was equipped with alternative machines, and could support three cylinders.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 19}}

''Republic'', like ''Oceanic'', was initially able to carry 1,000 steerage passengers and 166 in first class.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 17}} The facilities on the ''Oceanic'' revolutionized nautical travel, earning it the nickname of "imperial yacht", as it had facilities for wealthy passengers and was more stable than other ships. The first class passengers had bathtubs, a dining room, and chairs rather than benches.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 17}} There is no precise information regarding the facilities of the ''Republic'',{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 16}} but it is thought that it was similar to ''Oceanic'', but had been improved.{{sfn|Anderson|1964|p = 59}} A passenger in 1874 described ''Republic'' as a "floating palace, with the style and comfort of a Swiss hotel", and said their room was welcoming and gold, and the ship contained a piano, library, smoking room, and barber.{{sfn|Anderson|1964|p = 59}}

When the ship became the ''Maasdam'', the liner was able to accommodate 150 first class, 60 second class, and 800 steerage passengers.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p = 19}} Finally, when it was designed to transport migrants, it could accommodate 1,424 steerage passengers.{{sfn|Haws|1990|p = 33}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book|title=White Star.|first=Roy Claude|last=Anderson|publisher=T. Stephenson|location=Prescot, Lancashire|year=1964|oclc=3134809}}
*{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Eaton|first2=Charles|last2=Haas|title=Falling Star, Misadventures of White Star Line Ships|publisher=Patrick Stephens Ltd.|year=1989|isbn=1-85260-084-5}}
*{{cite book|first1=Duncan|last1=Haws|title=Merchant Fleets: White Star Line|publisher=TCL Publications|year=1990|isbn=0-946378-16-9}}
*{{cite book|title=Ships of the White Star Line|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|first=Richard|last=de Kerbrech|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7110-3366-5}}
{{Oceanic-class ocean liners}}
{{Holland America Ships}}
{{White Star Line ships}}
{{1879 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Republic (1872)}}
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Template:Div col/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
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Return to SS Republic (1871).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Republic_(1871)"