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{{Short description|Royal Navy Devastation-class turret ship}}
{{other ships|HMS Thunderer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{good article}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=HMS Thunderer (1872).jpg
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=''Thunderer''
|Ship ordered=
|Ship original cost=[[pound sterling|£]]368,428
|Ship builder=[[Pembroke Dockyard]]
|Ship laid down=26 June 1869
|Ship launched=25 March 1872
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=26 May 1877
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=1909
|Ship renamed=
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship refit=
|Ship fate=Sold for [[ship breaking|scrap]], 13 July 1909
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as built)
|Ship class={{sclass|Devastation|ironclad}} [[turret ship]]s
|Ship displacement={{convert|9330|LT|t|lk=on}}
|Ship length=*{{convert|285|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} ([[Length between perpendiculars|p/p]])
*{{convert|307|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} ([[Length overall|o/a]])
|Ship beam={{convert|62|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on|1}}
|Ship draught={{convert|27|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on|1}}
|Ship propulsion=2 shafts; 2 [[Marine steam engine#Direct acting|Direct-acting steam engines]]
|Ship power=*{{convert|5600|ihp|lk=in|abbr=on}}
*8 [[List of boiler types, by manufacturer#box boiler|rectangular boilers]]
|Ship speed={{convert|12.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|4700|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} @ {{convert|10|kn}}
|Ship complement=358
|Ship armament=
4 × [[RML 12 inch 35 ton gun|{{convert|12|in|mm|adj=on|0}}]] [[Muzzle-loading rifle|rifled muzzle-loading guns]]
|Ship armour=*[[Belt armor|Waterline belt]]: {{convert|12|-|8.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|3|-|2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Gun turret]]s: {{convert|14|-|10|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Conning tower]]: {{convert|9|-|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Bulkhead (partition)|Bulkhead]]s: {{convert|6|-|5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Thunderer''''' was one of two {{sclass|Devastation|ironclad}} [[turret ship]]s built for the [[Royal Navy]] in the 1870s. She suffered two serious accidents before the decade was out and gained a reputation as an unlucky ship for several years afterward. The ship was assigned to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] in 1878 and was reduced to [[Reserve fleet|reserve]] in 1881 before being [[Ship commissioning|recommissioned]] in 1885. ''Thunderer'' returned home in 1887 and was again placed in reserve. She rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet in 1891, but was forced to return to the UK by [[boiler]] problems the following year. The ship became a [[Her Majesty's Coastguard|coast guard ship]] in Wales in 1895 and was again placed in reserve in 1900. ''Thunderer'' was taken out of service in 1907 and sold for [[ship breaking|scrap]] in 1909.

==Background and description==
[[File:Devastation class diagrams Brasseys 1888.jpg|thumb|left|Right elevation and plan from [[Brassey's Naval Annual]], 1888]]
The ''Devastation'' class was designed as an enlarged, ocean-going, version of the earlier {{sclass|Cerberus|breastwork monitor}}.<ref>Gardiner, pp. 81–82</ref> The ships had a [[length between perpendiculars]] of {{convert|285|ft|m|1}} and were {{convert|307|ft|m|1}} [[Length overall|long overall]]. They had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|62|ft|3|in|m|1}}, and a [[draft (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|26|ft|8|in|m|1}}. The ''Devastation''-class ships [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|9330|LT|t|lk=on}}. Their crew consisted of 358 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]]. They proved to be steady gun platforms and good [[seaboat]]s, albeit quite wet forward. Their low [[forecastle]] caused them problems with [[head sea]]s and limited their speed in such conditions.<ref name=ck0>Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 23</ref>

''Thunderer'' had two [[Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes|Humphry & Tennant]] two-cylinder horizontal [[Marine steam engine#Direct acting|direct-acting steam engines]] using steam provided by eight [[box boiler|rectangular boilers]]; each engine driving a single propeller. The engines were designed to produce a total of {{convert|5600|ihp|lk=in}} for a speed of {{convert|12.5|kn|lk=in}},<ref name=b2>Burt, p. 12</ref> but ''Thunderer'' reached a maximum speed of {{convert|13.4|kn}} from {{convert|6270|ihp|abbr=on}} during her [[sea trials]].<ref>Parkes, p. 200</ref> The ship carried a maximum of {{convert|1800|LT|t|0}} of coal, enough to steam {{convert|4700|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|knots}}.<ref name=b2/>

{{clear left}}
[[File:Thunderer turret - King 1875.png|thumb|left|''Thunderer'''s forward turret, as first constructed with manual ramming]]
The ''Devastation'' class was armed with four [[RML 12 inch 35 ton gun|RML {{convert|12|in|mm|0|adj=on}}]] [[rifled muzzle loader|rifled muzzle-loading guns]], one pair in each of the [[gun turret]]s positioned fore and aft of the superstructure. Shortly after completion, ''Thunderer''{{'}}s forward turret's weapons were replaced by more powerful [[RML 12.5 inch 38 ton gun|RML {{convert|12.5|in|mm|0|adj=on}} guns]].<ref name=p8>Parkes, p. 198</ref><ref>Hodges, p. 13</ref>{{dubious|Although built on 38-ton forgings, the indications are that these were bored to 12 inches, not 12.5 inches.|date=May 2016}}

While both gun turrets were rotated by steam power, the new forward guns were loaded by hydraulic power, unlike the original guns which were hand worked. ''Thunderer'' was the first ship to have hydraulic loading gear.<ref>Parkes, pp. 195–96</ref> From 1874, the forward turret alone was converted to hydraulic power operation for training (turret traverse), elevation and ramming. This allowed the turret crew to be reduced from 48 to 28; the aft turret remaining hand-worked as a comparison.<ref>Hodges, p. 19</ref> Power operation was considered successful, although it was later implicated in the 1879 explosion.<ref name="Engineer, 1879" />

The ''Devastation''-class ships had a complete wrought iron [[waterline]] [[belt armor|armour belt]] that was 12 inches thick [[amidships]] and tapered to {{convert|9|in|mm|0}} outside the [[armoured citadel]] towards the ends of the ship. The armour plates were tapered to a thickness of {{convert|10|-|8.5|in|mm|0}} at their bottom edges respectively and they extended from the [[Deck (ship)|upper deck]] to {{convert|5|ft|9|in|1}} below the waterline. The armoured citadel protected the bases of the gun turrets, the [[funnel (ship)|funnel]] uptakes and the crew's quarters. The sides of the citadel were 12 inches thick around the bases of the turrets and 10 inches thick elsewhere. The turrets were protected by two {{convert|7|-|6|in|0|adj=on}} plates, separated by a layer of [[teak]] with the turret face having the thicker armour.<ref>Parkes, pp. 195, 199</ref> The [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]] were protected by a 6-inch forward [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]] and a {{convert|5|in|mm|0|adj=on}} one aft. The [[conning tower]] ranged in thickness from 9 to 6 inches in thickness. The ships had a complete {{convert|3|in|mm|0|adj=on}} upper deck that was reinforced by another {{convert|2|in|adj=on}} thick inside the citadel.<ref name=ck0/>

==Construction and career==
[[File:ThundererAtAnchor.jpeg|thumb|''Thunderer'' at anchor, before 1879]]
''Thunderer'', the fifth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy,<ref>Colledge, p. 351</ref> was laid down on 26 June 1869 at [[Pembroke Dockyard]], [[Wales]].<ref>Silverstone, p. 272</ref> Construction was subsequently halted for a time in 1871 to modify the ship to improve her [[ship stability|stability and buoyancy]] by extending the breastwork to cover the full width of the hull which increased the ship's [[freeboard (nautical)|freeboard]] [[amidships]] and provided additional accommodation for the crew.<ref name=ck0/> The ship was [[ship naming and launching|launched]] on 25 March 1872 by Mrs. Mary Meyrick, wife of [[Thomas Meyrick]], [[Member of Parliament|MP]]. Two years later she was transferred to [[Portsmouth Dockyard]] to finish [[fitting out]].<ref name=p6>Phillips, pp. 199–201</ref>

[[File:Illustrated London News - 1876-09-02 - HMS Thunderer, boilers.jpg|thumb|left|Inspection of the boilers, after their explosion]]
On 14 July 1876, ''Thunderer'' suffered a disastrous [[boiler explosion]] which killed 45 people. One of her boilers burst as she proceeded from [[Portsmouth Harbour]] to [[Stokes Bay]] to carry out a full-power trial. The [[boiler explosion|explosion]] killed 15 people instantly, including her commanding officer; around 70 others were injured, of whom 30 later died. This was the Royal Navy's most deadly boiler explosion through the whole century. A model representing the failed boiler was made and is now in the [[Science Museum, London]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Model, one of two, of boilers of H.M.S. "Thunderer" |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8056527/model-one-of-two-of-boilers-of-h-m-s-thunderer-model-representation |website=Science Museum Group Collection Online |publisher=Science Museum Group |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> The explosion was caused because a [[pressure gauge]] was broken and the [[safety valve]] had [[corrosion|corroded]] in place. When the steam stop valve to the engines was closed, pressure in the boiler rose and could not be released.<ref>McEwen, pp. 182–84</ref> The four [[box boiler]]s were the last in service in the Navy and operated at what would even then would have been considered a relatively low pressure, for more modern boilers, of {{cvt|30|psi}}. The boiler was repaired and the ship was completed on 26 May 1877 at a cost of [[pound sterling|£]]368,428.<ref>Parkes, p. 195</ref>

''Thunderer'' was commissioned in May 1877 for service with the Reserve Fleet Particular Service Squadron and was then assigned to the Channel Squadron. During this time, she was fitted with experimental {{convert|16|in|0|adj=on}} [[torpedo]]es.<ref name=p2>Parkes, p. 202</ref> She sailed for the Mediterranean in 1878 under the command of [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Alfred John Chatfield|Alfred Chatfield]].<ref>Phillips, p. 202</ref> Leaving [[Gibraltar]] for [[Malta]] in November 1878, ''Thunderer'' ran aground and was damaged. She was refloated and resumed her voyage. She was repaired at Malta.<ref name=LM121178>{{Cite news |title=Grounding of the Thunderer |newspaper=Liverpool Mercury |location=Liverpool |date=12 November 1878 |issue=9619 }}</ref>

{{clear left}}
[[File:HMS Thunderer burst RML 12 inch gun diagram.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Diagrams showing how the gun burst}}]]
The ship suffered another serious accident on 2 January 1879,<ref name=AJ040179>{{Cite news |title=Explosion On Board H.M.S. Thunderer. |newspaper=Aberdeen Journal |location=Aberdeen |date=4 January 1879 |issue=7451 }}</ref> when the left 12-inch 38 ton gun in the forward turret exploded during gunnery practice in the [[Sea of Marmora]], killing 11 and injuring a further 35. The muzzle-loading gun had been double-loaded following a [[Firearm malfunction|misfire]]. According to Admiral of the Fleet E.H Seymour,

"Both turret guns were being fired simultaneously, and evidently one did not go off. It may seem hard to believe such a thing could happen and not be noticed, but from my own experience I understand it. The men in the turret often stopped their ears, and perhaps their eyes, at the moment of firing, and then instantly worked the run-in levers, and did not notice how much the guns had recoiled. This no doubt occurred. Both guns were at once reloaded, and the rammer's indicator, working by machinery, set fast and failed to show how far the new charge had gone."<ref name="Parkes, p.198">Parkes, p.198</ref>

The accident contributed to the Royal Navy changing to [[Rifled breech loader|breech-loading guns]], which could be more conveniently worked from inside the turrets.<ref>Gardiner, p. 98</ref><ref name="Parkes, p.198"/> The fragments of the destroyed gun were re-assembled and displayed to the public at the [[Royal Arsenal|Woolwich Arsenal]]. The committee of inquiry decided that the gun had been double-loaded, but this view was widely questioned, including by Sir [[William Palliser]], designer of the [[Palliser shell]] used by these guns. Palliser's view instead was that the shot had been obstructed by a portion of the millboard disc rammed above the shell. Hydraulic power-ramming was thought to be implicated in the double loading as the telescopic hydraulic rammer had not made the double loading obvious, as a manual [[ramrod]] would have done. One piece of evidence supporting the double loading theory was the presence of an additional stud torn from a Palliser shell, found amongst the wreckage within the turret.<ref name="Engineer, 1879" >{{Cite journal
  |title=The Thunderer's Gun at Woolwich
  |journal=[[The Engineer (UK magazine)|The Engineer]]
  |date=18 July 1879
  |page=45
}}</ref> She was repaired at Malta.<ref name=GH180179>{{Cite news |title=The Thunderer |newspaper=Glasgow Herald |location=Glasgow |date=18 January 1879 |issue=12192 }}</ref> ''Thunderer'' was then regarded as an unlucky ship and was placed in reserve at Malta in 1881 and had her machinery [[wikt:overhaul|overhauled]]. Her armament was augmented with a pair of {{convert|14|in|0|adj=on}} torpedo launchers and a half-dozen [[1-inch Nordenfelt gun|1-inch (25&nbsp;mm) Nordenfelt guns]] on the [[Deck (ship)#Hurricane deck|hurricane deck]]. She was recommissioned in 1885 and remained with the Mediterranean Fleet until she was [[Ship decommissioning|paid off]] at Chatham Dockyard.<ref name=p5 >Parkes, pp. 201–02</ref> The future King [[George V]] served aboard ''Thunderer'' in 1885–86.<ref>Phillips, p. 208</ref>

The ship was assigned to the Portsmouth Reserve in January 1888 before beginning a major modernisation the following year. Her guns were replaced by four breech-loading [[BL 10 inch gun Mk I – IV|10-inch guns]].<ref name=p5/> To improve her defence against [[torpedo boat]]s, her Nordenfelt guns were replaced by six [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss|6-pounder {{convert|57|mm|in|abbr=on|1|order=flip}}]] and eight [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|QF 3-pounder {{convert|47|mm|in|abbr=on|1|order=flip}}]] [[Hotchkiss gun]]s. ''Thunderer''{{'}}s machinery was replaced by inverted [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion steam engines]] and [[Scotch marine boiler|cylindrical boilers]]. Their increased output of {{convert|7000|ihp|abbr=on}} increased her speed to {{convert|14.2|kn}} and their more economical consumption of coal allowed the coal storage to be reduced to {{convert|1200|LT|t|0}}.<ref>Parkes, p. 201</ref>

The ship rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet in March 1891, but was forced to return home in September 1892 with persistent boiler problems and she was reduced to the Chatham reserve. ''Thunderer'' became the guard ship at Pembroke Dock in May 1895 and remained there until she returned to the Chatham reserve in December 1900.<ref name=p2/> The ship was refitted there as an emergency ship in 1902,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence |date=2 July 1902 |page=7 |issue=36809}}</ref> but was taken out of service five years later. ''Thunderer'' was sold for scrap for £19,500<ref name=p2/> on 13 September 1909.<ref>Winfield & Lyon, p. 255</ref>

The ''Devastation'' class became more popular among the civilian population and in the Royal Navy as the ships got older. [[Rear-Admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral]] [[John Wilson (Royal Navy officer)|John Wilson]], a former [[captain (nautical)|captain]] of the ship, stated in a meeting of the [[Royal United Services Institute]] discussing the most acceptable types of [[battleship]] in 1884,<ref name=p2/> <blockquote>"I also agree with my friend Captain Colomb that we have no type of ship to my fancy equal to the {{HMS|Dreadnought|1875|2}} or the good old ''Thunderer''. Give me the ''Thunderer'', the hull of the ''Thunderer''; she had bad engines, she was not arranged as I would like inside, she was badly gunned as we all know, and she had not enough light gun or sufficient armaments; but she carried {{convert|1750|LT|t}} of coal, could steam at 10 knots from here to the Cape, and could fight any ship of her class on the salt water."<ref name=p2/></blockquote>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Ballantyne |first1=R. M.|last2=Sturton|first2=Ian |title=Life Aboard HMS ''Thunderer'' |journal=Warship International |date=2010 |volume=XLVII |issue=4 |pages=339–349|issn=0043-0374|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=David K.|title=Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905|year=2010|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-78383-019-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Burt|first=R. A.|title=British Battleships 1889–1904|year=2013 |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-065-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905|editor1-last=Chesneau |editor1-first=Roger|editor2-last=Kolesnik|editor2-first=Eugene M.|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1979|isbn=0-8317-0302-4|name-list-style=amp|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2}}
* {{Cite Colledge2006}}
* {{cite book|editor=Gardiner, Robert|title=Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905|series=Conway's History of the Ship|year=1992|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=1-55750-774-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Historic Steam Boiler Explosions |last=McEwen |first=Alan|year=2009 |publisher=Sledgehammer Engineering Press |isbn=978-0-9532725-2-5 }}
* {{Cite book
  |title=The Big Gun: Battleship Main Armament 1860–1945
  |last=Hodges  |first=Peter
  |year=1981
  |publisher=Conway Maritime Press
  |isbn=0-85177-144-0|location=London
}}
* {{cite book|last=Parkes|first=Oscar|title=British Battleships|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|edition=reprint of the 1957|isbn=1-55750-075-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Phillips|first1=Lawrie; Lieutenant Commander|title=Pembroke Dockyard and the Old Navy: A Bicentennial History|date=2014|publisher=The History Press|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK|isbn=978-0-7509-5214-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships|year=1984|publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}}
* {{winfield}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|HMS Thunderer (ship, 1877)|HMS Thunderer}}
* [http://www.cerberus.com.au/thunderer.html Details of Boiler Explosion on HMS ''Thunderer'' – a contemporary newspaper account of the incident]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604205521/http://www.btinternet.com/~philipr/thexp.html Accidents on HMS ''Thunderer'']

{{Devastation class battleship}}
{{1876 shipwrecks}}
{{1878 shipwrecks}}
{{1879 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thunderer (1871)}}
[[Category:Devastation-class ironclads]]
[[Category:Ships built in Pembroke Dock]]
[[Category:1872 ships]]
[[Category:Victorian-era battleships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime boiler explosions]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in July 1876]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in November 1878]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in January 1879]]

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Return to HMS Thunderer (1872).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Thunderer_(1872)"