Transverse temporal gyrus

Transverse temporal gyrus
Transverse temporal gyrus
	Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe ("transverse temporal gyri" visible at center left)
	Human brain view on transverse temporal and insular gyri (gyri temporales transversi are #4)
Details
Part of	Temporal lobe
Parts	Primary auditory cortex
Artery	Middle cerebral
Identifiers
Latin	gyri temporales transversi
NeuroNames	1520
TA98	A14.1.09.140
TA2	5491
FMA	72016
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

The transverse temporal gyrus, also called Heschl's gyrus (/ˈhɛʃəlz ˈdʒaɪraɪ/) or Heschl's convolutions, is a gyrus found in the area of each primary auditory cortex buried within the lateral sulcus of the human brain, occupying Brodmann areas 41 and 42. Transverse temporal gyri are superior to and separated from the planum temporale (cortex involved in language production) by Heschl's sulcus. Transverse temporal gyri are found in varying numbers in both the right and left hemispheres of the brain and one study found that this number is not related to the hemisphere or dominance of hemisphere studied in subjects.^{[citation needed]} Transverse temporal gyri can be viewed in the sagittal plane as either an omega shape (if one gyrus is present) or a heart shape (if two gyri and a sulcus are present).^[1]

Transverse temporal gyri are the first cortical structures to process incoming auditory information. Anatomically, the transverse temporal gyri are distinct in that they run mediolaterally (toward the center of the brain), rather than front to back as all other temporal lobe gyri run.

The Heschl's gyri are named after Richard L. Heschl.

Processing tone

The transverse temporal gyri are active during auditory processing under fMRI for tone and semantic tasks.^[2] Transverse temporal gyri were found in one study to have significantly faster processing rates (33 Hz) in the left hemisphere compared to those in the right hemisphere (3 Hz). Additionally this difference in processing rate was found to be related to the volume of rate-related cortex in the gyri; right transverse temporal gyri were found to be more active during temporal processing, and these gyri were found to have more “rate-related cortex”.^[1] White and grey matter volumes of transverse temporal gyri were not found to relate to this processing speed, although larger white matter volumes in subjects are associated with increased sensitivity to “rapid auditory input”.^[2]

The role of transverse temporal gyri in auditory processing of tone is demonstrated by a study by Wong, Warrier et al. (2008). This study revealed the following: subjects who could successfully form an association between Mandarin Chinese “pitch patterns” and word meaning were found to have transverse temporal gyri with larger volume than subjects who had “difficulty learning these associations.” Successful completion of the previous task also was found to be associated with a “greater concentration of white matter” in the left transverse temporal gyri of the subject. In general, larger transverse temporal gyri “could be associated with more efficient processing of speech-related cues which could facilitate learning and perceiving new speech sounds.”^[2]

Inner voice

Research on the inner voice perceived by humans led to the identification of these gyri as the area of the brain activated during such dialogue with oneself.^[3] Specifically, Heschl's gyrus responded to spontaneous inner speech, while it was hypoactive during task-elicited inner speech (repeating words prompted by an experimenter).^[4]

Mismatch negativity

One of the famous event-related potential (ERP) components is mismatch negativity. This component is considered to represent a prediction error process in the brain.^[5]^[6] This ERP has probably two generators, one in the right prefrontal lobe, and the other in the primary auditory regions - the transverse temporal gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus.^[7]^[8]

Additional images

3D view of the transverse temporal gyrus in an average human brain
Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images

References

^ ^a ^b Yousry TA, Fesl G, Buttner A, Noachtar S, Schmid UD (1997). "Heschl's gyrus-Anatomic description and methods of identification on magnetic resonance imaging" (PDF). Int J Neuroradiol. 3 (1): 2–12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Warrier C, Wong P, Penhune V, Zatorre R, Parrish T, Abrams D, Kraus N (January 2009). "Relating structure to function: Heschl's gyrus and acoustic processing". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (1): 61–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-08.2009. PMC 3341414. PMID 19129385.
^ Jaekl P (13 September 2018). "The inner voice". Aeon.
^ Hurlburt RT, Alderson-Day B, Kühn S, Fernyhough C (2016-02-04). "Exploring the Ecological Validity of Thinking on Demand: Neural Correlates of Elicited vs. Spontaneously Occurring Inner Speech". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0147932. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147932H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147932. PMC 4741522. PMID 26845028.
^ Winkler I (January 2007). "Interpreting the mismatch negativity". Journal of Psychophysiology. 21 (3–4): 147–63. doi:10.1027/0269-8803.21.34.147.
^ Parras GG, Nieto-Diego J, Carbajal GV, Valdés-Baizabal C, Escera C, Malmierca MS (December 2017). "Neurons along the auditory pathway exhibit a hierarchical organization of prediction error". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 2148. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.2148P. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02038-6. PMC 5732270. PMID 29247159.
^ Garrido MI, Friston KJ, Kiebel SJ, Stephan KE, Baldeweg T, Kilner JM (August 2008). "The functional anatomy of the MMN: a DCM study of the roving paradigm". NeuroImage. 42 (2): 936–44. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.018. PMC 2640481. PMID 18602841.
^ Heilbron M, Chait M (October 2018). "Great Expectations: Is there Evidence for Predictive Coding in Auditory Cortex?". Neuroscience. 389: 54–73. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.061. PMID 28782642. S2CID 22700462.

External links

[:0-1] Yousry TA, Fesl G, Buttner A, Noachtar S, Schmid UD (1997). "Heschl's gyrus-Anatomic description and methods of identification on magnetic resonance imaging" (PDF). Int J Neuroradiol. 3 (1): 2–12.

[:1-2] Warrier C, Wong P, Penhune V, Zatorre R, Parrish T, Abrams D, Kraus N (January 2009). "Relating structure to function: Heschl's gyrus and acoustic processing". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (1): 61–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-08.2009. PMC 3341414. PMID 19129385.

[3] Jaekl P (13 September 2018). "The inner voice". Aeon.

[4] Hurlburt RT, Alderson-Day B, Kühn S, Fernyhough C (2016-02-04). "Exploring the Ecological Validity of Thinking on Demand: Neural Correlates of Elicited vs. Spontaneously Occurring Inner Speech". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0147932. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147932H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147932. PMC 4741522. PMID 26845028.

[5] Winkler I (January 2007). "Interpreting the mismatch negativity". Journal of Psychophysiology. 21 (3–4): 147–63. doi:10.1027/0269-8803.21.34.147.

[pmid29247159-6] Parras GG, Nieto-Diego J, Carbajal GV, Valdés-Baizabal C, Escera C, Malmierca MS (December 2017). "Neurons along the auditory pathway exhibit a hierarchical organization of prediction error". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 2148. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.2148P. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02038-6. PMC 5732270. PMID 29247159.

[pmid18602841-7] Garrido MI, Friston KJ, Kiebel SJ, Stephan KE, Baldeweg T, Kilner JM (August 2008). "The functional anatomy of the MMN: a DCM study of the roving paradigm". NeuroImage. 42 (2): 936–44. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.018. PMC 2640481. PMID 18602841.

[pmid28782642-8] Heilbron M, Chait M (October 2018). "Great Expectations: Is there Evidence for Predictive Coding in Auditory Cortex?". Neuroscience. 389: 54–73. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.061. PMID 28782642. S2CID 22700462.

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