Pixies (band)

Guitarist Joey Santiago and songwriter Black Francis (born Charles Michael Kittridge Thompson IV) met when they lived next to each other in a suite while attending the University of Massachusetts Amherst.^[1] Although Santiago was worried about distractions, he noticed Francis played music and the pair began to jam together.^[2] Francis embarked on a student exchange trip to Puerto Rico to study Spanish.^[1] After six months, he returned to Amherst and dropped out of the university.^[3] Francis and Santiago spent 1984 working in a Boston-area warehouse, with Francis composing songs on his acoustic guitar and writing lyrics on the subway train.^[4]

The pair formed a band in January 1986.^[5] Two weeks later, Francis placed an advertisement seeking a bass player who liked both the folk act Peter, Paul and Mary and the alternative rock band Hüsker Dü.^[6] Kim Deal was the only respondent, and arrived at the audition without a bass, as she had never played one before.^[7][8] She was invited to join as she liked the songs Francis showed her. She obtained a bass, and the trio started rehearsing in Deal's apartment.^[9]

After recruiting Deal, Kim paid for her sister, Kelley Deal, to fly to Boston and audition as drummer. Though Francis approved, Kelley was not confident in her drumming, and was more interested in playing songs written by Kim; she later joined Kim's band the Breeders.^[10] Kim's husband suggested they hire David Lovering, whom Kim had met at her wedding reception.^[11][12] The group arrived at a name after Santiago selected the word "pixies" randomly from a dictionary, liking how it looked and its definition as "mischievous little elves".^[1] The Pixies moved rehearsals to Lovering's parents' garage in mid-1986^[9] and began to play shows at bars in the Boston area.^[1]

While the Pixies were playing a concert with Throwing Muses, they were noticed by the producer Gary Smith, the manager of Fort Apache Studios.^[5] He told them he "could not sleep until you guys are world famous".^[13] Funded by Francis' father at the cost of $1000, the Pixies spent three days recording a 17-track demo at Fort Apache, known as the Purple Tape for its purple cover.^[14] The promoter Ken Goes became the Pixies' manager, and he passed the demo to Ivo Watts-Russell of the independent record label 4AD.^[1] Watts-Russell found the Pixies too normal and "too rock 'n' roll", but signed them at the persuasion of his girlfriend.^[15]

Upon signing with 4AD, eight tracks from the Purple Tape were selected for the Come On Pilgrim mini-LP, the Pixies' first release.^[5] Francis drew upon his experiences in Puerto Rico, mostly in the songs "Vamos" and "Isla de Encanta", describing the poverty in Puerto Rico and singing in loose Spanish.^[13] The religious lyrics and later albums came from his parents' born-again Christian days in the Pentecostal Church.^[13] The critic Heather Phares identified themes such as sexual frustration ("I've Been Tired") and incest ("Nimrod's Son" and "The Holiday Song").^[16]

Come On Pilgrim was followed by the Pixies' first full-length album, Surfer Rosa. It was recorded by Steve Albini,^[17] completed in two weeks, and released in early 1988.^[13] Surfer Rosa gained the Pixies acclaim in Europe; both Melody Maker and Sounds named it their "Album of the Year". American critical response was positive but more muted, a reaction that persisted for much of the Pixies' career.^[18] Surfer Rosa was eventually certified gold in the US in 2005.^[19] The Pixies arrived in England to support Throwing Muses on the European "Sex and Death" tour, beginning at the Mean Fiddler in London.^[20] The tour also took them to the Netherlands, where the Pixies had already received enough media attention to be headlining the tour. The tour became notable for the band's in-jokes, such as playing their entire set list in alphabetical order.^[5]

The Pixies signed an American distribution deal with the major record label Elektra.^[5] Around this time, they struck up a relationship with the British producer Gil Norton. Norton produced their second full album, Doolittle,^[21] which was recorded in the last six weeks of 1988 and seen as a departure from the raw sound of Come On Pilgrim and Surfer Rosa. Doolittle had a much cleaner sound, largely due to Norton and the production budget of US$40,000, which was quadruple that of Surfer Rosa.^[22] Doolittle featured the single "Here Comes Your Man", which biographers Josh Frank and Caryn Ganz describe as an unusually jaunty and pop-like song for the band.^[23] "Monkey Gone to Heaven" was popular on alternative rock radio in the US, reaching the top 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks,^[24] and the single entered the Top 100 in the U.K.^[25] Like Surfer Rosa, Doolittle was acclaimed by fans and music critics alike.^[21] Doolittle was their first album to enter into the Billboard 200, peaking at 98.^[26] In the UK, the album was a commercial success, reaching number 8 in the Albums Chart.^[27]

After Doolittle, tensions between Deal and Francis came to a head (for example, Francis threw a guitar at Deal during a concert in Stuttgart),^[28] and Deal was almost fired from the band when she refused to play at a concert in Frankfurt.^[29] Santiago, in an interview with Mojo, described Deal as being "headstrong and want[ing] to include her own songs, to explore her own world" on the band's albums; eventually she accepted that Francis was the singer and had musical control of the band, but after the Frankfurt incident, "they kinda stopped talking".^[29] The band became increasingly tired during the post-Doolittle "Fuck or Fight" tour of the United States and fighting among members continued.^[21] After the tour's final date in New York City, the band was too exhausted to attend the end-of-tour party the following night and soon announced a hiatus.^[5]

During this time, Santiago and Lovering went on vacation^[21] while Francis performed a short solo tour,^[5] made up of a number of concerts to generate gas money as he traveled across the country.^[1] Deal formed a new band, the Breeders, with Tanya Donelly of Throwing Muses and bass player Josephine Wiggs of Perfect Disaster.^[30] Their debut album, Pod, was released in 1990.^[30][31]

In 1990, all members of the group except Deal moved to Los Angeles.^[32] Lovering stated that he, Santiago, and Francis moved there "because the recording studio was there".^[33] Unlike previous recordings, the band had little time to practice beforehand, and Black Francis wrote much of the album in the studio.^[34] Featuring the singles "Velouria" and "Dig for Fire", Bossanova reached number 70 in the United States.^[35] In contrast, the album peaked at number three in the United Kingdom.^[36] Also in 1990, the Pixies released a cover of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band's "Born in Chicago" on the compilation album Rubáiyát: Elektra's 40th Anniversary.^[37]

The band continued to tour and released Trompe le Monde in 1991, their final album before their break-up. The album included "U-Mass", which has been described as being about college apathy,^[38] and whose guitar riff was written years before at the University of Massachusetts before Francis and Santiago dropped out.^[38] The album also featured a cover of "Head On" by the Jesus and Mary Chain.^[39] Also that year, the band contributed a cover of "I Can't Forget" to the Leonard Cohen tribute album I'm Your Fan,^[40] and began an international tour on which they played stadiums in Europe and smaller venues in the United States. They supported U2 on the lucrative US leg of their Zoo TV Tour in 1992.^[41] Tensions rose among band members, and at the end of the year, the Pixies went on sabbatical and focused on separate projects.^[41]

In early 1993, Francis announced in an interview with BBC Radio 5 that the Pixies were finished, without telling the other members of the band. He offered no explanation at the time.^[5] He later called Santiago and notified Deal and Lovering via fax.^[42]

After the breakup, the members embarked on separate projects. Black Francis renamed himself Frank Black,^[43] and released several solo albums, including a string of releases with Frank Black and the Catholics.^[44] Deal returned to the Breeders, who achieved a hit single, "Cannonball", from their platinum-selling Last Splash in 1993, and released more albums several years later.^[30] She also formed the Amps, who released one album.^[45]

Santiago played lead guitar on a number of Frank Black albums^[46][47][48] and other artists' albums.^[49][50] He wrote music for the television show Undeclared and theme music for the film Crime and Punishment in Suburbia.^[51] He formed the Martinis with his wife, Linda Mallari, and released the album Smitten in 2004.^[51] In 2004, he also played lead guitar on the album Statecraft by the novelist and musician Charles Douglas.^[52] Lovering became a magician and performed a style of magic he called "scientific phenomenalism".^[53] He was temporarily a member of the Martinis, and later drummed with the band Cracker.^[53][54]

4AD and Elektra Records continued to release Pixies material: the best-of album Death to the Pixies (1997),^[55] the Peel-session compilation Pixies at the BBC (1998),^[56] and the Complete 'B' Sides compilation (2001).^[57] In 2002, material from the Pixies' original 17-track demo tape was released as an EP, Pixies, on Cooking Vinyl in the U.K.^[58] and SpinART Records in the U.S.;^[59] Black has also used these labels to release solo work^[60][61] and albums with the Catholics.^[44][62] Their song "Where is My Mind" was played during the ending scene of the movie Fight Club in 1999, providing the song to a new generation of fans.

In the years following the Pixies' breakup, Black dismissed rumors of a reunion,^[1][38][63] but incorporated an increasing number of Pixies songs in his sets with the Catholics,^[64] and occasionally included Santiago in his solo work and Lovering's magic show as an opening act to concerts.^[1] In 2003, a series of phone calls among band members resulted in some low-key rehearsals, and soon the decision to reunite.^[1] By February 2004, a full tour was announced,^[65] and tickets for nearly all the initial tour dates sold out within minutes.^[66]

The Pixies played their first reunion concert on April 13, 2004, at the Fine Line Music Cafe in Minneapolis, Minnesota.^[67] A warm-up tour through the U.S. and Canada (in which all dates were recorded and released as individual limited-edition CDs) was followed by an appearance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.^[5][68] The band then spent much of 2004 touring in locations including Europe and the UK.^[5] The group won the Act-of-the-Year award in the 2004 Boston Music Awards.^[69] The 2004 reunion tour grossed over $14 million in ticket sales.^[70]

In June 2004, the band released a new song, "Bam Thwok" exclusively on the iTunes Music Store; it reached number one in the UK Official Download Chart.^[71] 4AD released Wave of Mutilation: The Best of Pixies, along with a companion DVD, Pixies.^[72] The band also contributed a rendition of "Ain't That Pretty at All" to the Warren Zevon tribute album Enjoy Every Sandwich.^[73] In 2005, the Pixies made appearances at festivals including Lollapalooza,^[74] "T on the Fringe",^[75] and the Newport Folk Festival.^[76] They continued to make appearances through 2006 and 2007,^[77][78] culminating in their first shows in Australia.^[79] Francis suggested that a new Pixies studio album was possible,^[80][81][82] or unlikely,^[83] the main obstacle being Deal's reluctance.^[84][85]

To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the release of Doolittle, the Pixies launched a tour in October 2009 where they performed the album track-for-track, including the associated B-sides.^[86] The tour began in Europe,^[86] continued in the United States in November,^[87] with the South American and Australian tour following in March 2010, then New Zealand, and more European dates in spring 2010,^[88][89] and back to North America in 2010.^[90][91]

On June 14, 2013, the Pixies announced that Deal had left the band. Two weeks later, the band released a new song, "Bagboy", as a free download via the Pixies' website. The song features Jeremy Dubs of Bunnies and formerly of the Bennies on vocals in place of Deal.^[92] As of 2023^[update], Deal and her former bandmates have no relationship.^[93]

On July 1, 2013, the Pixies announced the addition of the Muffs and Pandoras guitarist and vocalist Kim Shattuck to replace Deal for their 2013 European tour.^[94][95][96] On September 3, 2013, the Pixies released an EP of new songs, EP1. On November 29, 2013, Shattuck announced that she had been dismissed from the band.^[97] In December 2013, it was announced that the Entrance Band and A Perfect Circle bassist Paz Lenchantin was joining the Pixies for the 2014 tour.^[98] Lenchantin said she had been a "die-hard" Pixies fan as a teenager and that Black was the greatest artist she had worked with.^[99] The Pixies released EP2 on January 3, 2014. The single released to radio was "Blue Eyed Hexe". Another new EP, EP3, was released on March 24, 2014. All the EPs were only available as downloads and limited-edition vinyl.

The three EPs were collected in LP format and released as the album, Indie Cindy, in April 2014.^[100] It was the first Pixies album in over two decades.^[101] In 2015, the Pixies toured in support of Robert Plant for a series of dates across North America.^[102]

In July 2016, the Pixies announced that Lenchantin had become a permanent member, and that their sixth album, Head Carrier, would be released on September 30, 2016.^[103] Their seventh album, Beneath the Eyrie, was released on September 13, 2019, with the lead single, "On Graveyard Hill".^[104] The Pixies released a podcast, It's a Pixies Podcast, documenting the recording of the album.^[105] The Pixies released a non-album single, "Human Crime", in March 2022.^[106] They released their eighth studio album, Doggerel, with the single "There's a Moon On" on September 30 via BMG.^[107][108]

On 4 March 2024, the Pixies announced that Lenchantin had left the band "to concentrate on her own projects".^[99] In a statement to Rolling Stone, Lenchantin said that the choice was not hers and that her "departure [was] a bit of a surprise to [her] as it is to many".^[99] She was replaced on the forthcoming Pixies tour by Emma Richardson, formerly of Band of Skulls.^[99] The tour celebrated the band's third and fourth studio albums, Bossanova (1990) and Trompe le Monde (1991), with Francis describing the experience as "actually delightful".^[109] In June, the Pixies released the single "You're So Impatient", Richardson's first studio credit with the band.^[110]

On October 25, 2024, the Pixies released their ninth full-length studio album, The Night the Zombies Came, produced by Tom Dalgety, who also worked on their previous three studio albums.^[109] Regarding the album title, Francis said: "It's not like I wrote a bunch of songs about zombies or that we tried to make the album sound scary or anything like that. 'Zombie' is just an associative word. You can do with it what you like. And it's not a concept record, but that word kept popping up in the lyrics. When I combed through all the other lyrics for a title, they just sounded corny as shit. The only thing that made sense was The Night the Zombies Came. And I was like, 'You know what? That's a pretty good title. I'd go see that movie.'"^[109] The album was preceded by the singles, "You're So Impatient", "Chicken", "Oyster Beds" and "Motoroller".^[111]

The Pixies incorporate elements of surf rock and punk rock, with an emphasis on contrasting volume dynamics. Spin described them as "surf music-meets-Stooges spikiness and oft-imitated stop/start and quiet/loud dynamics".^[112] Their music was described as "an unorthodox marriage of surf music and punk rock ... characterized by Black's bristling lyrics and hackle-raising caterwaul, Deal's whispered harmonies and waspy basslines, Joey Santiago's fragile guitar, and the persistent flush of David Lovering's drums."^[41]

The music incorporates extreme dynamic shifts. Francis said in 1991, "Those are the two basic components of rock music ... the dreamy side and the rockin' side. It's always been either sweaty or laid back and cool. We do try to be dynamic, but it's dumbo dynamics, because we don't know how to do anything else. We can play loud or quiet—that's it."^[113]

The Pixies are influenced by a range of artists and genres; each member came from a different musical background. When he first started writing songs for the Pixies, Francis says he was listening to nothing but Hüsker Dü, Captain Beefheart, and Iggy Pop;^[114] whilst in the run up to recording Come On Pilgrim he listened to R.E.M.'s Murmur a lot, which he described as "hugely influential" on his songwriting.^[115] During the making of Doolittle he listened heavily to the Beatles' White Album.^[116] He has cited Buddy Holly as a model for his compressed songwriting.^[117] Francis did not discover punk rock until he was 16, saying "it was good I didn't listen to these hip records". As a child, he listened mainly to 1960s songs, religious music and Emerson Lake and Palmer, [...] and Talking Heads, who he says "weren't punk either".^[118]

Santiago listened to 1970s and 1980s punk including Black Flag, as well as David Bowie^[13] and T. Rex.^[119] Guitarists who influenced him include Jimi Hendrix, Les Paul, Wes Montgomery, Lou Reed^[120] and George Harrison.^[121] Deal's musical background was folk music and country; she had formed a country-folk band with her sister in her teenage years, and played covers of artists such as the Everly Brothers and Hank Williams.^[41] Other artists Deal listened to included XTC, Gang of Four and Elvis Costello.^[122] Lovering is a fan of the band Rush.^[41]

Film has influenced the Pixies; Francis cites surrealist films Eraserhead and Un chien andalou (as mentioned in "Debaser") as influences.^[13] He has said he "didn't have the patience to sit around reading Surrealist novels", but found it easier to watch twenty-minute films.^[123]

Most of the Pixies' songs are composed and sung by Francis. Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine has described Francis's writing as containing "bizarre, fragmented lyrics about space, religion, sex, mutilation, and pop culture".^[5] Biblical violence is a theme of Doolittle's "Dead" and "Gouge Away";^[1][124] Francis told a Melody Maker interviewer, "It's all those characters in the Old Testament. I'm obsessed with them. Why it comes out so much I don't know."^[125] He has described Come On Pilgrim's "Caribou" as being about reincarnation,^[1] and extraterrestrial themes appear in a number of songs on Bossanova.^[1]

Deal co-wrote Doolittle's "Silver" with Francis,^[126] and they share lead harmony vocals on the track.^[14] She also co-wrote and sang lead vocals on Surfer Rosa's "Gigantic",^[10][127] and wrote the 2004 single "Bam Thwok".^[122][128] She was credited as Mrs. John Murphy on "Gigantic"^[127]—at the time she was married, and she used this name as an ironic feminist joke.^[125] She also sang lead vocals on the song "Into the White" and the Neil Young cover "Winterlong", both B-sides.^[57]

Lovering sang lead vocals on Doolittle's "La La Love You"^[126] and the B-side "Make Believe".^[57] Lenchantin made her lead vocal debut on Head Carrier's "All I Think About Now".^[129] She also provided lead vocals on "Los Surfers Muertos", from 2019's Beneath The Eyrie and the 2020 September single "Hear Me Out".

The Pixies' first album, Surfer Rosa, is certified gold, while Doolittle is certified platinum, selling over 1 million copies. The band influenced a number of musicians associated with the alternative rock boom of the 1990s.^[130][131] Gary Smith, who produced Come On Pilgrim, said in 1997:^[131]

I've heard it said about the Velvet Underground that while not a lot of people bought their albums, everyone who did started a band. I think this is largely true about the Pixies as well. Charles' secret weapon turned out to be not so secret and, sooner or later, all sorts of bands were exploiting the same strategy of wide dynamics. It became a kind of new pop formula and, within a short while, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" was charging up the charts and even the members of Nirvana said later that it sounded for all the world like a Pixies song.

The Pixies are credited with popularizing the extreme dynamics and stop-start timing that would become widespread in alternative rock. Their songs typically feature hushed, restrained verses, and explosive, wailing choruses.^[38]

Artists including David Bowie, Matt Noveskey, Radiohead, PJ Harvey, U2, Nirvana, the Strokes, Alice in Chains, Arcade Fire, Pavement, Everclear, Kings of Leon and Matthew Good have cited admiration of the Pixies.^{[21][132][133]} Bono of U2 called the Pixies "one of America's greatest bands ever",^[132] and Radiohead's Thom Yorke said that the Pixies "changed my life".^[131] Bowie, whose own music had inspired Francis and Santiago while they were at university, has said that the Pixies made "just about the most compelling music of the entire 80s."^[132]

One notable citation as an influence was by Kurt Cobain, on influencing Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit", which he admitted was a conscious attempt to co-opt the Pixies' style. In a January 1994 interview with Rolling Stone, he said, "I was trying to write the ultimate pop song. I was basically trying to rip off the Pixies. I have to admit it [smiles]. When I heard the Pixies for the first time, I connected with that band so heavily I should have been in that band—or at least in a Pixies cover band. We used their sense of dynamics, being soft and quiet and then loud and hard."^[131][134] Cobain cited Surfer Rosa as one of his main musical influences, and particularly admired the album's natural and powerful drum sounds—a result of Steve Albini's influence on the record. Albini later produced Nirvana's 1993 In Utero at the request of Cobain.^[135]

Other bands and artists who have cited the Pixies as an influence include Weezer,^[136] Gavin Rossdale of Bush,^[137] Snow Patrol,^[138] Slowdive,^[139] OK Go,^[140] Eve 6,^[141] Thrice,^[142] Toadies,^[143] Ash,^[144] Ride,^[145] Veruca Salt,^[146] Sleeper,^[147] Lemuria,^[148] and Treepeople.^[149]

No music videos were released from Come On Pilgrim or Surfer Rosa, but from Doolittle onwards, the following videos were made: "Monkey Gone To Heaven", "Here Comes Your Man", "Velouria", "Dig For Fire", "Allison", "Alec Eiffel", "Head On", and "Debaser";^[150] these were later released on the 2004 DVD Pixies.^[150] The videos for "Here Comes Your Man" and "Allison" were also released on The Complete 'B' Sides.^[57] Furthermore, a music video accompanied the release of their 2013 song, "Bagboy", as well an alternate video released on a later date. Videos were made for all the songs on both EP1 and EP2 and for "Silver Snail" and "Ring the Bell" from EP3. From Head Carrier onwards, the following videos were made: "Tenement Song", "Um Chagga Lagga", "On Graveyard Hill", "Catfish Kate", "Long Rider", "Hear Me Out", "Human Crime" and "Vault of Heaven".

By Bossanova, the band had developed a severe aversion to recording music videos, and Francis refused to lip-sync to them.^[151] For example, in the "Here Comes Your Man" video, both Black and Deal open their mouths wide instead of mouthing their lyrics.^[152] According to the record label, this became one of the reasons that Pixies never achieved major coverage on MTV.^[151] With Bossanova's release, 4AD hoped to get the Pixies chosen to perform their single "Velouria" on the BBC's Top of the Pops.^[153] To this end, the band was pressured into producing a video for the song, and made one cheaply with the band members filmed running down a quarry, shown in slow motion.^[151][154] The group was ultimately not given a spot on the show.^[154][155]

The 90-minute documentary loudQUIETloud: a film about the Pixies was directed by Steven Cantor and Matthew Galkin and released in 2006. The film documents their 2004 reunion and tour, and covers the years after the break-up.^[156] In addition to Pixies and LoudQUIETloud, four other Pixies DVDs were released between 2004 and 2006, all featuring concert performances: Live at the Town and Country Club 1988,^[157] The Pixies—Sell Out,^[132] The Pixies Acoustic: Live in Newport,^[158] and The Pixies Club Date: Live at the Paradise in Boston.^[159]

• Come On Pilgrim (1987)
• Surfer Rosa (1988)
• Doolittle (1989)
• Bossanova (1990)
• Trompe le Monde (1991)
• Indie Cindy (2014)
• Head Carrier (2016)
• Beneath the Eyrie (2019)
• Doggerel (2022)
• The Night the Zombies Came (2024)

• Official website