RDS-6s

The Soviet Union started studies of advanced nuclear bombs and a hydrogen bomb, code named RDS-6, in June 1948. The studies would be done by KB-11 (usually referred to as Arzamas-16, the name of the town) and FIAN. The first hydrogen bomb design was the Truba (Russian: Труба, pipe/cylinder) (RDS-6t)).^[2][3] In March 1948 Klaus Fuchs had provided the USSR with documents of the US 'Classical Super'. In these documents the classical super was described as consisting of a gun-type uranium-235 primary with beryllium oxide tamper and a secondary consisting of a long cylinder with deuterium, doped with tritium near the primary.^[4] The design of the RDS-6t was similar to this classical super. The difference was that the light shell of beryllium oxide was replaced by a heavy shell.^[2] The assumption was that the deuterium tritium mixture could be easily heated and compressed, and the shock would start the thermonuclear reaction prematurely. A heavy shell opaque to radiation would prevent this unwanted preheating more than the light shell.^{[citation needed]}

In September-October 1948 Andrei Sakharov, working in FIAN, came up with a competing idea of alternating layers of deuterium and uranium-238 around a fissile core (Sakharov's 'first idea').^[5][6] This second design was code named Sloika (RDS-6s) or 'Layer Cake' after the layering.^[7] In March 1949 Vitaly Ginzburg proposed to replace the deuterium by lithium-6 deuteride ('second idea').^[5][8] The proposal was based on the better efficiency due to the generation of tritium by the neutron capture of lithium and the uranium-238 fission by the 14 MeV neutrons from D + T fusion. At that time Ginzburg did not know that the cross section for D + T reaction was much larger than that for D + D reaction. In April 1949 the group received D + T cross section data obtained from intelligence gathering without mentioning the source. The large advantage of lithium deuteride became evident and the deuterium design was abandoned. Both the 'first' and 'second' idea were used in the RDS-6s. The result was similar to the US 'Alarm Clock', but there is no indication that the Soviets were aware of the concept of the 'Alarm Clock'.^[5] After the United States tested Ivy Mike in November 1952, Lavrentiy Beria sent a memo to spare no effort on the development of the RDS-6s. In the final development report from June 1953 the yield was estimated at 300 +/- 100 kilotons.^{[citation needed]}

The RDS-6s was tested on August 12, 1953 (Joe 4). The measured yield was 400 kilotons, 10% from fission of the uranium-235 core, 15-20% from fusion and 70 - 75% from fission of the uranium-238 layers.^[9]

After the successful test Sakharov proposed a more powerful version of the RDS-6s, code named RDS-6sD.^[10][11][7] Attempts to increase the yield of the RDS-6s however proved unfeasible.

In December 1953, all research on the RDS-6t was also stopped after it was proven that thermonuclear ignition was not possible in the RDS-6t. Both the RDS-6s and the RDS-6t were dead ends and research focused again on a two-stage thermonuclear weapon.^{[citation needed]}

A variant of the RDS-6s was developed later, code named RDS-27. The difference between the RDS-6s and the RDS-27 was that the RDS-27 did not use tritium.^[12] This improved the operational usefulness of the RDS-27 but reduced the yield from 400 kilotons to 250 kilotons. The RDS-27 was intended as a warhead for the R-7 ICBM.^[10][7] The RDS-27 was tested November 6, 1955 (Joe 18).^[13]

Despite the inability of the RDS-6s to be scaled into the megaton range, the detonation was still used by Soviet diplomats as leverage. The Soviets claimed that they too had a hydrogen bomb, but unlike the United States' first thermonuclear device, theirs was deployable by air. The Soviet claim did not fool the American scientists: their fallout analysis demonstrated to them that the Soviet device was similar to Teller's Alarm Clock concept.^[14] The United States didn't develop a deployable version of the hydrogen bomb until five months after the RDS-6s test, in 1954.^{[citation needed][A 1]}

The first Soviet test of a "true" hydrogen bomb was on November 22, 1955, under the directive of Nikolai Bulganin (influenced by Nikita Khrushchev), code-named RDS-37.^[15] All were at Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakh SSR. Like RDS-6, it was a "dry" weapon, using lithium-6 deuteride instead of liquid deuterium.^{[citation needed]}

• 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor airburst, whose estimated explosive force slightly exceeded the RDS-6s test's energy
• Joe 1
• RDS-37
• Soviet atomic bomb project
• Ivy Mike
• Castle Bravo
• Boosted fission weapon

• Goncharov, German A. (1996). "American and Soviet H-bomb Development Programmes: Historical Background" (PDF). Physics-Uspekhi. 39 (10): 1033–1044. doi:10.1070/PU1996v039n10ABEH000174. S2CID 250861572.
• Holloway, David (1991). "Moral Leader of a Nation". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 47 (6): 37–38. doi:10.1080/00963402.1991.11459998.
• Holloway, David (1995). Stalin and the Bomb: the Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-56. New Haven London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06664-3.
• Kort, Michael (1998). The Columbia Guide to the Cold War. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10772-2.
• Kozhevnikov, Alexei B. (2004). Stalin's Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 1-86094-420-5.
• Richelson, Jeffrey (2007). Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393329827.
• Rhodes, Richard (1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80400-X.
• Zaloga, Steve (2002). The Kremlin's Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces, 1945-2000. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-58834-007-4.

• Soviet and Nuclear Weapons History
• Soviet/Russian Nuclear Arsenal
• Video footage of the Joe-4 Nuclear Test
• Nikolai Bulganin

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