Skiringssal

The Old Norse place-name "Skíringssalr" comprises two elements, skíring and salr. Salr denotes "a major banqueting hall, a king’s or a chieftain’s hall":^[1] in Scandinavian place-names it is also found in "Oðinssalr", "Sala" and "Uppsala".^[2] The element skíring is of uncertain meaning, though several meanings have been suggested. In the early 20th century Oluf Rygh suggested that there may have been a pagan god whose name was Skíringr, probably formed from the Old Norse adjective skírr, with the meaning "clear, pure, bright, light", combined with a suffix -ing, after whom Skíringssalr may have been named, following the model of Oðinssalr, which includes the name of the pagan god Odin; Gustav Storm suggested that Skiringr may have been an alternative name for the pagan god Freyr; and Sophus Bugge suggested that Skíringr compounded skírr with Ing, the eponymous hero of Tacitus' Ingvaeones and of the Ynglings.^[2]

In 1980 Swedish linguist Sigurd Fries suggested that Skíringr may have been an old name for Viksfjord – the bay south of Tjølling – since skírr could refer to clear water, and the suffix -ing is found in the names of numerous Scandinavian bays and fjords.^[2] In 2003 historian Andreas Nordberg suggested that Skíringssalr means "bright, shining hall".^{[2][Fn 1]} Historian Stefan Brink regards all of these interpretations as "practically impossible".^[2] While Skiringr is not found as the name of a god in medieval sources, nor is an Old Norse word skíring with a meaning "bright, shining", or indeed any such extension of an adjective with the suffix -ing; and an old name for Viksfjord was probably "Ælftangr", meaning "swans' bay".^[4] Instead Brink regards skíring as a word with unknown meaning and denotation.^{[5][Fn 2]}

Saga sources such as the 13th-century Fagrskinna place Skiringssal in the region of Vestfold,^[10] in Viken, a historical area around Oslofjord,^[11] and documents from the 15th century indicate that Skiringssal was then a district which included Tjølling, a settlement a little over 3 miles (5 km) east of Larvik. In 1419 a farm at Guri, about 1 mile (1.6 km) south-west of Tjølling, was said to be in Skirix saal, and in 1445 properties belonging to a hospital in Tønsberg were listed under the heading "Skirissal": those properties which can be identified lay in Tjølling parish.^[12] Since Old Norse salr means "hall", the name of this district was presumably understood as the "district ... under the influence of [Skíringssalr]",^[2] the hall in question belonging to a king or chieftain.^[2] While it is likely that the original name of the local ecclesiastical parish was Tjølling, by the 15th century Skíringssalr had become the name of the bygd, or settlement district, and these names could have been used synonymously.^[2]

The eponymous hall was located at Huseby, about 0.73 miles (1.2 km) south-west of Tjølling.^[13] The place-name "Huseby" seems to have originated as an appellative for a place with an older name, it occurs frequently in Scandinavia, and it is linked with administrative control of a district.^[14] Archaeological excavations at Huseby south-west of Tjølling in 2000–01 uncovered the remains of a large hall measuring between 105 and 112 feet (32–4m) long and between 30 and 33 feet (9–10m) wide, with tapered ends, standing on a raised area which was partly man-made.^{[15][Fn 3]} This building was in existence from the mid-8th century, but went out of use by about 900.^{[16][Fn 4]}

Stefan Brink suggests that the settlement area known in the Middle Ages as Skíringssalr had its origin in an Iron Age settlement area centred on a lake immediately north of Tjølling, around which he identifies numerous place-names that are cultic in origin, suggesting in turn that the lake itself had been a sacred place.^{[18][Fn 5]} Further, Brink suggests that the focus of this settlement area migrated southwards to Skiringssalr, now Huseby, attracted towards the shoreline by a significant fall in sea-level between the Iron Age and the establishment of the hall at Huseby.^{[20][Fn 6]}

The earliest written reference to Skiringssal is in the 9th-century Ynglingatal, where it is said that the legendary petty king Halfdan Whiteshanks died in Toten but was buried in a mound at Skiringssal.^[22] Similarly the head of Halfdan the Black, a 9th-century king of Vestfold, is said by the Fagrskinna to have been buried at Skiringssal.^[23] The Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum reports that, in the time of the legendary Sigurd Hring, there was an important, annual sacrifice made at Skiringssal, which was attended by the whole population of Viken.^[24] On the basis of these reports Norwegian historian Gerhard Munthe wrote in 1838 that Tjølling church stood on the site of "Viken's grandest Pagan Temple".^[25] Gustav Storm also believed that there was a pagan temple at Tjølling "under official management".^[26] Why the Christian church was built at Tjølling and not at Huseby is an "intriguing question":^[27] while Tjølling was evidently a public place of assembly for the area in medieval times, it is known that early Scandinavian churches were often built in such places, but the presence of a chieftain, or royal control, at Huseby would normally have made that the place to build a church.^{[28][Fn 7]}

The trading place at Kaupang would also have been dominated by whoever controlled Skiringssal, and was probably established by them.^{[30][Fn 3]} The place-name "Kaupang" represents Old Norse kaupangr, meaning a "market" or "trading place",^[27] which was "obviously ... organised and controlled."^[1] Archaeology has identified the earliest buildings at Kaupang as dating from between 800 and 810 – about 50 years after the establishment of the hall at Skiringssal – and the latest from the mid-9th century, although some activity continued at Kaupang until the late-10th century.^[31] Archaeologist Dagfinn Skre links the development of Skiringssal and Kaupang with the first two Norwegian members of the Yngling dynasty, Halfdan Whiteleg and Eystein Fart, and introduces the idea of "king[s] of Skiringssal",^[32] but historian Przemysław Urbańczyk regards this interpretation as requiring "a specific way of reasoning, [through which] a nice-looking puzzle [has been] constructed [from historical sources] using carefully selected pieces of unclear shape and of uncertain origin."^[33]

• Bately, J., ed. (1980). The Old English Orosius. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197224069.
• Birgisson, E.G. (2008). "National historiographies and the Viking Age: A re-examination". Aust-Agder-Arv Årbok 2008. Aust-Agder Kulturhistorike Senter. OCLC 759728174. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. (link is to contents page with further link to downloadable PDF)
• Brink, S. (2007a). "Geography, toponymy and political organisation in early Scandinavia". In Bately, J.; Englert, A. (eds.). Ohthere's voyages: A late 9th-century account of voyages along the coasts of Norway and Denmark and its cultural context. Viking Ship Museum. ISBN 978-8785180476.
• Brink, S. (2007b). "Skiringssal, Kaupang, Tjølling – the toponymic evidence". In Skre, D. (ed.). Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus University. pp. 53–64. ISBN 9788779342590.
• Helle, K. (2006). "Den opphavlige vestlandsregionen". In Helle, K.; Grepstad, O.; Lillehammer, A.; et al. (eds.). Vestlandets Historie: Samfunn. Bind 2. Vigmostad & Bjørke. ISBN 978-82-419-0402-8.
• Iverson, F. (2011). "The beauty of bona regalia and the growth of supra-regional powers in Scandinavia". In Sigmundsson, S. (ed.). Viking Settlements and Viking Society Papers from the Proceedings of the Sixteenth Viking Congress. University of Iceland. pp. 225–44. ISBN 978-9979-54-923-9.
• Masdalen, K.-O. (2010). "Uden Tvivl - med fuldkommen Ret. Hvor lå Sciringes heal?". Aust-Agder-Arv. Aust-Agder Kulturhistorike Senter. ISSN 0572-4368.
• Munch, P.A.; Unger, C.R., eds. (1847). Kortfattet norsk Konge-Saga fra Slutningen af det tolfte eller Begyndelsen af det trettende Aarhundrede. Malling. OCLC 5149496.
• Munthe, G. (1838). "Geografiske Anmærkninger til Snorre Sturlesons norske Kongers Sagaer". In Aall, J. (ed.). Snorre Sturlesons norske Kongers Sagaer. Vol. 1. Guldber & Dzwonkowski. OCLC 64691029.
• Pulsiano, P.; Wolf, K.; Acker, P.; et al., eds. (1993). Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. Garland. ISBN 9780824047870.
• Skre, D., ed. (2007). Kaupang in Skiringssal. Aarhus University Press. ISBN 9788779342590.
• Storm, G. (1901), "Skiringssal og Sandefjord", Historisk Tidsskrift, vol. 1, ISSN 0106-4991
• Urbańczyk, P. (2008). "What was 'Kaupang in Skiringssal'? Comments on Dagfinn Skre (ed.): Kaupang in Skiringssal. Kaupang Excavation Project Publication Series, Vol. 1, Aarhus University Press, Århus (2007)". Norwegian Archaeological Review. 41 (2): 176–212. ISSN 1502-7678.

59°02′54″N 10°06′50″E / 59.04844°N 10.1138°E / 59.04844; 10.1138