The Unity Party (Hungarian: Egységes Párt), officially the Catholic-Protestant Farmers, Smallholders, and Civic Party or Christian Farmers, Smallholders and Civic Party (Hungarian: Keresztény-Keresztyén Földmíves-, Kisgazda- és Polgári Párt), was the ruling party of Kingdom of Hungary from 1922 to 1944.
Unity Party Egységes Párt | |
|---|---|
 Logo of the party seen during the early to late 1930s. | |
| Leader | István Bethlen (1922–1932) Gyula Gömbös (1932–1936) Béla Imrédy (1938–1939) Miklós Kállay (1942–1944) |
| Founder | István Bethlen |
| Founded | 2 February 1922 |
| Dissolved | 23 March 1944 |
| Merger of | KNEP (partial) and OKGFP |
| Headquarters | Budapest, Hungary |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | 1922–1932: Right-wing[4] 1932–1944: Far-right |
| Party flag | |
 | |
It was founded in early 1922, and in the same year they won an electoral landslide in the parliamentary election.[5] Initially, the party was conservative and agrarian but in the early 1930s its fascist faction grew to become the largest, and shortly after they established a militia.[6] The main leader of the fascist faction was Gyula Gömbös, who served as the prime minister from 1932 to 1936.[7] When he came to power, the party was renamed to National Unity Party (Hungarian: Nemzeti Egység Pártja).
Gömbös declared the party's intention to achieve "total control of the nation's social life".[8] In the 1935 Hungarian Election, Gömbös promoted the creation of a "unitary Hungarian nation with no class distinctions".[9] The party won a huge majority of the seats of the Hungarian parliament in the Hungarian election of May 1939.[10] It won 72 percent of the parliament's seats and won 49 percent of the popular vote in the election.[11] This was a major breakthrough for the far-right in Hungary.[11] The party promoted nationalist propaganda and some of its members sympathized with the Nazi Arrow Cross Party.[11] In 1939, the party was renamed to the Party of Hungarian Life (Hungarian: Magyar Élet Pártja).
It was also called "the Government Party" since it was the governing party of the Kingdom of Hungary during the existence of the Horthy era.[7] A faction of the most pro-Nazi members led by the party's former leader Béla Imrédy split from the party October 1940 to form the Party of Hungarian Renewal (Magyar Megújulás Pártja) that sought to explicitly "solve" the "Jewish Problem."
Electoral results
edit| Election | Votes | Seats | Rank | Government | Leader | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | ±pp | # | +/− | ||||
| 1922 | 623,201 | 38.2% | 38.2 | 140 / 245
|
140 | 1st | Unity Party | István Bethlen |
| 1926 | 482,086 | 42.2% | 4.0 | 161 / 245
|
21 | 1st | Unity Party | István Bethlen |
| 1931 | 603,576 | 40.0% | 2.2 | 149 / 245
|
12 | 1st | Unity Party | István Bethlen |
| 1935 | 879,474 | 44.6% | 4.6 | 164 / 245
|
15 | 1st | Party of National Unity | Gyula Gömbös |
| 1939 | 1,824,573 | 49.5% | 4.9 | 181 / 260
|
17 | 1st | Party of Hungarian Life | Pál Teleki |
References
edit- ^ Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914-1945. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. pp. 269.
- ^ Miklós Lackó. "Arrow-cross men, national socialists, 1935-1944", Studia historica, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. Volume 61. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1969. Pp. 65.
- ^ Häkkinen, Ville (2019). From Counterrevolution to Consolidation?. JYU. p. 99.
- ^ Sthttps://mult-kor.hu/ki-volt-grof-bethlen-istvan-miniszterelnok-20161005
- ^ Gregory Curtis Ference. Chronology of 20th-century eastern European history. Gale Research, Inc., 1994. Pp. 226.
- ^ Philip Morgan. Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945. London, England, UK: Routledge, 2003. Pp. 76-77.
- ^ a b Payne, Stanley G. (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. Routledge. ISBN 0203501322.
- ^ Philip Morgan. Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945. London, England, UK: Routledge, 2003. Pp. 76.
- ^ F. L. Carsten. The rise of fascism. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1982. Pp. 173.
- ^ Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák. A History of Hungary. First paperback edition. Bloomington, Indiana, USA: Indiana University Press, 1994. Pp. 341.
- ^ a b c Georgi Karasimeonov. Cleavages, parties, and voters: studies from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 70.