Liuzhou (/ljuːˈdʒoʊ/;[3] Chinese: 柳州, IPA Pronunciation:[ljòʊ.ʈʂóʊ]) is a prefecture-level city in north-central Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. The prefecture's population was 4,153,500 as of 2023 census,[1] including 2,519,051 in the built-up area made of five urban districts. Its total area is 18,594 km2 (7,179 sq mi) and 3,559.4 km2 (1,374.3 sq mi) for the built-up area.
Liuzhou
柳州市 • Liujcouh Si Liuchow | |
|---|---|
 Clockwise, from top: City center skyline at night, Dongmen ancient city gate, Longtan Park, Temple of Confucius, Chengyang Bridge, and a temple at Horse Saddle Mountain (马鞍山) | |
 Location of Liuzhou City jurisdiction in Guangxi | |
  Liuzhou Location in China | |
| Coordinates (Liuzhou government): 24°19′35.0″N 109°25′41.2″E / 24.326389°N 109.428111°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Region | Guangxi |
| Municipal seat | Chengzhong District |
| Area | |
| 18,594.2 km2 (7,179.3 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 3,559.4 km2 (1,374.3 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 3,559.4 km2 (1,374.3 sq mi) |
| Population (2023 census[1]) | |
| 4,153,500 | |
| • Density | 220/km2 (580/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 2,519,051 |
| • Urban density | 710/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,519,051 |
| • Metro density | 710/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 305.7 billion US$ 47.4 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 73,328 US$ 11,366 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-GX |
| Website | www |
| Liuzhou | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 "Liuzhou", as written in Chinese | |||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Chinese | 柳州 | ||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Liǔzhōu | ||||||
| Postal | Liuchow | ||||||
| Literal meaning | Willow [River] Prefecture | ||||||
| |||||||
| Zhuang name | |||||||
| Zhuang | Liujcouh | ||||||
| 1957 orthography | Liuзcouƅ | ||||||
Geography
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Liuzhou is located on the banks of the winding Liu River, approximately 255 km (158 mi) from Nanning, the regional capital. By road, it is about 167 km (104 mi) to Guilin, 167 km (104 mi) to Hechi, 237 km (147 mi) to Nanning, 373 km (232 mi) to Fangchenggang, 448 km (278 mi) to Beihai.
Swimming in the river is a tradition of the city. The river is normally green, but sometimes in summer, floods from the mountain areas upstream bring sediment which colors the water yellow. In early 2012, a cadmium spill upstream caused serious pollution worries.[4]
The river can be deep. Normally, the depth is 60–70 metres (200–230 ft) but can as deep as 90 metres (300 ft) before it floods over the wall. In 2000 a bus, with 78 passengers, fell over the side of a bridge. There were no survivors.[5]
Climate
editLiuzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa/Cwa), with mild winters and long hot summers, and very humid conditions year-round. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 10.5 °C (50.9 °F) in January to 29 °C (84 °F) in August, while extremes have ranged from −3.8 to 42 °C (25 to 108 °F). Rain is both the heaviest and most frequent from May to August, when nearly two-thirds of the annual rainfall occurs.
| Climate data for Liuzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
34.1 (93.4) |
35.6 (96.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
38.0 (100.4) |
40.1 (104.2) |
42 (108) |
38.6 (101.5) |
36.0 (96.8) |
33.2 (91.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
42 (108) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
31.9 (89.4) |
28.1 (82.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
25.4 (77.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
27.2 (81.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
18.1 (64.6) |
12.8 (55.0) |
21.1 (69.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.3 (36.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61.4 (2.42) |
43.7 (1.72) |
101.8 (4.01) |
135.8 (5.35) |
241.0 (9.49) |
330.8 (13.02) |
187.6 (7.39) |
174.5 (6.87) |
81.5 (3.21) |
53.9 (2.12) |
58.5 (2.30) |
47.9 (1.89) |
1,518.4 (59.79) |
| Average precipitation days | 11.7 | 11.7 | 16.8 | 15.9 | 15.7 | 17.2 | 15.0 | 13.1 | 8.3 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 147.2 |
| Average snowy days | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72 | 73 | 78 | 76 | 75 | 78 | 74 | 73 | 69 | 66 | 68 | 66 | 72 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.7 | 53.5 | 47.8 | 79.1 | 117.1 | 127.3 | 190.6 | 191.8 | 181.2 | 170.4 | 130.0 | 111.1 | 1,462.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 19 | 17 | 13 | 21 | 28 | 31 | 46 | 48 | 50 | 48 | 40 | 34 | 33 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[6][7] all-time extreme temperature[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[9] | |||||||||||||
History
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Liujiang cave skull from the National Museum of Natural History
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Kaiyuan Temple (开元寺, ruins of Tang dynasty
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Liuhou Ancestral Hall 柳侯祠, "Ancestral Hall of Liu Noble"
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Liuzhou by Japanese Army Situation Map
The Liujiang men (Chinese: 柳江人) are among the earliest modern humans found in East Asia. Their remains were discovered in the Tongtianyang Cave (通天岩) in Liujiang County, Guangxi.[10] Liujiang man is a Late Pleistocene Homo sapiens sapiens.
Liuzhou has a history of more than 2,100 years. The city was founded in 111 B.C. when it was known as Tanzhong (潭中; 'Center of Deep Pool').
In 742 A.D. it became known as Longcheng (龙城; 'Dragon City'), after the Long River, before finally changing to Liuzhou (柳州; 'Willow Prefecture') after the Liu River in 1736.
The most famous historic figure is Liu Zongyuan (773–819), who was a poet and politician in the Tang dynasty and who died in Liuzhou. He is commemorated by a park in the city.
Liuzhou was the site of Liuchow Airfield, used by Nationalist Chinese and American Army Air Forces in World War II.[11] (At that time the airfield was closer to the centre, where the zoo is now.) It was captured by the Japanese army on 7 November 1944 during the Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou and recaptured by Nationalist Chinese forces on 30 June 1945 prior to the Second Guangxi Campaign.[11]
Administrative divisions
editLiuzhou has direct administration over 10 county-level divisions: 5 districts, 3 counties and 2 autonomous counties:
| Map |
|---|
Economy
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Liuzhou is the second largest city in Guangxi and is the region's industrial center. According to statistics issued by the Liuzhou government in 2015, the city's GDP was 231.1 billion yuan.[12]
Among important companies based in Liuzhou are:
- LiuGong - a multinational construction machinery manufacturer
- SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile - a joint venture between General Motors, SAIC Motor and Liuzhou Wuling Motors
Tourism
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As with much of Guangxi, the landscape around Liuzhou is a mix of rolling hills, mountain peaks, caves and karst scenery. It is an ideal base for exploring the minority villages in the area.
- Rongshui: Rongshui Miao Autonomous County is located in the north of Liuzhou prefecture, 118 km (73 mi) away from Liuzhou and 168 km (104 mi) from Guilin. The territory is inhabited by Miao, Yao, Dong, Zhuang and Han ethnic groups.
- Dayaoshan scenic area is in Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County, 154 km (96 mi) from the city of Liuzhou. It has a scenic area of over 500 km2 (190 sq mi).
- Sanjiang: Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County lies to the north of Liuzhou near the Hunan border. It is a Dong minority area and is surrounded by picturesque ethnic minority villages.
- LiuZhou Industrial Museum (柳州工业博物馆) was set up on the original site of the former Cotton Textile Factory No.3, and opened in 2012.
In recent years (post-Covid-19 pandemic, 2022/3) some tourists engage in Culinary tourism since Liuzhou is the birthplace of Guangxi's most famous dish, Luosifen.
Transport
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- Liuzhou Bailian Airport provides flights to major cities in China.
- Liuzhou has extensive rail connections with the rest of China. Hunan-Guangxi Railway (Hengyang - Pingxiang, a.k.a. Xiang-Gui Line), Jiaozuo-Liuzhou Railway (Jiaozuo - Zhicheng - Liuzhou, a.k.a. Jiao-Liu Line) Railway and Guizhou-Guangxi Railway (Guiyang - Liuzhou, a.k.a. Qian-Gui Line) make Liuzhou the center of freight transportation in Guangxi.
- China National Highway 209
- Liuzhou-Wuzhou Railway is a newly released railway line, linking the cities of Liuzhou with Wuzhou.
Military
editLiuzhou is the headquarters of the 41st Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the two army groups that comprise the Guangzhou Military Region responsible for the defence of China's southern coast and its border with Vietnam.
Quotes
editLiuzhou appears in the Chinese saying 生在苏州, 活在杭州, 吃在广州, 死在柳州.
because, in the past, the city was known for its coffins, made from firwood, camphor wood, and sandalwood,[13] which are said to preserve the body after death. Guangzhou's "Cantonese" cuisine is famous worldwide, and Hangzhou is known for its prosperity and the beauty of its location. Suzhou is reputed to have the most beautiful people in China, so the line is sometimes given as "Marry in Suzhou...".
Today many tourists buy miniature coffins, about 3 to 30 cm (1.2 to 11.8 in) long, as souvenirs or good luck charms. The coffins are usually inscribed 升官发财 (shēng guān fā cái) which means 'get promotion and get rich". The second and fourth characters are homophones of 棺材 (guāncái) meaning 'coffin'.
Some miniature coffins are used as caskets to hold the ashes of ancestors.[13]
Notable people
edit- Liuzhou was the home of Li Ning (born 1963), gymnast and entrepreneur who lit the Olympic torch in Beijing in 2008.
- Chinese gymnast, Jiang Yuyuan.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "China: Administrative Division (Provinces and Prefectures) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ^ "广西统计年鉴－2021", tjj.gxzf.gov.cn
- ^ "Liuzhou pronunciation". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- ^ Fletcher, Ken (28 January 2012). "Panic buying of water in Liuzhou – a report from the ground". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 22 November 2024 – via Danwei.
- ^ Liuzhou Bridges 6 – Hudong Bridge |date=2014-09-06
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "中国各地城市的历史最低气温". Retrieved 13 September 2024.
- ^ 柳州 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ Shen, G.; Wang, W.; Wang, Q.; Zhao, J.; Collerson, K.; Zhou, C.; Tobias, P. V. (2002). "U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China". Journal of Human Evolution. 43 (6): 817–829. doi:10.1006/jhev.2002.0601. PMID 12473485.
- ^ a b Hump Express, Vol. 1, 25. "Liuchow Victory Complete as Chinese Force Enters Smashed and Burned City Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine". India China Division, Air Transport Command, 5 July 1945.
- ^ "Liuzhou ( Guangxi ) City Information".[dead link]
- ^ a b Du Feibao, Du Bai, Lin Nianpei; Things Chinese, China Travel and Tourism Press, 2002, ISBN 7-5032-1856-8
External links
edit- Official website (in Chinese and English)
- Introduction to Liuzhou
- Map of Liuzhou