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Jadgal people

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The Jaḍgāl (lit. 'Jaṭṭ-speakers';[3] also known as, Jatgal,[4] Nummaṛ or az-Zighālī) is an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group which speaks the Jadgali language.[5] Jadgals are present in the Balochistan region of Iran and Pakistan, as well as in Oman.[6]

Jadgal
Nummaṛ
نماڑ
الزيغآلي
Regions with significant populations
 Pakistan100,000
 Iran25,000
Languages
Jadgali and Balochi (Makrani dialect)[1]
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Sindhis[2]

History

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See also: Sindhis

Jadgal people are often connected with the Jats of Balochistan.[7] They migrated from Sindh via Bela to Panjgur.[8][full citation needed][9][2] Anthropologist Henry Field notes the origin of the Jadgals to be in the western Indian subcontinent; they subsequently migrated to Kulanch and are still found in Sindh and Balochistan.[10][11] Regardless of their origins, they are generally seen as Baloch by the society in Balochistan.[12]

When the Arabs arrived in modern-day Sindh and Baluchistan, they met the Jadgal at the coast of Makran where the Arab name of az-Zighālī comes from.[13] In 1811, Saidi Balochis as well as Jadgal mercenary troops were killed in a battle with the Wahhabis against the Sultanate of Oman.[14] The modern-day Jadgals in Oman claim to be descended from Arabs, however they also accept the folk etymology of them being from Sindh, in the lower indus valley.[15]

Demographics

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Around 100,000 Jadgals live in Pakistan according to a 1998 census conducted by Pakistan.[16] In Iran, the Sardarzahi ethnic group is of Jadgal origin, claiming to be from Sindh.[17] The rest of the Jadgals number around 25,000 according to a 2008 census conducted by Iran.[13] All of the Jadgals in Iran live in the Sistan and Baluchistan, Hormozgan and Kerman provinces.[18][19]

Language

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See also: Jadgali language and Sindhi language

Jadgal people in Balochistan speak Jadgali language, although they converse with strangers in Balochi.[12] Many linguists believe the Lasi dialect of the Lasi people may be related to Jadgali.[20] The Jadgali tongue in Oman is similar to the language of Al Lawatia.[15]

Tribes

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References

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  1. ^ Butt, Allah Rakhio (August 15, 1998). Papers on Sindhi Language & Linguistics. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sindh. p. 306. ISBN 9789694050508 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ a b Adamec, Ludwig W. (1976). Historical Gazetteer of Iran: Zahidan and southeastern Iran. Akad. Dr.- u. Verlag-Anst. pp. 22, 282. ISBN 978-3-201-01428-1. The Jadgals (q.v.) are a Sindi tribe, undoubtedly of Lumri origin. Originally called in as mercenaries or auxiliaries.
  3. ^ Brian J. Spooner; Jim G. Shaffer; Josef Elfenbein; Moḥammad-Taqī Masʿūdīya; Siawosch Azadi (23 March 2022). "BALUCHISTAN". Brill referenceworks. Brill. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_6516.
  4. ^ Field, Henry (1959). "An Anthropological Reconnaissance in West Pakistan, 1955". Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology. 52. Cambridge: Harvard University: 49.
  5. ^ Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes; Gren-Eklund, Gunilla (2003). The Baloch and Their Neighbours: Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times. Reichert. p. 172. ISBN 978-3-89500-366-0.
  6. ^ "Pakistan Economist". October 1975.
  7. ^ "Oman's Diverse Society: Northern Oman" (PDF). JE Peterson.
  8. ^ Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan. Pakistan Herald Publications. 1964. p. 30. Jadgals who migrated from Sind via Bela to Panjgur.
  9. ^ Spooner, Brian (1969). "Politics, Kinship, and Ecology in Southeast Persia". Ethnology. 8 (2). University of Pittsburgh: 139–152. doi:10.2307/3772976. ISSN 0014-1828. The Jadgāl claim to have immigrated from Sind some ten generations ago.
  10. ^ Field, Henry (1970). Contributions to the Physical Anthropology of the Peoples of India. University of Michigan. p. 197. Since they appear to be a purely Indian people, it is presumed that they migrated westward. Although the name Jadgals is now confined to Kulanch, the influential Rais-Baluch are connected with them.
  11. ^ Field, Henry (1970). Contributions to the Physical Anthropology of the Peoples of India. Field Research Projects. p. 197.
  12. ^ a b Spooner, Brian (1975). "Nomadism in Baluchistan". In Leshnik, Lawrence S.; Sontheime, Günther-Dietz (eds.). Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia. Wiesbaden, Germany: O. Harrassowitz. pp. 171–182. ISBN 3-447-01552-7.
  13. ^ a b Barjasteh Delforooz, Behrooz (August 15, 2008). "A sociolinguistic survey among the Jadgal in Iranian Balochistan". The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-Political Perspectives in Pluralism in Balochistan (Conference). Wiesbaden: Reichert: 23–43. ISBN 978-3-89500-591-6 – via uu.diva-portal.org.
  14. ^ Mirzai, Behnaz A. (16 May 2017). A History of Slavery and Emancipation in Iran, 1800–1929 (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477311868.
  15. ^ a b Barth, Fredrik (1983). Sohar, culture and society in an Omani town. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9780801828409.
  16. ^ "ScholarlyCommons :: Home". repository.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  17. ^ Breseeg, Taj Mohammad (2004). Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development. Royal Book Company. p. 106. ISBN 978-969-407-309-5.
  18. ^ Jahani, Carina (2014). "The Baloch as an Ethnic Group in the Persian Gulf Region". The Persian Gulf in Modern Times. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 267–297. doi:10.1057/9781137485779_11. ISBN 978-1-349-50380-3.
  19. ^ "Documentation of the Jadgali language | Endangered Languages Archive". www.elararchive.org. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
  20. ^ "Glottolog 4.7 - Lasi-Jadgali". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
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