The list of countries by homicide rate is derived from United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) data, and is expressed in number of deaths per 100,000 population per year. For example, a homicide rate of 30 out of 100,000 is presented in the table as "30", and corresponds to 0.03% of the population dying by homicide.[1][2][3] The reliability of underlying national murder rate data may vary.[4][5] Only UNODC-vetted data is used in the main table to maintain consistency.[1] In some cases, it may not be as up to date as other sources.
Homicide rates may be under-reported for political reasons.[6][7][page needed]
A study undertaken by the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development estimated that there were approximately 490,000 intentional homicides globally in 2004, for a rate of 7.6 per 100,000.[8] UNODC calculated a global estimated rate of 6.9 per 100,000 in 2010;[9] 6.2 per 100,000 in 2012;[10][11] 6.1 per 100,000 in 2017; and a rate of 5.61 per 100,000 for 2022. [4][12]
Definition
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Intentional homicide is defined by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in its Global Study on Homicide report[14] thus:
Within the broad range of violent deaths, the core element of intentional homicide is the complete liability of the direct perpetrator, which thus excludes killings directly related to war or conflicts, self-inflicted death (suicide), killings due to legal interventions or justifiable killings (such as self-defence), and those deaths caused when the perpetrator was reckless or negligent but did not intend to take a human life (non-intentional homicide).
Though some discrepancies exist in how specific categories of intentional killings are classified, the definitions used by countries to record data are generally close to the UNODC definition, making the homicide rates highly comparable at the international level.[15] UNODC uses the homicide rate as a proxy for overall violence, as this type of crime is one of the most accurately reported and internationally comparable indicators.[4]
Figures from the Global Study on Homicide are based on the UNODC Homicide Statistics dataset, which is derived from the criminal justice or public health systems of a variety of countries and territories.[4] The homicide rates derived from criminal justice data (typically recorded by police authorities) and the public health system data (recorded when the cause of death is established) may diverge substantially for some countries.[16] The two sources usually match in the Americas, Europe and Oceania, but there are large discrepancies for the three African countries reporting both sources.[17] For the 70 countries in which neither source was made available, figures were derived from WHO statistical models.[16]
Deaths resulting from an armed conflict between states are never included in the count.[18] Killings caused by a non-international armed conflict may or may not be included, depending on the intensity of hostilities and whether it is classified as 'civil unrest' or a clash between organized armed groups.[18]
UNODC's global study
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All data in this section comes from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) website.[1][12]
By region
edit| Region | Rate | Homicides |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | 12.86 | 183,426 |
| Americas | 14.63 | 151,752 |
| Asia | 2.01 | 94,997 |
| Europe | 2.19 | 16,239 |
| Oceania | 2.92 | 1,314 |
| World | 5.61 | 447,726 |
Rates vary widely within regions. See info on secondary sorting within regions and subregions below.
By country, region, or dependent territory
editThe regions and subregions in the table are based on the United Nations geoscheme since the table sources are United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reports. The U.N. recognizes that variability in the quality and integrity of data provided by certain countries may minimize country murder rates.[19][2] Go to the more detailed country info in the references, and the country links in the table for more info.
Table has a total yearly count of homicides for each country. Rates are calculated per 100,000 inhabitants. Rates are to the 3rd decimal place in order to separate countries with low homicide rates.
- Note: When the regions or subregions are sorted the countries are also alphabetically sorted within those regions or subregions. Then shift-click rates or counts to secondarily sort countries by rates or counts within the regions or subregions previously sorted.
- Note: Table last fully updated from data retrieved 24 June 2024 from UNODC. Individual countries updated since then.[1]
- Note: Only UNODC-vetted data is used in the table.
- Asterisk (*) in Location column indicates a Crime in LOCATION article.
Other multi-country studies
editA 2020 study by InSight Crime found that Jamaica had the highest homicide rate in Latin America and the Caribbean, while Venezuela had the second highest rate.[20]
See also
edit- Category:Homicide statistics - Homicide rate tables for countries will show up there first.
- Commons:Category:Homicide statistics - for images.
- Clearance rate
- Crime statistics
- List of cities by murder rate
- List of countries by firearm-related death rate
- List of countries by incarceration rate
- List of countries by intentional death rate – homicide plus suicide.
- List of countries by life expectancy
- List of countries by suicide rate
- List of Brazilian states by murder rate
- List of Brazilian federative units by homicide rate
- List of Canadian provinces and territories by homicide rate
- List of Mexican states by homicides
- List of federal subjects of Russia by murder rate
- List of U.S. states and territories by violent crime rate
- List of U.S. states and territories by intentional homicide rate
References
edit- ^ a b c d e "Intentional Homicide". dataunodc.un.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Table by country. Latest available year varies by country. Some have 2023 data. Can select for few or many countries, regions, years. You can shrink the width of the table to see all the options, and all the years you selected. To do so drag the zoom bar button at the bottom of the page. There is a dataset link to download all the data. Table last fully updated from dataset retrieved 24 June 2024. Individual countries updated since then.
- ^ a b c "Victims of Intentional Homicide: 2018". UNODC. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Map and table of rates and counts. Pick a country (or countries) in the sidebar "Country" dropdown menu. Then pick a year (1990-2018). Click that country on the map to see a timeline graph of homicide rates. Below the map see a timeline table of the rates and counts for that country or countries. There is a "Bulk data download" link at top right (hover to see name). May need to click twice to download.
- ^ a b "Homicide rate | dataUNODC". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Timeline graph of "Victims of intentional homicide 1990-2018". Can select a country and a region. Table below graph shows data 1990-2018. Download link icon below table offers multiple formats just for selected country and region. Click "bulk data download" link icon twice at top of page to get Excel file that covers years 1990-2018 for all countries.
- ^ a b c d Global Study on Homicide 2019. Booklet 2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). See page 11 for global rate. See page 9 about homicide rates as proxy for overall violence. See Box 1 on page 14 for criminal justice data sources versus public health sources. See figure 2 on page 14 for regional homicide rates in 2017. See figure 3 on page 16 for regional number of homicides. See page 85 about the six-booklet format of this study. Look for page numbers on the bottom of pages, and ignore the incorrect page numbers provided by your PDF reader.
- ^ Richards, Patsy (27 May 1999). "Homicide statistics, research paper 99/56" (PDF). London, UK: House of Commons of the United Kingdom library, Social and general statistics section. See page 7 for section called "Definition of the offence of homicide". See page 29 for table of nations and homicide rates for the years 1994–97. It also has further info on how homicide is defined across countries.
- ^ Fry, Don. (1985). Believing the news. Poynter Institute for Media Studies. ISBN 978-0-935742-11-4.
- ^ Vizzard, William J. (2000). Shots in the dark. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9560-7.
- ^ Global Burden of Armed Violence Report (PDF) (report). Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva Declaration Secretariat. September 2008. pp. 67ff. ISBN 978-2-8288-0101-4.
data from 2004-2007
. The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development. - ^ 2011 Global Study on Homicide: Trends, Contexts, Data. "data from 2010 or latest available year". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Vienna, Austria.
- ^ UNODC 2014, p. 12.
- ^ Intentional homicide count and rate per 100,000 population, by country/territory (2000–2012). Data (in spreadsheet format) for UNODC report titled "Global Study on Homicide 2013". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Linked from Global Study on Homicide – Data: UNODC Homicide Statistics 2013
- ^ a b c "Victims of intentional homicide - Regional Estimate". dataUNODC. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
- ^ "Homicide rate". Our World in Data. Interactive map at source. With yearly slide bar. Hover over country to see graph timeline of rate.
- ^ UNODC 2014, p. 10.
- ^ UNODC 2014, pp. 102–103.
- ^ a b UNODC 2014, p. 99.
- ^ UNODC 2014, p. 101.
- ^ a b UNODC 2014, p. 104.
- ^ UNODC 2014, pp. 7–8.
- ^ "InSight Crime's 2020 Homicide Round-Up". 29 January 2021.
Sources
edit- Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Contexts, Data (PDF). Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. March 2014. ISBN 9789210542050. Look for page numbers on the bottom of pages, and ignore the incorrect page numbers provided by your PDF reader.
Further reading
edit- The Homicide Monitor map. Made by Brazil-based think tank, The Igarapé Institute.