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Holdridge life zones

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The Holdridge life zones system is a global bioclimatic scheme for the classification of land areas. It was first published by Leslie Holdridge in 1947, and updated in 1967. It is a relatively simple system based on few empirical data, giving objective criteria.[1] A basic assumption of the system is that both soil and the climax vegetation can be mapped once the climate is known.[2]

Holdridge life zone classification scheme. Although conceived as three-dimensional by its originator, it is usually shown as a two-dimensional array of hexagons in a triangular frame.

Scheme

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While it was first designed for tropical and subtropical areas, the system now applies globally. The system has been shown to fit not just tropical vegetation zones, but Mediterranean zones, and boreal zones too, but is less applicable to cold oceanic or cold arid climates where moisture becomes the predominant factor. The system has found a major use in assessing the potential changes in natural vegetation patterns due to global warming.[3]

The three major axes of the barycentric subdivisions are:

Further indicators incorporated into the system are:

Biotemperature is based on the growing season length and temperature. It is measured as the mean of all annual temperatures, with all temperatures below freezing and above 30 °C adjusted to 0 °C,[4] as most plants are dormant at these temperatures. Holdridge's system uses biotemperature first, rather than the temperate latitude bias of Merriam's life zones, and does not primarily consider elevation directly. The system is considered more appropriate for tropical vegetation than Merriam's system.

Scientific relationship between the 3 axes and 3 indicators

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Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is the amount of water that would be evaporated and transpired if there were enough water available. Higher temperatures result in higher PET.[5] Evapotranspiration (ET) is the raw sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere. Evapotranspiration can never be greater than PET. The ratio, Precipitation/PET, is the aridity index (AI), with an AI<0.2 indicating arid/hyperarid, and AI<0.5 indicating dry.[6]

The coldest regions have not much evapotranspiration nor precipitation as there is not enough heat to evaporate much water, hence polar deserts. In the warmer regions, there are deserts with maximum PET but low rainfall that make the soil even drier, and rain forests with low PET and maximum rainfall causing river systems to drain excess water into oceans.

Classes

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All the classes defined within the system, as used by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), are:[7]

  1. Polar desert
  2. Subpolar dry tundra
  3. Subpolar moist tundra
  4. Subpolar wet tundra
  5. Subpolar rain tundra
  6. Boreal desert
  7. Boreal dry scrub
  8. Boreal moist forest
  9. Boreal wet forest
  10. Boreal rain forest
  11. Cool temperate desert
  12. Cool temperate desert scrub
  13. Cool temperate steppe
  14. Cool temperate moist forest
  15. Cool temperate wet forest
  16. Cool temperate rain forest
  17. Warm temperate desert
  18. Warm temperate desert scrub
  19. Warm temperate thorn scrub
  20. Warm temperate dry forest
  21. Warm temperate moist forest
  22. Warm temperate wet forest
  23. Warm temperate rain forest
  24. Subtropical desert
  25. Subtropical desert scrub
  26. Subtropical thorn woodland
  27. Subtropical dry forest
  28. Subtropical moist forest
  29. Subtropical wet forest
  30. Subtropical rain forest
  31. Tropical desert
  32. Tropical desert scrub
  33. Tropical thorn woodland
  34. Tropical very dry forest
  35. Tropical dry forest
  36. Tropical moist forest
  37. Tropical wet forest
  38. Tropical rain forest

Climate change

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See also: Effects of climate change on biomes and Effects of climate change on agriculture
 
On this map, a shift of 1 indicates that at the end of the century, the region had fully moved into a completely different Holdridge zone type from where it had been historically. The extent of the shifts will be dependent on the severity of the climate change scenario followed.[8]

Many areas of the globe are expected to see substantial changes in their Holdridge life zone type as the result of climate change, with more severe change resulting in more remarkable shifts in a geologically rapid time span, leaving less time for humans and biomes to adjust. If species fail to adapt to these changes, they would ultimately go extinct: the scale of future change also determines the extent of extinction risk from climate change.

For humanity, this phenomenon has particularly important implications for agriculture, as shifts in life zones happening in a matter of decades inherently result in unstable weather conditions compared to what that area had experienced throughout human history. Developed regions may be able to adjust to that, but those with fewer resources are less likely to do so.[8]

 
Areas of the globe where agriculture would become more difficult perhaps to the point of leaving the conditions historically suitable for it, under low-emission and high-emission scenarios, by 2100.[8]

Some research suggests that under the scenario of continually increasing greenhouse gas emissions, known as SSP5-8.5, the areas responsible for over half of the current crop and livestock output would experience very rapid shift in its Holdridge Life Zones. This includes most of South Asia and the Middle East, as well as parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Central America: unlike the more developed areas facing the same shift, it is suggested they would struggle to adapt due to limited social resilience, and so crop and livestock in those places would leave what the authors have defined as a "safe climatic space". On a global scale, that results in 31% of crop and 34% of livestock production being outside of the safe climatic space.

In contrast, under the low-emissions SSP1-2.6 (a scenario compatible with the less ambitious Paris Agreement goals, 5% and 8% of crop and livestock production would leave that safe climatic space.[8]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ US EPA, OA (January 29, 2013). "About the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL)". US EPA. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013.
  2. ^ Harris SA (1973). "Comments on the Application of the Holdridge System for Classification of World Life Zones as Applied to Costa Rica". Arctic and Alpine Research. 5 (3): A187–A191. JSTOR 1550169.
  3. ^ Leemans, Rik (1990). "Possible Changes in Natural Vegetation Patterns Due to a Global Warming". National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA). Archived from the original on 2009-10-16.
  4. ^ Lugo, A. E. (1999). "The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping". Journal of Biogeography. 26 (5): 1025–1038. Bibcode:1999JBiog..26.1025L. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x. S2CID 11733879. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  5. ^ "potential_evapotranspiration". esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  6. ^ "Archived copy". agron-www.agron.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2022-03-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ Parry, M. L.; Carter, T. R.; Konijn, N. T. (1988), The effects on Holdridge Life Zones, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 473–484, ISBN 978-94-009-2965-4, retrieved 2022-03-23
  8. ^ a b c d Kummu, Matti; Heino, Matias; Taka, Maija; Varis, Olli; Viviroli, Daniel (21 May 2021). "Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space". One Earth. 4 (5): 720–729. Bibcode:2021OEart...4..720K. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017. PMC 8158176. PMID 34056573.
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