Anamudi ("Elephant head") is a mountain located in Ernakulam district and Idukki district of the Indian state of Kerala. With an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,842 ft) and a topographic prominence of 2,479 metres (8,133 ft), it is the highest peak in the Western Ghats and in South India.
| Anamudi | |
|---|---|
 A view of the Anamudi peak from the Naikolli Mala ridge | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,695 m (8,842 ft)[1] |
| Prominence | 2,479 m (8,133 ft)[2] |
| Listing | Ultra List of Indian states and territories by highest point |
| Coordinates | 10°10′09″N 77°03′38″E / 10.16923°N 77.06066°E[3] |
| Naming | |
| English translation | Elephant head[4] |
| Language of name | Malayalam |
| Geography | |
  Anamudi Location of Anamudi Peak in Kerala  Anamudi Anamudi (India) | |
| Location | Ernakulam district and Idukki district, Kerala, India[5] |
| Parent range | Anamala Hills, Western Ghats |
| Geology | |
| Orogeny | Pan-African (Mozambique) |
| Rock age | Neoproterozoic (804-509 mya) |
| Mountain type | Fault-block |
| Rock type | Munnar Granite |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | hike |
Geography
editAnamudi has an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,842 ft).[1][3] It is the highest peak and one of the three ultra prominent peaks in South India. [6] It is the peak with the greatest topographic isolation within India and is the highest point south of Himalayas.[7] It is called by the epithet Everest of South India.[8] Anamudi has a topographic prominence of 2,479 metres (8,133 ft), the associated key saddle being over 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) away at 28°35′20″N 76°27′59″E / 28.58889°N 76.46639°E in Haryana state just to the west of Delhi.[2] The peak is not exceptionally steep and is a fault-block mountain. The north and south slopes are gentle, while the east and west slopes are steeper, with difficult rock faces.[9] It is located in the southern region of Eravikulam National Park at the junction of the Cardamom Hills, the Anaimalai Hills and the Palani Hills in the Periyar River basin of Kerala at a distance of 13 km (8 mi) from Munnar.[10]
Geology
editAnamudi is located within a larger tectonic province, a Neoproterozoic mobile belt known as the Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) or Pandyan Mobile Belt. This geologic province represents an area of Archean rocks that were deeply buried during the neoproterozoic Pan-African Orogeny, as part of the Mozambique Belt, in which developed Himalayan-scale mountains when West and East Gondwana collided due to the closure of the ancient Mozambique Ocean. Specifically, Anamudi is located within a geological sub-province of the SGT known as the Madurai Province. The mountain massif itself is composed of neoproterozoic A-type granite known as Munnar Granite, which was intruded deep into the thickened crust of the SGT during Orogenic collapse of the Pan-African highlands. After approximately 800-500 million years of burial, the Munnar Granite of the Anamundi massif is now exposed high above sea level due to a combination of faulting and unroofing.[11]
Climate
editKöppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies it as subtropical highland (Cwb), bordering on Cwc and ET. Sholas are found in its valleys, like most meadows of the Western Ghats.[12]
| Climate data for Munnar | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.2 (61.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
10.6 (51.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
8.9 (48.0) |
8.2 (46.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0 (32) |
4.5 (40.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
5.2 (41.4) |
6.8 (44.2) |
5.5 (41.9) |
4.8 (40.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.8 (37.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −17.2 (1.0) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−17.2 (1.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 120 (4.7) |
150 (5.9) |
197 (7.8) |
229 (9.0) |
389 (15.3) |
420 (16.5) |
889 (35.0) |
710 (28.0) |
310 (12.2) |
299 (11.8) |
264 (10.4) |
164 (6.5) |
4,141 (163.1) |
| Average rainy days | 7 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 21 | 15 | 13 | 20 | 10 | 5 | 128 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 242 | 230 | 248 | 240 | 217 | 99 | 120 | 124 | 150 | 155 | 180 | 210 | 2,215 |
| Source 1: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 2695m[12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather2Travel for sunshine and rainy days[13] | |||||||||||||
Flora and Fauna
editAnamudi and the Eravikulam National Park surrounding it is home to the largest surviving population of the Nilgiri tahr. Asian elephants, gaur, Bengal tigers, and the Nilgiri marten are some of the species of animals found here.[6][14] The area is also habitat of several amphibians including Raorchestes resplendens, unique to the region.[15][16] The summit of the Anamudi is vegetated with patches of stunted Kuruna densifolia and Gaultheria fragrantissima (wintergreen), Anaphalis, Impatiens and Eriocaulon.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Anamudi". Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Southern India Mountain Ultra-Prominence". Peaklist. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ^ a b "Anaimudi, India". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ^ R. P. Chandola (1994). Environment and Life. Bhartiya Prakashan Sansthan. p. 207.
- ^ Web Map Service (Map). Survey of India. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ a b Hunter, William Wilson; James Sutherland Cotton; Richard Burn; William Stevenson Meyer; Great Britain India Office (1909). The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 11. Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008.
- ^ "World Peaks with 300 km of Isolation". Peakbagger. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- ^ "Up the Everest of the South". The New Indian Express. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ^ Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). Dale Hoiberg (ed.). Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5. Popular Prakashan. p. 63. ISBN 0-85229-760-2.
- ^ Maya K. Studies on the nature and chemistry of sediments and water of Periyar and Chalakudy Rivers, Kerala (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2005.
- ^ Brandt, Sönke; Raith, Michael M.; Schenk, Volker; Sengupta, Pulak; Srikantappa, C.; Gerdes, Axel (31 January 2014). "Crustal evolution of the Southern Granulite Terrane, south India: New geochronological and geochemical data for felsic orthogneisses and granites". Precambrian Research. 246: 91–122. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2014.01.007.
- ^ a b "Climate: Munnar: Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ "Munnar Climate and Weather Averages, Kerala". Weather2Travel. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ "Anamudi peak". Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ^ "Significance of Eravikulam National Park". Eravikulam National Park. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
- ^ "New species of frog found in Eravikulam National Park". The Hindu. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ "Eravikulam National Park Management Plan". Eravikulam National Park. Archived from the original on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2009.