Jared Diamond

Diamond was born on September 10, 1937, in Boston, Massachusetts. Both of his parents were Ashkenazi Jewish. His father, Louis Diamond, was a physician who emigrated from Chișinău in present-day Moldova, then known as Bessarabia. His mother, Flora née Kaplan, was a teacher, linguist, and concert pianist.^[6] Diamond began studying piano at age six; years later, he would propose to his wife after playing Brahms' Intermezzo in A major for her.^[7]

By the age of seven he developed an interest in birdwatching.^[2] This became one of his major life passions and resulted in a number of works published in ornithology.^[8]

He attended the Roxbury Latin School and studied biochemical sciences at Harvard College, graduating in 1958. He later studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated from Cambridge with a Ph.D. in 1961; his thesis was on the physiology and biophysics of membranes in the gallbladder.^[5][9][10]

After graduation from Cambridge, Diamond returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow until 1965, and, in 1968, became a professor of physiology at UCLA Medical School. While in his twenties he developed a second, parallel, career in ornithology and ecology, specialising in New Guinea and nearby islands, which he began visiting from 1964.^[2] Later, in his fifties, Diamond developed a third career in environmental history and became a professor of geography at UCLA, his current^[update] position.^[10] He also teaches at LUISS Guido Carli in Rome.^[11] He is a lecturer on the biodiversity management course at the European Institute of Innovation for Sustainability (EIIS) in Rome.^[12] He won the National Medal of Science in 1999.^[13] He has been invited to give two TED talks, "Why do societies collapse" (2008), and "How societies can grow old better (2013).^[14]

Diamond originally specialized in salt absorption in the gall bladder.^[9][15] He has also published scholarly works in the fields of ecology and ornithology,^[16][17] but is arguably best known for authoring a number of popular science and history books combining topics from diverse fields other than those he has formally studied. Because of this academic diversity, Diamond has been described as a polymath.^[18][19]

Diamond has written multiple popular science and popular history articles and books, notably The Third Chimpanzee (1991); Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997, awarded a Pulitzer Prize); Collapse (2005), The World Until Yesterday (2012), and Upheaval (2019). For a list, see Jared Diamond bibliography § Books.

Diamond's first popular book, The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (1991), examines human evolution and its relevance to the modern world, incorporating evidence from anthropology, evolutionary biology, genetics, ecology, and linguistics. The book traces how humans evolved to be so different from other animals, despite sharing over 98% of our DNA with our closest animal relatives, the chimpanzees. The book also examines the animal origins of language, art, agriculture, smoking and drug use, and other apparently uniquely human attributes. It was well received by critics and won the 1992 Rhône-Poulenc Prize for Science Books^[20] and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize.^[21]

His second and best known popular science book, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, was published in 1997. It asks why Eurasian peoples conquered or displaced Native Americans, Australians, and Africans, instead of vice versa. It argues that this outcome was not due to genetic advantages of Eurasian peoples themselves but instead to features of the Eurasian continent, in particular, its high diversity of wild plant and animal species suitable for domestication and its east/west major axis that favored the spread of those domesticates, people, technologies—and diseases—for long distances with little change in latitude.^{[citation needed]}

The first part of the book focuses on reasons why only a few species of wild plants and animals proved suitable for domestication. The second part discusses how local food production based on those domesticates led to the development of dense and stratified human populations, writing, centralized political organization, and epidemic infectious diseases. The third part compares the development of food production and of human societies among different continents and world regions. Guns, Germs, and Steel became an international best-seller, was translated into 33 languages, and received several awards, including a Pulitzer Prize, an Aventis Prize for Science Books^[20] and the 1997 Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science.^[22] A television documentary series based on the book was produced by the National Geographic Society in 2005.^[23][24]

In his third book, Why is Sex Fun?, also published in 1997, Diamond discusses evolutionary factors underlying features of human sexuality that are generally taken for granted but that are highly unusual among our animal relatives. Those features include a long-term pair relationship (marriage), coexistence of economically cooperating pairs within a shared communal territory, provision of parental care by fathers as well as by mothers, having sex in private rather than in public, concealed ovulation, female sexual receptivity encompassing most of the menstrual cycle (including days of infertility), female menopause, and distinctive secondary sexual characteristics.^[25]

Diamond's next book, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, published in 2005, examines a range of past societies in an attempt to identify why they either collapsed or continued to thrive and considers what contemporary societies can learn from these historical examples. As in Guns, Germs, and Steel, he argues against explanations for the failure of past societies based primarily on cultural factors, instead focusing on ecology. Among the societies mentioned in the book are the Norse and Inuit of Greenland, the Maya, the Anasazi, the indigenous people of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Japan, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and modern Montana.

The book concludes by asking why some societies make disastrous decisions, how big businesses affect the environment, what our principal environmental problems are today, and what individuals can do about those problems. Like Guns, Germs, and Steel, Collapse was translated into dozens of languages, became an international best-seller, and was the basis of a television documentary produced by the National Geographic Society.^[26] Collapse was also nominated for the Royal Society Prize for Science Books.^[20] When it was nominated, Diamond was the only author to have won the award twice previously,^[27] though he did not win a third time.

Fifteen archaeologists, cultural anthropologists, and historians from the American Anthropological Association criticized Diamond's methods and conclusions, working together with the larger association to publish the book Questioning Collapse as a counter to Diamond's claims.^[28] In response, Diamond, as an editor at the time for the journal Nature, published an official review in the journal negatively covering the book,^[29] without mentioning that the book was a critique of his own work. The authors and the publisher, Cambridge University Press, called out Diamond for his conflict of interest on the subject.^[30][31]

In 2008, Diamond published an article in The New Yorker entitled "Vengeance Is Ours",^[32] describing the role of revenge in tribal warfare in Papua New Guinea. A year later, two indigenous people mentioned in the article filed a lawsuit against Diamond and The New Yorker, claiming the article defamed them.^[33][34][35] In 2013, The Observer reported that the lawsuit "was withdrawn by mutual consent after the sudden death of their lawyer."^[6]

In 2010, Diamond co-edited (with James Robinson) Natural Experiments of History, a collection of seven case studies illustrating the multidisciplinary and comparative approach to the study of history that he advocates. The book's title stems from the fact that it is not possible to study history by the preferred methods of the laboratory sciences, i.e., by controlled experiments comparing replicated human societies as if they were test tubes of bacteria. Instead, one must look at natural experiments in which human societies that are similar in many respects have been historically perturbed. The book's afterword classifies natural experiments, discusses the practical difficulties of studying them, and offers suggestions on how to address those difficulties.^[36]

In The World Until Yesterday, published in 2012, Diamond asks what the western world can learn from traditional societies. It surveys 39 traditional small-scale societies of farmers and hunter-gatherers with respect to how they deal with universal human problems. The problems discussed include dividing space, resolving disputes, bringing up children, treatment of elders, dealing with dangers, formulating religions, learning multiple languages, and remaining healthy. The book suggests that some practices of traditional societies could be usefully adopted in the modern industrial world today, either by individuals or else by society as a whole.^{[citation needed]}

In Upheaval: How Nations Cope with Crisis and Change Diamond examines whether nations can find lessons during crises in a way like people do. The nations considered are Finland, Japan, Chile, Indonesia, Germany, Australia, and the U.S.^[37] Diamond identifies four modern threats: nuclear weapons, climate change, limited resources, and extreme inequality.^[38]

Anand Giridharadas, reviewing for The New York Times, claimed the book contained many factual inaccuracies.^[39] Daniel Immerwahr, reviewing for The New Republic, reports that Diamond has "jettisoned statistical analysis" and the associated rigour, even by the standards of his earlier books, which have themselves sometimes been challenged on this basis.^[40]

Diamond is married to Marie Cohen, granddaughter of Polish politician Edward Werner. They have twin sons, born in 1987.^[5]

• Editorial board of Skeptic, a magazine of The Skeptics Society^[41]
• Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences^[42]
• Member of the National Academy of Sciences^[43]
• Member of the American Philosophical Society^[44]
• Board of Directors of the World Wildlife Fund^[45]

Eastern long-beaked echidna Zaglossus bartoni diamondi was named in honor of Jared Diamond,^[53] as was the frog Austrochaperina adamantina.^[54]

• 1992: The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (ISBN 0-06-098403-1-)
• 1993: "Ten Thousand Years of Solitude" Discover Magazine; March 1993
• 1997: Why Is Sex Fun? (ISBN 0-465-03127-7)
• 1997: Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (ISBN 978-0-099-30278-0). Also published with the title Guns, germs and steel: A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years (ISBN 978-0099302780)
• 2005: Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (ISBN 978-0241958681)
• 2010: Natural Experiments of History, with James A. Robinson (ISBN 0-674-03557-7)
• 2012: The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies? (ISBN 978-0141024486)
• 2015: The Third Chimpanzee for Young People: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (ISBN 9781609806118)
• 2019: Upheaval: How Nations Cope with Crisis and Change (ISBN 978-0316409131)

• Assembly rules
• Comparative history
• Environmental determinism
• List of important publications in anthropology

• Official website (JaredDiamond.org)
• Diamond at UCLA Geography
• Diamond at TED
• Diamond at C-SPAN
• Diamond at IMDb
• Diamond at Edge.org
  • Why Do Some Societies Make Disastrous Decisions?
• Diamond at UCLA Spotlight; Archived October 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
• Guns, Germs, and Steel via PBS
• Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed via YouTube; from The Earth Institute, April 2007
• The Evolution of Religions via YouTube; from Dornsife College, University of Southern California, October 2009; Archived May 2, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
• Natural Experiments of History at New Books in History, January 2010; Archived January 4, 2013, at archive.today
• Jared Diamond & John Long at Hammer Museum, March 2010
• What can we learn from traditional societies? from the Royal Institution, October 2013; Archived October 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
• Conversation With Jared Diamond: To Solve a Crisis, We Have to Acknowledge It First via YouTube; from the Berggruen Institute, July 2020