Spirorchiidae is a family of digenetic trematodes. Infestation by these trematodes leads to the disease spirorchiidiosis. Spirorchiids are mainly parasites of turtles.[1][2] It has been synonymised with Proparorchiidae Ward, 1921, Spirorchidae Stunkard, 1921, and Spirorchiidae MacCallum, 1921.
| Spirorchiidae | |
|---|---|
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| A species of marine spirorchiid, Learedius learedi, which lives in the heart of green sea turtles. Specimen stained with Mayer's hematoxylin. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Trematoda |
| Order: | Diplostomida |
| Suborder: | Diplostomata |
| Superfamily: | Schistosomatoidea |
| Family: | Spirorchiidae Stunkard, 1921 |
Genera
edit- Amphiorchis Price, 1934
- Baracktrema Roberts, Platt & Bullard in Roberts, Platt, Orélis-Ribeiro & Bullard, 2016
- Cardiotrema Dwivedi, 1967
- Carettacola Manter & Larson, 1950
- Cheloneotrema Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1980
- Coeuritrema Mehra, 1933
- Enterohaematotrema Mehra, 1940
- Hapalorhynchus Stunkard, 1922
- Hapalotrema Looss, 1899
- Learedius Price, 1934
- Monticellius Mehra, 1939
- Neocaballerotrema Simha, 1977
- Neospirorchis Price, 1934
- Plasmiorchis Mehra, 1934
- Platt Roberts & Bullard in Roberts, Arias, Halanych, Dang & Bullard, 2018
- Satyanarayanotrema Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1980
- Shobanatrema Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1980
- Spirhapalum Ejsmont, 1927
- Spirorchis MacCallum, 1919
- Unicaecum Stunkard, 1925
- Uterotrema Platt & Pichelin, 1994
- Vasotrema Stunkard, 1928
Hosts
editFreshwater spirorchiids have been reported to infect the freshwater snails Helisoma trivolvis, Helisoma anceps, Physa sp., Menetus dilatatus, Ferrissia fragilis, Biomphalaria occide, Biomphalaria sudanica, Biomphalaria glabrata, Biomphalaria tenagophila, Pomacea sp. and Indoplanorbis exustus as intermediate hosts.[3][4] Marine species have been reported to infect vermetid gastropods belonging to the genera Thylacodes, Thylaeodus, and Dendropoma, and terebellid polychaetes belonging to the genera Amphitrite and Enoplobranchus as intermediate hosts.[5][3][6]
The cardiovascular parasites Learedius learedi, Hapalotrema postorchis, Monticellius indicum and Amphiorchis solus have been found in the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas).[7]
Spirhapalum siamensis is a parasite found in the heart of the Amboina box turtle (Cuora amboinensis).[8]
References
edit- ^ Snyder, S. D. (2004). Phylogeny and paraphyly among tetrapod blood flukes (Digenea: Schistosomatidae and Spirorchiidae). International Journal for Parasitology 34(12), 1385-92.
- ^ Roberts, Jackson R.; Orelis-Ribeiro, Raphael; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Arias, Cova R.; Bullard, Stephen A. (2016). "A new species of Spirorchis MacCallum, 1918 (Digenea: Schistosomatoidea) and Spirorchis cf. scripta from chicken turtle, Deirochelys reticularia (Emydidae), with an emendation and molecular phylogeny of Spirorchis". Folia Parasitologica. 63. doi:10.14411/fp.2016.041. ISSN 0015-5683. PMID 28003567.
- ^ a b Corner, Richard D.; Cribb, Thomas H.; Cutmore, Scott C. (2022-03-01). "Vermetid gastropods as key intermediate hosts for a lineage of marine turtle blood flukes (Digenea: Spirorchiidae), with evidence of transmission at a turtle rookery". International Journal for Parasitology. 52 (4): 225–241. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.008. ISSN 0020-7519. PMID 34742720. S2CID 243490705.
- ^ Liu, L.; Mondal, M. M.; Idris, M. A.; Lokman, H. S.; Rajapakse, P. V. J.; Satrija, F.; Diaz, J. L.; Upatham, E. S.; Attwood, S. W. (2010). "The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia". Parasites & Vectors. 3: 57. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-57. PMC 2914737. PMID 20602771..
- ^ Cribb, Thomas H.; Crespo-Picazo, Jose L.; Cutmore, Scott C.; Stacy, Brian A.; Chapman, Phoebe A.; García-Párraga, Daniel (2017). "Elucidation of the first definitively identified life cycle for a marine turtle blood fluke (Trematoda: Spirorchiidae) enables informed control". International Journal for Parasitology. 47 (1): 61–67. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.002. PMID 28003149.
- ^ de Buron, Isaure; Colon, Beatrice L.; Siegel, Sasha V.; Oberstaller, Jenna; Rivero, Andrea; Kyle, Dennis E. (2018). "First evidence of polychaete intermediate hosts for Neospirorchis spp. marine turtle blood flukes (Trematoda: Spirorchiidae)". International Journal for Parasitology. 48 (14): 1097–1106. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.08.002. PMID 30367866. S2CID 53093238.
- ^ Santoro, M.; Morales, J. A.; Rodríguez-Ortíz, B. (2007). "Spirorchiidiosis (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) and lesions associated with parasites in Caribbean green turtles (Chelonia mydas)". The Veterinary Record. 161 (14): 482–486. doi:10.1136/vr.161.14.482. hdl:11056/25721. PMID 17921440. S2CID 23697018..
- ^ Tkach, V. V.; Snyder, S. D.; Vaughan, J. A. (2009). "A New Species of Blood Fluke (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) from the Malayan Box Turtle, Cuora amboinensis (Cryptodira: Geomydidae) in Thailand". Journal of Parasitology. 95 (3): 743–746. doi:10.1645/GE-1858.1. PMID 19093710. S2CID 26410279..