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{{Nedostaju izvori}}
{{Infokutija rat
| sukob          = Prvi svjetski rat
| dio            = 
| slika          = [[Datoteka:WWImontage.jpg|300px]]
| opis           = 
| datum          = 28. juli 1914 – 11. novembar 1918.
| mjesto         = [[Evropa]], [[Afrika]], [[Bliski istok]]
| casus          = 
| rezultat       = 
| posjed         = 
| strana1        = {{ZID|Francuska}}<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Britansko carstvo]]<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] [[Ruska Imperija]] <small>(1914-17)</small><br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|20px]] [[Kraljevina Italija]] <small>(1915-18)</small><br />{{ZID|Sjedinjene Američke Države}}<br />{{ZID|Japan}}<br />[[Datoteka:State_Flag_of_Serbia_(1882-1918).svg|20px|border]] [[Kraljevina Srbija]]<br />{{ZID|Rumunija}} <small>(1916-18)</small><br />{{ZID|Belgija}}<br />[[Datoteka:Hellenic Kingdom Flag 1935.svg|20px]] [[Kraljevina Grčka]] <small>(1917-18)</small><br />{{ZID|Portugal}} <small>(1916-18)</small><br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Montenegro (1905–1918).svg|20px|border]] [[Kraljevina Crna Gora]] <small>(1914-16)</small><br />{{ZID|Brazil}} <small>(1916-18)</small>
| strana2        = [[Datoteka:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px|border]] [[Njemačko carstvo]]<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Austria-Hungary 1869-1918.svg|20px|border]] [[Austro-Ugarska]]<br />[[Datoteka:Ottoman flag.svg|20px|border]] [[Osmanlijsko Carstvo]]<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|20px|border]] [[Kraljevina Bugarska]] <small>(1915-18)</small>
| strana3        = 
| komandant1     = [[Datoteka:Flag of France.svg|20px|border]] [[Raymond Poincaré]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of France.svg|20px|border]] [[Georges Clemenceau]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of France.svg|20px|border]] [[Ferdinand Foch]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of United Kingdom.svg|20px|border]] [[H. H. Asquith]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of United Kingdom.svg|20px|border]] [[David Lloyd George]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of Russia.svg|20px|border]] [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|20px]] [[Antonio Salandra]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|20px]] [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando|Vittorio Orlando]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of United States.svg|20px]] [[Woodrow Wilson]]<br />
| komandant2     = [[Datoteka:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px|border]] [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px|border]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px|border]] [[Erich Ludendorff]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of Austria-Hungary 1869-1918.svg|20px|border]] [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of Austria-Hungary 1869-1918.svg|20px|border]] [[Charles I of Austria|Karl I]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Ottoman flag.svg|20px|border]] [[İsmail Enver]]<br />
[[Datoteka:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|20px|border]] [[Ferdinand of Bulgaria|Ferdinand I]]
| komandant3     = 
| snage1         = [[Datoteka:Flag of Russia.svg|20px|border]] 15 000 000<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of France.svg|20px|border]] 8 317 000<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|20px]] 5 200 000<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of United Kingdom.svg|20px|border]] 5 000 000+<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of United States.svg|20px]] 4 000 000<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] 660 000<br />[[Datoteka:State_Flag_of_Serbia_(1882-1918).svg|20px|border]] 420 000<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px|border]] 267 000<br />[[Datoteka:Hellenic Kingdom Flag 1935.svg|20px]] 250 000<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Montenegro (1941-1944).svg|20px|border]] 40 000+<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px|border]] 33 000<br />'''Ukupno:''' 39 087 000+
| snage2         = [[Datoteka:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px|border]] 13 000 000<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Austria-Hungary 1869-1918.svg|20px|border]] 7 800 000<br />[[Datoteka:Ottoman flag.svg|20px|border]] 2 000 000+<br />[[Datoteka:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|20px|border]] 1 200 000+<br />'''Ukupno:''' 24 000 000+
| snage3         =
| žrtve1         = '''Ubijenih:'''<br />5 525 000<br />'''Ranjenih:'''<br />12 831 500
| žrtve2         = '''Ubijenih:'''<br />4 386 000<br />'''Ranjenih:'''<br />8 388 000
| žrtve3         =
| napomena       = 
}}
'''Prvi svjetski rat''' bio je [[Svjetski rat|globalni rat]] uglavnom vođen na teritoriji [[Evropa|Evrope]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-7-the-great-convergence-and-divergence-1880-ce-to-the-future/71-world-war-1-betaa/a/read-the-first-world-war-as-a-global-war-beta|title=READ: The First World War as a Global War (article)|website=Khan Academy|language=en|access-date=24. 7. 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/first-world-war|title=First World War {{!}} National Army Museum|website=www.nam.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=24. 7. 2023}}</ref> a koji je započeo 28. juna 1914. godine i trajao do 11. novembra 1918. godine. Od vremena izbijanja do početka [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]], nazivan je jednostavno '''svjetski rat''' ili '''Veliki rat''', a nakon toga '''Prvi svjetski rat''', termin koji se uglavnom i koristi. U Americi je prvobitno nazvan '''Evropski rat''' ali se i danas često naziva Veliki rat (eng. Great War). Sa 70 miliona mobilisanih vojnika, od čega njih 60 miliona u Evropi, rat se s pravom smatra kao jedan od najvećih ratova u historiji čovječanstva.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=8}}{{sfn |Bade |Brown |2003 |pp=167–168}} Kao rezultat ratnih aktivnosti stradalo je 9 miliona vojnika i 7 miliona civilnih žrtava. Bio je to jedan od najsmrtonosnijih sukoba u historiji, koji je otvorio put velikim političkim promjenama, uključujući i revolucije u mnogim zemljama.{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=307}}

Rat se vodio između velikih svjetskih ekonomskih sila{{sfn|Willmott |2003 |pp=10–11}} koje su bile svrstane u dva suprotna saveza: Saveznici ([[Velika Britanija]], [[Francuska]] i [[Ruska Imperija|Rusija]]) i Centralne sile ([[Njemačka]] i [[Austro-Ugarska]]). Ovi savezi su se reorganizirali i uključili su više država u rat: [[Italija]], [[Japan]] i [[SAD]] su se pridružile Saveznicima a [[Osmanlijsko carstvo]] i [[Bugarska]] Centralnim silama.

Iako je oživljavanje imperijalizma glavni uzrok, neposredni povod za rat je bio [[Sarajevski atentat|atentat na austrijskog nadvojvodu Franza Ferdinanda]], prijestolonasljednika Austro-Ugarske, od strane [[Srbi|srpskog nacionaliste]] [[Gavrilo Princip|Gavrila Principa]] u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]] 28. juna 1914. godine. Ovo je pokrenulo [[Julski ultimatum|diplomatsku krizu]] kada je Austro-Ugarska isporučila [[ultimatum]] [[Srbija|Srbiji]].<ref name="AJPT2">{{harvnb |Taylor |1998 |pp=80–93}}</ref>{{sfn |Djokić |2003 |p=24}} U toku jedne sedmice, velike sile su bile u ratu, a sukob se proširio širom svijeta.

Dana 28. jula, Austro-Ugarska je objavila rat i pokrenula invaziju na Srbiju.{{sfn |Evans |2004 |p=12}}{{sfn |Martel |2003 |p=xii ff}} Rusija se mobilizirala, Njemačka je napala neutralnu [[Belgija|Belgiju]] i Luksemburg prije polaska na Francusku, a [[Velika Britanija]] je objavila rat [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]]. Francuska je zaustavila njemačku vojsku na svojoj granici, i ta granica će biti poznata kao [[zapadni front (Prvi svjetski rat)|zapadni front]], koji će se vrlo malo promijeniti sve do 1917. godine. U međuvremenu, na [[istočni front (Prvi svjetski rat)|istočnom frontu]], ruska vojska je bila uspješna protiv Austro-Ugarske, ali je zaustavljena od strane Njemačke. U novembru 1914. godine Osmanlijsko carstvo se pridružilo ratu, otvorivši frontove na [[Kavkaz]]u, [[Sinaj]]u i [[Mezopotamija|Mezopotamiji]]. [[Italija]] i [[Bugarska]] su ušle u rat 1915. godine, [[Rumunija]] 1916. a [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|SAD]] 1917. godine.

Rat je proizveo revoluciju u Rusiji u martu 1917. godine i naknadnu revoluciju u novembru, što je dovelo do primirja između Centralnih sila i Rusije. Dana 4. novembra 1918. godine Austro-Ugarska je pristala na primirje. Njemačka koja je imala problema sa revolucionarima pristala je na primirje 11. novembra 1918. godine čime je okončan rat pobjedom saveznika.

Do kraja rata, četiri glavne imperijalne sile - Njemačko carstvo, Ruska Imperija, Austro-Ugarska i Osmanlijsko carstvo - prestale su da postoje. Države nasljednice su izgubile značajnu teritoriju. Karta Evrope je ponovo nacrtana, s nekoliko obnovljenih ili stvorenih nezavisnih država. [[Liga naroda]] je formirana s ciljem sprečavanja ponavljanja ovakvih užasnih sukoba. Ovaj cilj nije uspio. U oslabljenim državama obnovio se evropski nacionalizam i njemački osjećaj poniženja doprinio je porastu fašizma i stvaranja uvjeta za [[Drugi svjetski rat]].

== Naziv ==
U [[Kanada|Kanadi]], ''Magazin Maclean'' je u oktobru 1914. godine rekao: "Neki ratovi imaju ime. Ovo je Veliki rat". Izraz "Prvi svjetski rat" je prvi put korišten u septembru 1914. godine od strane njemačkog filozofa [[Ernst Haeckel|Ernsta Haeckela]], koji je tvrdio da "nema sumnje da će tok i karakter Evropskog rata postati Prvi svjetski rat u punom smislu te riječi". Nakon početka Drugog svjetskog rata 1939. godine, smisao Svjetski rat ili Prvi svjetski rat je postao standard.
== Pozadina ==
{{Glavni|Uzroci izbijanja Prvog svjetskog rata}}

=== Politički i vojni savezi ===
U 19. stoljeću, glavne evropske sile su željele da održe ravnotežu snaga u Evropi, što je rezultiralo postojanjem složenih mreža političkih i vojnih saveza širom kontinenta do 1900. godine. Ovo je započelo 1815. godine stvaranjem [[Sveta alijansa|Svete alijanse]] između [[Pruska|Pruske]], [[Ruska Imperija|Rusije]] i [[Austrija|Austrije]]. Zatim je u oktobru 1873. njemački kancelar [[Otto von Bismarck]] dogovorio [[Liga tri cara|Ligu tri cara]] ({{jez-de|Dreikaiserbund}}) između careva Austro-Ugarske, Rusije i Njemačke. Ovaj sporazum nije uspio, jer se Austro-ugarska i Rusija nisu mogli složiti o politici na Balkanu, ostavljajući Njemačku i Austro-Ugarsku u savezu koji je formiran 1879. i nazvan [[Dvojna alijansa]]. Ovaj savez je viđen kao način suprostavljanja Ruskom interesu za [[Balkan]] u vrijeme kada je Osmansko carstvo počelo da slabi. Godine 1882. ovaj savez proširen je Italijom, tako da je postao [[Trojni savez (1882)|Trojni savez]]. Bismarck je posebno radio na držanju Rusije na Njemačkoj strani kako bi izbjegao rat na dva fronta. Kada je [[Wilhelm]] II došao na tron [[njemački car|njemačkog cara]], Bismarck je bio primoran povući se. On je odbio obnoviti ugovor s Rusijom 1890. Dvije godine kasnije potpisan je francusko-ruski savez kako bi se suprostavili Trojnom savezu. Godine 1904. Velika Britanija potpisala je niz sporazuma s Francuskom, a 1907. Velika Britanija i Rusija potpisale su anglo-rusku konvenciju. Tako je Velika Britanija ušla u savez s Francuskom i Rusijom, koji je postao poznat kao [[Antanta]].
[[Datoteka:Guetteur au poste de l'écluse 26.jpg|mini|[[Haut-Rhin]], [[Francuska]], 1917.]]

=== Utrka u naoružanju ===
Njemačka industrijska i ekonomska moć je znatno porasla nakon [[ujedinjenje Njemačke|ujedinjenja Njemačke]] 1871. Od sredine 1890-ih vlada Wilhelma II je koristila značajna ekonomska sredstva za izgradnju [[njemačka Imperijalna mornarica|njemačke Imperijalne mornarice]] (Kaiserliche Marine), koju je osnovao admiral [[Alfred von Tirpitz]]. Ona je bila u rivalstvu sa britanskom kraljevskom mornaricom u borbi za pomorsku nadmoć. Kao rezultat toga, svaka nacija nastojala je izgraditi što bolji brod. Lansiranjem HMS ''Dreadnoughta'' 1906, Britansko Carstvo imalo je znatnu prednost nad svojim njemačkim rivalom. Trka u naoružanju između Velike Britanije i Njemačke na kraju se proširila na ostatak Evrope, a sve velike sile imale su svoje industrijske baze za proizvodnju opreme i naoružanja neophodnih za sukob. Između 1908. i 1913. potrošnja željeza kod evropskih sila povećana je za 50%.

=== Sukobi na Balkanu ===
Austro-Ugarska je ubrzala [[Bosanska kriza|Bosansku krizu]] od 1908. do 1909. zvaničnim pripajanjem bivše osmanlijske teritorije [[Bosanski ejalet|Bosne i Hercegovine]], koju je [[Austro-ugarska okupacija Bosne i Hercegovine|okupirala]] još 1878. To je razljutilo [[Kraljevina Srbija|Kraljevinu Srbiju]] i njenog pokrovitelja [[Ruska Imperija|Rusku Imperiju]]. Ruski politički manevri u regiji destabilizirali su mirovni sporazum, koji je bio poznat kao "bure baruta u Evropi". Godine 1912. i 1913. vođen je [[Prvi balkanski rat]] u kojem su se lomile teritorije Osmanlijskog Carstva na Balkanu. [[Londonski mir (1913)|Londonskim mirom]] dodatno je smanjeno Osmanlijsko Carstvo, stvarajući nezavisnu albansku državu, dok su se proširile teritorije Bugarske, Srbije, Crne Gore i Grčke. Kada je Bugarska bila napadnuta od strane Srbije i Grčke 16. juna 1913. izgubila je Makedoniju od Srbije i Grčke i južnu Dobrudžu od Rumunije u 33-dnevnom [[Drugi balkanski rat|Drugom balkanskom ratu]], čime je došlo do daljnje destabilizacije regije.
== Uvod ==

=== Sarajevski atentat ===
{{Glavni|Sarajevski atentat}}

28. juna 1914. godine austrijski nadvojvoda [[Franz Ferdinand]] je posjetio glavni grad Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo. Grupa od šest atentatora ([[Cvjetko Popović]], [[Gavrilo Princip]], [[Muhamed Mehmedbašić]], [[Nedeljko Čabrinović]], [[Trifko Grabež]], [[Vaso Čubrilović]]) iz nacionalističke grupe [[Mlada Bosna]], koja je bila desna ruka grupe [[Crna ruka]], su se okupili na ulici gdje je trebala proći nadvojvodina povorka. Čabrinović je bacio [[ručna bomba|bombu]] na automobil, ali je promašio. Tako je ozlijedio nekoliko ljudi u blizini, ali je konvoj sa Franzom Ferdinandom nastavio. Sat vremena kasnije, kada se Franz Ferdinand vraćao iz posjete Sarajevskoj bolnici, konvoj je pogrešno skrenuo u ulicu gdje je, slučajno, Princip stajao. Iz pištolja Princip je ubio Franza Ferdinanda i njegovu suprugu Sofiju. Reakcija među ljudima u Austriji je bila blaga, gotovo ravnodušna. Historičar [[Zbynek Zeman]] je kasnije napisao: "Događaj nije izazvao bilo kakav dojam. U nedjelju i ponedjeljak (28. i 29. juna), gužve u Beču, ljudi su slušali muziku i pili vino, kao da se ništa nije dogodilo".

=== Eskalacija nasilja u Bosni i Hercegovini ===
{{Glavni|Anti-srpski neredi u Sarajevu}}

Međutim, u samom Sarajevu, austrijske vlasti su ohrabrile nasilje nad srpskim stanovništvom, što je rezultiralo anti-srpskim neredima u Sarajevu, u kojem su [[bosanski hrvati]] i bosanski muslimani ubili dvoje srba i oštetili brojne zgrade u vlasništvu srba. Događaji koji su opisani imaju karakteristiku pogroma. Pisac [[Ivo Andrić]] nasilje je opisao kao "Sarajevsko ludilo mržnje". Nasilne akcije protiv srba organizovane su ne samo u Sarajevu, nego i u drugim velikim gradovima Austro-ugarske na prostorima današnje [[Hrvatska|Hrvatske]] i [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]]. Austro-ugarske vlasti u Bosni i Hercegovini su zatvorile oko 5.500 istaknutih srba, od koji je 700 do 2.200 umrlo u zatvoru. 460 srba osuđeno je na smrt i stvorena posebna policija poznata kao [[Schutzkorps]] koja je imala zadatak da vrši progon srba.

=== Krizni juli ===
{{Glavni|Krizni juli}}

Atentat je doveo do diplomatskog manevriranja između Austro-ugarske, Njemačke, Rusije, Francuske i Velike Britanije koji je nazvan [[Krizni juli]]. Vjerujući da se srpski oficiri (pripadnici grupe Crna ruka) nalaze u Srbiji, Austro-Ugarska je dala Srbiji ultimatum sa deset zahtjeva s namjerom da izazove rat sa Srbijom. Kada se Srbija složila sa samo osam od deset zahtjeva, Austro-Ugarska je objavila rat 28. jula 1914. godine. Strachan tvrdi: "Da li je dvosmisleni i rani odgovor Srbije napravio bilo kakvu razliku u austro-ugarskom ponašanju koje je bilo sumnjivo. Franz Ferdinand nije bio ona vrsta ličnosti koja je imala popularnost, a njegov nestanak nije bacio carstvo u najdublju žalost".

Ruska Imperija nije željela da omogući Austro-ugarskoj da eliminiše njen uticaj na Balkanu, dajući podršku dugogodišnjem srpskom štićeniku, i naredivši djelimičnu mobilizaciju dan kasnije, 29. jula. Njemačka se mobilizirala 30. jula, a Rusija je odgovorila proglašavajući punu mobilizaciju tog istog dana. Njemačka je nametnula ultimatum Rusiji preko svog ambasadora u Berlinu. Rusija je odgovorila nudeći pregovore o uslovima za mobilizaciju. Međutim, Njemačka je odbila da pregovara, te je objavila rat Rusiji 1. augusta 1914. godine.

Njemački ratni plan, [[Schliefenov plan]], oslanjao se na brzu masivnu invaziju Francuske s ciljem otklanjanja prijetnje na Zapadu, prije uključivanja u rat protiv Rusije. Istovremeno sa ruskom mobilizacijom, njemačka vlada je izdala zahtjeve Francuskoj da ona bude neutralna. Francuski kabinet se opirao vojnom pritisku da započne neposrednu mobilizaciju i naredila je svojim trupama da se povuku 10&nbsp;km od granice kako bi se izbjegli bilo kakvi incidenti. Njemačka je napala Luksemburg 2. augusta, a 3. augusta objavila je rat Francuskoj. Dana 4. augusta, nakon što je Belgija odbila da dozvoli njemačkim trupama da pređu njenu granicu prema Francuskoj, Njemačka je objavila rat Belgiji. Time je Velika Britanija objavila rat Njemačkoj 4. augusta 1914. nakon britanskog ultimatuma da Belgija mora biti neutralna.

== Napredak rata ==

=== Zbunjenost između Centralnih sila ===
Strategija Centralnih sila bila je puna nesporazuma. Njemačka je obećala da će podržati Austro-ugarsku invaziju na Srbiju, ali su se tumačenja razlikovala. Prethodno testirani planovi raspoređivanja su zamijenjeni 1914. godine, ali zamjene nikada nisu bile testirane u vježbi. Austro-ugarski lideri su vjerovali da će Njemačka pokriti svoje sjeverno krilo protiv Rusije. Njemačka je, međutim, predvidjela da Austro-Ugarska usmjerava većinu svojih vojnika protiv Rusije, dok se Njemačka bavila Francuskom. Ova konfuzija je prisilila austro-ugarsku vojsku da podijeli svoje snage na ruske i srpske frontove.

9. septembra 1914. godine ''September programm'', mogući plan detaljnih njemačkih specifičnih ratnih ciljeva i uslova koje je Njemačka tražila da prisili savezničke snage, je naveden od [[Njemački kancelar|njemačkog kancelara]] [[Teobald von Bethmann-Hollwegg|Teobalda von Bethmann-Hollwegga]]. To nikada nije službeno usvojeno.
=== Srpska kampanja ===

{{Glavni|Srpska kampanja (Prvi svjetski rat)}}

Austrijski napadi i borbe protiv srpskih vojnika u bitkama [[Bitka kod Cera 1914.|kod Cera]] i [[Bitka na Kolubari 1914.|na Kolubari]] su počele 12. augusta. U naredne dvije sedmice, Austrija je imala velike gubitke, što je obilježilo prvu veliku savezničku pobjedu u ratu i isprekidanu Austro-Ugarsku nadu za brzu pobjedu. Kao rezultat toga, Austrija je pokrenula veliku vojsku na Srbiju koje su oslabile njene napore protiv Rusije.

To je omogućio namlađi poznati vojnik I svjetskog rata, [[Momčilo Gavrić]], koji je rođen u [[Trbušnica|Trbušnici]]. Pridružio se 6. artiljerijskoj diviziji vojske Srbije kada je imao samo 8 godina, nakon što je austro-ugarska vojska ubila njegove roditelje, baku i sedmoro njegove braće i sestara u augustu 1914. godine. Sa 10 godina unaprijeđen je u kaplara, a u dobi od 11 postao je narednik.
=== Njemačke snage u Belgiji i Francuskoj ===
{{Glavni|Zapadni front (Prvi svjetski rat)}}
[[Datoteka:Louvain1915.jpg|mini|[[Louvain]], [[Belgija]], [[1915]] ]]

Nakon izbijanja Prvog svjetskog rata, njemačka vojska je izvršila modificiranu verziju Schliefenovog plana. Oni su marširali kroz neutralnu Belgiju u Francusku, prije nego što su na jugu okružili francuske vojnike na njemačkoj granici. Francuska je izjavila da će "zadržati punu slobodu djelovanja u slučaju rata između Njemačke i Rusije". Njemačka je očekivala napad od strane Francuske na jednom frontu i Rusije na drugom. Da bi ispunila takav scenarij, Schliefenov plan je naveo Njemačku da pokuša pobijediti Francusku brzo (kao što se dogodilo u [[Francusko-pruski rat|francusko-pruskom ratu]] od 1870. do 1871. godine). Dalje je predloženo da se ponovi brza pobjeda na zapadu, a Njemačka nije trebala da napadne kroz težak teren Alzasa i Lorena. Umjesto toga cilj je bio da se onemogući britanska pomoć kroz engleski kanal i osvajanje Pariza. Tada bi se vojska preselila na Istočni front prema Rusiji. Rusija je vjerovala da joj treba duži period [[mobilizacija|mobilizacije]] prije nego što su mogli postati prava pretnja Centralnim silama.

Jedini postojeći njemački plan koji je imala njemačka vojska je marširanje kroz Belgiju. Njemačka je željela izmarširati kroz Belgiju kako bi ušla u Francusku. Neutralna Belgija je odbacila ovu ideju, tako da su Nijemci odlučili da napadnu Belgiju. Francuska je također željela da sa svojim trupama prođe kroz Belgiju, ali je Belgija odbila u nadi da izbjegne rat na belgijskom tlu. Na kraju, nakon njemačke invazije, Belgija je pokušala da se pridruži francuzima, ali se veliki dio belgijske vojske povukao u [[Antverpen]], gdje je bila prisiljena na predaju.

Plan je bio da njemačka vojska zaobiđe francusku vojsku (koja je bila koncentrisana na francusko-njemačkoj granici, ostavljajući belgijsku granicu bez značajnih snaga) i krene na jug prema Parizu. U početku su nijemci bili uspješni, posebno u [[bitka za Frontiers|bici za Frontiers]] (14. - 24. augusta). Do 12. septembra Francuska uz pomoć britanskih snaga zaustavila je njemačko napredovanje u [[bitka kod Marne 1914.|bici kod Marne]] (5. - 12. septembra). Posljednji dani ove bitke označili su kraj [[manevarsko ratovanje|manevarskog ratovanja]] na zapadu. Francuska ofanziva u Alzasu pokrenuta je 20. augusta i imala je ograničen uspjeh.

Na istoku, Rusi su napali iznenadivši Njemačku koja nije očekivala da Rusi krenu tako rano. Ubrzo je dio njemačke vojske koja je krenula prema Francuskoj željeznicom prebačena do istočne Pruske granice. Ova vojska, na čelu sa generalom [[Paul von Hindenburg|Paulom von Hindenburgom]], je porazila Rusiju u nizu bitaka koje su kolektivno poznate kao [[Bitka kod Tannenberga 1914.|bitka kod Tannenberga]] (17. augusta - 2. septembra). Centralne sile nisu ostvarile brzu pobjedu u Francuskoj i prisiljeni su da se bore na dva fronta. Njemačka vojska je zauzela dobru odbrambenu poziciju unutar Francuske i trajno je onesposobila 230.000 francuskih i britanskih vojnika. Uprkos tome, problem je bila komunikacija između Centralnih sila što je koštalo Njemačku rane pobjede.
=== Azija i Pacifik ===
{{Glavni|Azija i Pacifik u Prvom svjetskom ratu}}
[[Datoteka:SoldiersWWI.jpg|mini|U rovovima]]

Novi Zeland je zauzeo [[Njemačka Samoa|Njemačku Samou]] (kasnije Zapadnu Samou) 30. augusta 1914. godine. Dana 11. septembra, Australijski pomorski i vojni izviđački avioni sletili su na otok [[Neu Pommern]] (kasnije Nova Britanija), koji je bio u sastavu [[njemačka Nova Gvineja|njemačke Nove Gvineje]]. Dana 28. oktobra, njemačku krstaricu SMS Emden potopila je ruska krstarica Zhemchug u [[Bitka u Penangu|bici u Penangu]]. Japan je oduzeo Njemačkoj Mikronezijsku koloniju. Kad je Beč odbio da povuče Austro-ugarski cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth iz Tsingtaa, Japan je objavio rat ne samo Njemačkoj, već i Austro-Ugarskoj. Ovaj brod je učestvovao u odbrani Cingtaa gdje je potopljen u novembru 1914. godine. U roku od nekoliko mjeseci, savezničke snage su zauzele njemačke teritorije na Pacifiku.

=== Afrička kampanja ===
{{Glavni|Sukobi u Africi (Prvi svjetski rat)}}

Prvi sukobi u Africi bili su između britanskih, francuskih i njemačkih kolonijalnih snaga. 6. augusta francuske i britanske trupe su napale njemački protektorat [[Togoland]] i [[Kamerun]]. 10. augusta njemačke snage u Jugozapadnoj Africi su napali Južnoafričku republiku. Sporadične i žestoke borbe su se nastavile do kraja rata. Njemačke kolonijalne sile u [[njemačka Istočna Afrika|njemačkoj Istočnoj Africi]], koje je predvodio pukovnik [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]], vodile su [[gerilski rat]] tokom Prvog svjetskog rata i jedini su se predali dvije sedmice nakon primirja u Evropi.

== Također pogledajte ==
* [[Bosanskohercegovački pješadijski regiment]]
* [[Mažino-linija]]
* [[Bitka na Monte Meleti]]

== Izvori ==<!--This list is too long already, please make any additions in the linked list articles rather than here.--> <!--DO ''not'' SIMPLY ADD BOOKS ABOUT WORLD WAR I HERE—ADD THEM TO "LIST OF WORLD WAR I BOOKS".-->
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* {{cite book|last=Humphries|first=Mark Osborne|title=Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment|url=https://archive.org/details/vimyridgecanadia0000unse|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-88920-508-6|editor-last=Hayes|editor-first=Geoffrey|location=Waterloo|chapter="Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras|editor2-last=Iarocci|editor2-first=Andrew|editor3-last=Bechthold|editor3-first=Mike}}
* {{cite book|last=Inglis|first=David|url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf|title=Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years|publisher=Simon Fraser University|year=1995|location=Burnaby|access-date=23. 7. 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916183818/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf|archive-date=16. 9. 2018|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=James Edgar|title=Full Circle: The Story of Air Fighting|url=https://archive.org/details/fullcirclestoryo0000john|publisher=Cassell|year=2001|isbn=978-0-304-35860-1|location=London|oclc=45991828|author-link=Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer)}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Keenan|first1=George|title=The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia and the Coming of the First World War|date=1986|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-1707-0}}
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* {{cite journal|last=Kernek|first=Sterling|date=decembar 1970|title=The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's 'Peace' Note of December 1916|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1970-12_13_4/page/721|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=721–766|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00009481|jstor=2637713|s2cid=159979098}}
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* {{cite book|last=Ludendorff|first=Erich|title=My War Memories, 1914–1918|year=1919|oclc=60104290|author-link=Erich Ludendorff}} also published by Harper as "Ludendorff's Own Story, August 1914&nbsp;– November 1918: The Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army" {{OCLC|561160}} (original title ''Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914–1918'')
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* {{cite book|last=Northedge|first=F.S.|title=The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946|url=https://archive.org/details/leagueofnationsi0000nort|publisher=Holmes & Meier|year=1986|isbn=978-0-7185-1316-0|location=New York}}
* {{cite journal|last=Părean|first=Ioan, Lt Colonel|year=2002|title=Soldați ai României Mari. Din prizonieratul rusesc în Corpul Voluntarilor transilvăneni și bucovineni [Soldiers of Greater Romania; from Russian captivity to the Transylvanian and Bucovina Volunteer Corps]|url=https://www.armyacademy.ro/reviste/3_4_2002/r11.pdf|journal=Romanian Army Academy Journal|language=Romanian|volume=3–4|issue=27–28|pages=1–5}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Phillimore|first1=George Grenville|last2=Bellot|first2=Hugh H.L.|year=1919|title=Treatment of Prisoners of War|journal=Transactions of the Grotius Society|volume=5|pages=47–64|oclc=43267276}}
* {{cite book|last=Pitt|first=Barrie|title=1918: The Last Act|url=https://archive.org/details/1918lastact0000pitt|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2003|isbn=978-0-85052-974-6|location=Barnsley|oclc=56468232}}
* {{cite book|last=Price|first=Alfred|title=Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980|publisher=Jane's Publishing|year=1980|isbn=978-0-7106-0008-0|location=London|oclc=10324173}} Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping [[hydrophones]]
* {{cite journal|last=Raudzens|first=George|date=oktobar 1990|title=War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_1990-10_54_4/page/403|journal=The Journal of Military History|volume=54|issue=4|pages=403–434|doi=10.2307/1986064|jstor=1986064}}
* {{cite journal|last=Rickard|first=J.|date=5. 3. 2001|title={{sic |nolink=y|Erich von Ludendorff |expected=Erich Ludendorff}}, 1865–1937, German General|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_ludendorff.html|journal=Military History Encyclopedia on the Web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110050355/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_ludendorff.html|archive-date=10. 1. 2008|access-date=6. 2. 2008|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/scripts/fluffy/fcp.pl?words=20+July+1918&d=/battles_ludendorff.html|title=The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March–18 July 1918|last=Rickard|first=J.|date=27. 8. 2007|website=historyofwar.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010071517/http://www.historyofwar.org/scripts/fluffy/fcp.pl?words=20+July+1918&d=%2Fbattles_ludendorff.html|archive-date=10. 10. 2017|url-status=live|access-date=12. 9. 2018}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.aftermathww1.com/lostgen.asp|title=The Lost Generation – myth and reality|last=Roden|first=Mike|website=Aftermath – when the Boys Came Home|access-date=13. 4. 2022|archive-date=1. 12. 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201110728/http://www.aftermathww1.com/lostgen.asp|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Rothschild|first=Joseph|title=East-Central Europe between the Two World Wars|url=https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop00jose|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-295-95350-2}}
* {{cite news|last=Saadi|first=Abdul-Ilah|title=Dreaming of Greater Syria|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/arabunity/2008/02/2008525183842614205.html|date=12. 2. 2009|access-date=14. 8. 2014|archive-date=13. 5. 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110319/http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/arabunity/2008/02/2008525183842614205.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Sachar|first=Howard Morley|url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofmiddl0000sach|title=The emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924|publisher=Allen Lane|year=1970|isbn=978-0-7139-0158-0|oclc=153103197|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Salibi|first=Kamal Suleiman|title=A House of Many Mansions&nbsp;– the history of Lebanon reconsidered|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=1993|isbn=978-1-85043-091-9|chapter=How it all began&nbsp;– A concise history of Lebanon|oclc=224705916|access-date=11. 3. 2008|chapter-url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/900/902/Kamal-Salibi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403005824/http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/900/902/Kamal-Salibi/|archive-date=3. 4. 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Schindler|first=J.|year=2003|title=Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916|journal=War in History|volume=10|issue=1|pages=27–59|doi=10.1191/0968344503wh260oa|s2cid=143618581}}
* {{cite journal|last=Schindler|first=John R.|year=2002|title=Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914|journal=War in History|volume=9|issue=2|pages=159–195|doi=10.1191/0968344502wh250oa|s2cid=145488166}}
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* {{cite book|last=Shanafelt|first=Gary W.|url=https://archive.org/details/secretenemyaustr00shan|title=The secret enemy: Austria-Hungary and the German alliance, 1914–1918|publisher=East European Monographs|year=1985|isbn=978-0-88033-080-0}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=David James|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=GzsnSU9J5sAC}}|title=One Morning in Sarajevo|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0-297-85608-5|quote=He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest—this photograph shows the arrest of Behr.}}
* {{cite book|last=Souter|first=Gavin|title=Lion & Kangaroo: the initiation of Australia|publisher=Text Publishing|year=2000|location=Melbourne|oclc=222801639}}
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* {{cite book|last=Speed|first=Richard B, III|title=Prisoners, Diplomats and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity|url=https://archive.org/details/prisoners-diplomats-and-the-great-war-a-study-in-the-diplomacy-of-captivity_1990|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-313-26729-1|location=New York|oclc=20694547}}
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* {{cite book|last=Stevenson|first=David|title=The First World War and International Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwarint0000stev_i3s6|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-19-873049-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Stevenson|first=David|title=Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AED-171|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-820208-0|location=New York|oclc=33079190|author-link=David Stevenson (historian)}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Stevenson|first1=David|title=Land armaments in Europe, 1866–1914 in Arms Races in International Politics: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://archive.org/details/armsracesininter0000unse|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-873526-7|editor-last=Mahnken|editor-first=Thomas}}
* {{cite book|last=Strachan|first=Hew|title=The First World War: Volume I: To Arms|url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000stra_x5t0|publisher=Viking|year=2003|isbn=978-0-670-03295-2|location=New York|oclc=53075929|author-link=Hew Strachan}}
* {{cite book|last=Taliaferro|first=William Hay|title=Medicine and the War|year=1972|isbn=978-0-8369-2629-3|orig-date=1944}}
* {{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=John M.|date=Summer 2007|title=Audacious Cruise of the Emden|url=https://www.historynet.com/audacious-cruise-of-the-emden.htm|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Military History|volume=19|issue=4|pages=38–47|issn=0899-3718|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814021234/https://www.historynet.com/audacious-cruise-of-the-emden.htm|archive-date=14. 8. 2021|access-date=5. 7. 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Terraine|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/ordealofvictory00terr|title=Ordeal of Victory|publisher=J.B. Lippincott|year=1963|isbn=978-0-09-068120-4|oclc=1345833|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Mark|title=The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=2009|isbn=978-0-571-22333-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Todman|first=Dan|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=VMrQAgAAQBAJ}}|title=The Great War: Myth and Memory|date=2005|publisher=A & C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-6728-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA485|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1|author-link=Jozo Tomasevich|access-date=4. 12. 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104165249/http://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA485|archive-date=4. 1. 2014|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Torrie|first=Glenn E.|date=1978|title=Romania's Entry into the First World War: The Problem of Strategy|url=https://esirc.emporia.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/311/136.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Emporia State Research Studies|publisher=[[Emporia State University]]|volume=26|issue=4|pages=7–8}}
* {{cite book|last=Tschanz|first=David W.|url=http://www.entomology.montana.edu/historybug/WWI/TEF.htm|title=Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I|publisher=Montana State University|access-date=12. 11. 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611212917/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/WWI/TEF.htm|archive-date=11. 6. 2010|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|title=Encyclopedia of World War I|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla Mary|publisher=ABC-Clio|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85109-420-2|location=Santa Barbara|oclc=61247250}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC|title=The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia|last2=Wood|first2=Laura Matysek|last3=Murphy|first3=Justin D.|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8153-3351-7|access-date=6. 6. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142143/https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC|archive-date=1. 8. 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|title=The Great War, 1914–1918|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-1-134-81750-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Velikonja|first=Mitja|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli/page/141|title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-58544-226-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli/page/141 141]}}
* {{cite book|last=von der Porten|first=Edward P.|url=https://archive.org/details/germannavyinworl00vond|title=German Navy in World War II|publisher=T.Y. Crowell|year=1969|isbn=978-0-213-17961-8|location=New York|oclc=164543865|author-link1=Edward Von der Porten|url-access=registration}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Wheeler-Bennett|first1=John W.|title=Brest-Litovsk:The forgotten peace|url=https://archive.org/details/brestlitovskforg0000sirj|date=1938|publisher=Macmillan}}
* {{cite book|last=Willmott|first=H.P.|title=World War I|url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000will_2003|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7894-9627-0|oclc=52541937}}
* {{cite book|last=Winter|first=Denis|title=The First of the Few: Fighter Pilots of the First World War|url=https://archive.org/details/firstoffewfighte0000wint|publisher=Penguin|year=1983|isbn=978-0-14-005256-5}}
* {{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of the First World War|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-60066-5|editor-last1=Winter|editor-first1=Jay|edition=2016}}
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* {{cite book|last=Zeldin|first=Theodore|title=France, 1848–1945: Volume II: Intellect, Taste, and Anxiety|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1977|isbn=978-0-19-822125-8|edition=1986}}
* {{cite book|last=Zieger|first=Robert H.|title=America's Great War: World War I and the American experience|url=https://archive.org/details/americasgreatwar0000zieg|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8476-9645-1}}
{{Refend}}{{reference}}

== Reference ==
{{Refspisak}}{{Commonscat|World War I}}{{Prvi svjetski rat}}

[[Kategorija:Prvi svjetski rat|*]]
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[[Kategorija:Sukobi u 1918.]]
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