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United States
Coins by Design Types

An Action Guide for the
Collector and Investor

Q. David Bowers

U.S. Coins by Design Types

An Action Guide for the
Collector and Investor

Q. David Bowers

Bowers and Merena Galleries, Inc.

-3>E?R'

Other reference books by Q. David Bowers:

Coinsand Collectors, United States Half Cents 1793-1857, Early Ameri¬
can Car Advertisements, Put Another Nickel In, Guidebook of Automatic
Musical Instruments— Vol. I, Guidebook of Automatic Musical
Instruments— Vol. II, How to Be a Successful Coin Dealer, Encyclopedia of
Automatic Musical Instruments, How to Start a Coin Collection, Collect¬
ing Rare Coins for Profit, A Tune fora Token, Adventures With Rare Coins,
The History of United States Coinage (for The John Hopkins Universi¬
ty), Treasures of Mechanical Music (with Art Reblitz), The Postcards of
Alphonse Mucha (with Mary Martin), Robert Robinson: American Illus¬
trator, Common Sense Coin Investment, Official ANA Grading Standards
for U.S. Coins (Introduction), United States Gold Coins: An Illustrated
History, Virgil Brand: The Man and His Era, Abe Kosoff: Dean of Numis¬
matics, The Moxie Encyclopedia, United States Copper Coins: An Action
Guide for the Collector and Investor, U.S. Three-Cent and Five-Cent Coins:
An Action Guide for the Collector and Investor, and Nickelodeon Theatres
and Their Music.

BOWERS AND MERENA GALLERIES, INC.
Box 1224

Wolfeboro, NH 03894
(603) 569-5095

Catalogues Issued
Sales by Mail Only
(All coins are kept in bank vaults)

AUw *htS concernin% this book are reserved by the publisher, Bowers and Merena Galleries,
nc. ntten permission is required for reproduction for any information in this book, except
for brief excerpts used in a review in newspaper or magazine.

Contents

1 An Introduction to Collecting by Design Types . 11

2 New Issues COPPER AND SILVER 1793-1799 . 29

3 New Issues COPPER AND SILVER 1800-1830 . 55

4 New Issues COPPER AND SILVER 1831-1850 . 73

5 New Issues COPPER, COPPER-NICKEL, AND SILVER 1851-1860 . 93

6 New Issues BRONZE, NICKEL, AND SILVER 1861-1900 . 113

7 New Issues COPPER, NICKEL, AND SILVER 1901-1950 . 139

8 New Issues COPPER, NICKEL, AND SILVER 1951 Onward . 161

9 New Issues GOLD 1795-1833 . 103

10 New Issues GOLD 1834-1900 . 201

11 New Issues GOLD 1901-1933 . 225

Bibliography . 241

Index

247

CREDITS

Typesetting and much of the production work for the book was
done by Margaret Graf. Proofreading, layout, and graphics work
were by the Graphics Art Department of Bowers & Merena Galler¬
ies, Inc., including Jane McCabe, Linda Heilig, Sarah Whitten-
French, and Jane Fernald. Photography was by Anne Hassin and
Cathy Dumont.

Thomas J. Becker, Dr. Richard A. Bagg, Ray Merena and Doreen
Richards helped with data and research information. Thanks also
to the United States Mint and the American Numismatic Society.

About the Author: Q. David Bowers, an owner (with Raymond
Merena) of Bowers and Merena Galleries, Inc., one of America's lead¬
ing rare coin dealerships, has been involved in the hobby for many
years. He served as president of the Professional Numismatists Guild
1977-1979 and is a recipient of the PNG's highest honor, the Found¬
er's Award. A life member (No. 336) of the American Numismatic
Association, he became a member of that organization's Board of
Governors in 1979, served as vice-president for the 1981-1983 term
and as president for the 1983-1985 term. His column, "Numismatic
Depth Study," has appeared in Coin World for many years and has
earned several "Best Columnist Awards" given by the Numismatic
Literary Guild. Another column, "Coins and Collectors," appears
monthly in The Numismatist. His by-line has appeared in all other
major numismatic publications, including Numismatic News, Coins
Magazine , and CoinAge. He has written the numismatic section of En¬
cyclopedia Americana. The author of over two dozen books and sever¬
al thousand articles, his writing has appeared in such diverse publi¬
cations as American Heritage , Reader's Digest , and Barron's. In 1976 he
received the Alumni Achievement Award from the College of Busi¬
ness Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, from which
he graduated earlier.

An Introduction to Collecting by

Design Types

Some Background

Collecting coins by design types is a fascinating numismatic pur¬
suit. By this method, instead of collecting a single series or special¬
ty by die varieties or mintmarks, a display is formed consisting of
one each of many different motifs. Thus, while the specialist in nickel
three-cent pieces desires one of each date and variety from the first
year of issue, 1865, to the last, 1889— a collection involving over two
dozen pieces— the type set collector is satisfied with just one to illus¬
trate the design in his set. It may be the first year of issue, 1865, or
it may be an interesting variety such as the 1887/6 overdate, or it may
be a rarity in the series— the 1877, for example. But, whatever piece
is selected, just one is needed to illustrate the type.

When I first began my professional numismatic activities in the
1950s, collecting by design types was not particularly popular. To
be sure, Wayte Raymond had his "National" album pages on the
market— pages which included a type set collection. However, by and
large the average collector of the day was concerned with putting
together a string of dates and mintmarks.

In that long-ago era, when prices for most coins were but a tiny
fraction of what they are today, it was indeed possible to collect In¬
dian and Lincoln cents, nickels from the Shield type through the
Liberty and Buffalo styles to the Jefferson era. Barber and Mercury
dimes, quarters of the Barber, Standing Liberty, and Washington de¬
signs, half dollars from the Barber type of the 1890s to date, and other
series. A prized rarity such as a 1909-S V.D.B. cent, a piece which
is certainly among the most famous of all American coins, was apt
to cost all of $20 in Uncirculated preservation. The prized 1856 Fly¬
ing Eagle cent, also a rarity, was a bit more expensive, but $300 would
take home a nice Proof example.

Uncirculated Barber half dollars of the 1892-1915 era cost $5 or so

The MCMVII (1907) High Relief $20 gold piece is considered by many
to be the most beautiful design type of any issue released in general
circulation. The work of noted sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, the
motif was created at the personal request of President Theodore
Roosevelt. Problems developed in striking the pieces up properly, so
after just 11,250 were made, the design was modified to a shallow re¬
lief format.

for a common date, while $10 to $12 would buy a beautiful Proof.
In those times, $10,000 to $20,000 could buy a truly remarkable and
quite comprehensive collection of United States coins, while even
the grandest holdings were not apt to be worth in excess of $100,000.
If you had told me in 1953 that a quarter century later, in the 1979-1981
era, I would be selling the Garrett Collection for The Johns Hopkins
University, and the collection would cross the auction block at $25
million, I would have dismissed the thought as the wildest fiction!

Throughout the 1950s, interest in coins intensified. Proof sets,
which could be ordered directly from the Mint for $2.10 each, be¬
came a popular investment, and anyone who ordered sets earlier
in the decade saw his money multiply several times over, a situa¬
tion which did not go unnoticed to latecomers— with the result that
by 1957 over one million sets were ordered, an all-time record. In¬
vestment interest spread to other areas as well. Particularly popular
were bank-wrapped rolls of cents, nickels, dimes and quarters dat¬
ing back to the 1930s. Morgan silver dollars, which were to become
popular in a later era, were not in the mainstream of numismatics.
Few people collected them.

Investment was not a new word to the hobby. Indeed, the pages
of the American Journal of Numismatics and other 19th century peri¬
odicals are sprinkled with comments concerning investment and
speculation. Then, as in later decades, coin sets and series went
through phases of popularity and market interest, with the result
that prices rose and fell. However, the trend line was upward.

In 1912, Wayte Raymond advertised in The Numismatist, official
journal of the American Numismatic Association, stating that invest¬
ment was a normal and desirable aspect of the pursuit of rare coins:

"COINS AS AN INVESTMENT. Many harsh words are said about
the collectors who interest themselves in a natural speculation as to
whether or not the coins they are buying today will appreciate in
value ten years from now. Numismatists of the old school tell us that
the true collector is not interested in any such appreciation in the
value of his collection but derives his entire profit and pleasure from
the coins while in his hands. We feel, however, that the average
American collector while he greatly enjoys his coins also feels very
pleased if on disposing of his collection he realizes a profit..."

The coin market continued to expand in the 1920s and 1930s, with
the 1930s in particular being a period of great growth, a fire fanned
by the flames of the commemorative boom of 1935-1936, the introduc¬
tion of Wayte Raymond's Standard Catalogue of United States Coins, the
advent of the popular Whitman "penny boards," and the initiation
of the Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine. The 1940s saw further growth,
spurred by postwar inflation and the advent in 1946 of A Guide Book
of United States Coins, a publication which would go on to be one

The Liberty Walking half dollar, produced from 1916 through 1947,
is a favorite with numismatists today. Shown above is one of the scarc¬
er issues toward the end of the coinage span: a 1938-D Adolph A. Wein¬
man, designer of the coin, also produced the Liberty Head or "
Mercury” dime introduced in 1916.

of the ten best-selling books ever produced.

Still, by the late 1950s, the field of numismatics was limited primar¬
ily to aficionados, those who for the most part took the subject seri¬
ously and were apt to spend some time each month reading the Nu¬
mismatic Scrapbook Magazine , The Numismatist , or a newspaper-style
periodical which made its debut in 1952: Numismatic News. Coin clubs
flourished, and a nice way to spend a Tuesday evening was to go
down to the local Elks Lodge and meet with a couple dozen others
who traded coins and exchanged stories.

In the meantime, prices continued their upward trend. Each year¬
ly issue of A Guide Book of United States Coins seemed to contain prices
higher than the previous one, sometimes sharply higher. Then in
1960 the floodgates opened. Coin collecting became a national pas¬
time. Coin World was launched by an Ohio newspaper publisher, and
within a few years its circulation surpassed the 150,000 mark! The
Philadelphia and Denver mints in 1960 each produced two varieties
of Lincoln cents, a Small Date issue and a Large Date issue. It so
happened that the 1960 Philadelphia Small Date coin was consid¬
ered scarce, even rare, at least in the context of other Lincoln cents
of the era. Within a few weeks of the discovery of the variety, a $50
bank bag of Philadelphia Small Date cents became worth over $10,000!
Here was a chanced to make a fortune. Time magazine picked up
the news, as did newspapers all across the country. Soon, thousands
of newcomers entered the field. While they may have started by buy¬
ing or finding a 1960 Small Date cent, they went on to discover Lib¬
erty Head nickels, $20 gold pieces, and other numismatic delights.

Prices multiplied and then multiplied again. By 1963, prices of a
decade earlier, 1953, seemed to be incredible bargains. For example,
an Uncirculated 1874 dime worth $9 in 1953, according to A Guide
Book of United States Coins , was worth $70 a decade later! A Proof 1942
half dollar, worth $3.50 in 1953, went to $23 in the next 10 years, while
the rare 1848 quarter eagle with CAL. counterstamped on the re¬
verse, a piece in Uncirculated condition, went from $275 in 1953 to
a mind-boggling $5,000 in 1963!

This record of investment success spurred even more interest, and
many entered the field of numismatics with investment in mind.
They were to be proven right, and just as 1953 prices seemed in¬
credibly low by the hindsight of 1963, by the late 1980s, the prices
of 1963 seemed to be incredibly, unbelievably cheap.

By the early 1960s, prices had risen to a point at which $20,000
would no longer build a fairly comprehensive collection of just about
everything from Indian cents through Franklin half dollars in Un¬
circulated or Proof condition. The increased number of collectors
caused the supply of coins to be spread widely and caused prices
to rise. As a dealer, the change was particularly evident to me. In

the 1950s, a client was apt to have a want list stating, for example,
that he had all of the Barber quarter dollars by date and mintmark
varieties, except for 1896-S, 1901-S, and 1913-S; that in the Barber
half dollar series he needed just the mintmark varieties of 1896 and
1897 plus the 1901-S; and that all he needed to fill out his set of Un¬
circulated Liberty Walking halves was a decent 1921-S. By a decade
later, 1963, few people were collecting Barber coins by date and mint
varieties. Even Indian cents, which in 1953 were one of the most
popular collecting disciplines ever, were fading in popularity. Rath¬
er, the typical numismatist settled down to collect just two or three
series. He might pick Mercury dimes. Standing Liberty quarters, or
Washington quarters, and, even so, it would cost more money to com¬
plete these series than it would to have completed a far larger col¬
lection ten years earlier.

Realizing that it was no longer feasible for the average person to
collect one of everything, in my advertisements I began telling of the
virtues of collecting by designs. Around the same time, the Coin &
Currency Institute, managed by Robert Friedberg, put on the mar¬
ket its Library of Coins albums, which included albums for collect¬
ing by design types. Soon, the Library of Coins albums, which were
packaged in book form (unlike the looseleaf binder and separate page
format of the earlier Raymond “National" pages), achieved a com¬
fortable niche in the marketplace. Collecting by design types, once
the province of relatively few collectors, came to the forefront. Coins
which were not great rarities in absolute terms, but which were
desirable for inclusion in type sets, were bathed in an intense spot-
light. An excellent example is the 1796 quarter dollar, the first year
of issue of that denomination. As quarter dollars go, the 1796 is not
a fantastic rarity. There are at least several hundred of them in nu¬
mismatic circulation, of which quite a few dozen can be called Un¬
circulated. Considerably rarer are high-grade examples of such quar¬
ter dollars as 1849-0, 1870-CC, 1871-CC, and 1872-CC. However, only
the specialist in quarter dollars by date and mintmark desires these
mintmark varieties. On the other hand, anyone aspiring to collect
a complete set of United States coins by design type must have a
1796 quarter, for it was the only year in which the Draped Bust ob¬
verse design was produced in combination with the Small Eagle re¬
verse. The demand is thus double. The relatively few specialists in
quarter dollars by date sequence need a 1796, but a far greater mar¬
ket is represented by collectors aspiring to own a 1796 for a type set
collection.

Among gold coins the situation of the 1808 quarter eagle is some¬
what similar. This is the only year that its particular design was
produced. So, anyone wanting a complete type set of United States
gold coins must buy an 1808 to illustrate the Capped Bust to Left

variety on a large-size planchet. Thus, a great demand is placed upon
the relatively small supply. On the other hand, the Coronet or Lib¬
erty Head type quarter eagle was minted from 1840 through 1907,
so the type set collector has his pick of many dozens of different var¬
ieties, some of which are relatively common.

Building a Type Set

Type sets, like cats, come in many different varieties. There is no
such thing as an "official" type set or "standard" type set. One nu¬
mismatist may desire to collect one each of the different design types
produced of copper, nickel, and silver coins of the 20th century, while
another may desire to include gold coins as well. Still another nu¬
mismatist may reach back into the last century and collect designs
from 1850 to date. Another collector may go all the way and start
with the first federal coinage produced at the Philadephia Mint in
1793, and continue forward from that point. Still another possibility
is to collect by metals— a type set of gold coins, or a type set of cop¬
per coins.

Basically, a type set consists of one example of each major design.
For example, among small-diameter American one-cent pieces, there
are 10 major designs from the first issue of 1856 to the present day.
They are:

1. The Flying Eagle cent produced in pattern form in 1856 and in
quantity for circulation in 1857 and 1858.

2. The 1859 Indian Cent, bearing on the obverse an Indian motif
and on the reverse an laurel wreath. The laurel wreath motif was
used only this one year.

3. The 1860-1864 Indian cent struck in copper-nickel alloy, similar
to the 1859 Indian cent but with a new reverse design embodying
an oak wreath.

4. The Indian cent style from 1864 to 1909 struck on a thin bronze
planchet.

5. The first Lincoln cent design produced in 1909 and bearing on
the reverse the initials V.D.B., for the engraver, Victor David Brenner.

6. The Lincoln cent style produced from late 1909 through 1958,
with the reverse similar to the preceding but without the V.D.B.

7. The 1943 Lincoln cent produced in zinc-coated steel.

8. The Lincoln cent style of 1944 through 1946, produced from melt¬
ed cartridge cases and of a slightly different alloy.

9. Lincoln cents of the 1959-1982 years, struck in bronze, with the
Lincoln Memorial reverse style.

10. Lincoln cents from 1982 to date, Lincoln Memorial reverse,
produced from copper-coated zinc.

The preceding list can be modified. For example, among the fourth

type of cent, the Indian cent struck on a thin bronze planchet from
1864 through 1909, there are some sub-varieties. Some 1864 issues
lack the initial L on the ribbon of the headdress of the Indian and
can be considered a separate minor type. Later, in 1886, the obverse
was changed slightly, so that on Indian cents from early years
through 1886 the last feather of the headdress points between the
I and C of AMERICA, whereas certain later 1886 cents and all others
through 1909 have the same feather pointing between the C and the
A. So, in this illustration, instead of having one variety of Indian
cent to illustrate the 1864-1909 thin bronze planchet style, one could
have three pieces as follows: 1864 without L on ribbon, 1864 through
1886 with L on ribbon but with last feather of the headdress point¬
ing between the I and C of AMERICA, and the variety from 1886
through 1909 with L on ribbon and with the last feather of the head¬
dress pointing between the C and the A.

Conversely, one could simplify my suggested list of 10 major vari¬
eties. You can take the position that the eighth item in my list, the
Lincoln cent variety made of a slightly different alloy from 1944
through 1946, is not all that significant, and that it would not have
to be included, for it is of the same design as all other cents of the
1909-1958 era (No. 6 in the preceding list).

The point of this is that building a type set is a personal endeavor.
You can customize a type set as you wish.

While most numismatists seek to include any example of a design
type, others have set different requirements. Occasionally a client
will aspire to include the first year of issue in each instance. By this
method, the nickel three-cent piece in the set would be represented
by the first year of issue, 1865, the Liberty Walking half dollar would
be represented by the first year of issue, 1916, the Morgan silver dol¬
lar would be represented by 1878, and so on.

One memorable client decided to include a major rarity to illus¬
trate the type, certainly not the best way to collect economically, but
he had elegant taste and a checkbook balance to match. Thus, to
illustrate the Shield nickel style of 1867 through 1883, without rays
on the reverse, he picked not a relatively common issue such as an
1882 or 1883, but, rather, the scarcest variety in that span, the highly-
prized 1877. To illustrate the Mercury dime series from 1916 through
1945 he picked— you guessed it— an Uncirculated 1916-D! The result
was a type set worth a king's ransom, or at least that of a prince—
and one which attracted attention wherever it was displayed.

Still another acquaintance put together a set of different design
types of coins produced only at the Denver Mint. Another numis¬
matist did the same thing for Carson City. Still another endeavored

In 1883 a new type of nickel five-cent piece appeared, the Liberty
Head style, modeled, it was said, after the goddess Diana. This clas¬
sical motif continued in use for circulating coinage through 1912. The
very first 1883 issues omitted the word CENTS on the reverse — the style
shown above. This error was recognized, and the reverse was subse¬
quently redesigned.

Vi’i

to include the last year of issue of each design, an interesting coun¬
terfoil to the more common practice of including the first.

What grades should I buy? The answer to this admits many differ¬
ent possibilities. In general, the prices of modern coins are such that
designs from 1950 to date can be readily obtained in Uncirculated
and Proof state. Issues of the early 20th century can be collected in
grades from Extremely Fine upward, depending upon how much
you want to pay. The same goes for pieces minted in the late 19th
century. Coins produced from 1793 through about 1840 are typically
collected in higher circulated grades. Fine to Extremely Fine or AU.
A nice Extremely Fine or AU piece has the advantage that it displays
all of the design detail, nearly all of the sharpness, and is almost
as appealing as an Uncirculated piece, but in the marketplace it is
apt to cost just a tiny fraction of the price of a higher condition coin.
Again, one s checkbook balance is a factor. However, even if you could
afford it, it is exceedingly unlikely that a complete type set of Unit¬
ed States coins in Choice Uncirculated grade could be put together
in your lifetime. No matter how much money you had at your dis¬
posal, you might be stymied when it comes to obtaining superb
pieces of certain early types.

Probably the best way to begin a type set of United States coins
is to start with issues of the 20th century. By doing this, you can
gam a feeling and appreciation for the subject, you can study and
read about many different pieces, and you will then gain the knowl¬
edge to be able to better choose coins from an earlier era, if you later
decide to expand. At the start, I suggest acquiring 20th century pieces
in the various alloys of copper, nickel, and silver. From that point,
you can expand to 19th century pieces or, you can increase the
breadth of your collection by adding gold.

As a point of information, technically the 20th century started on
January 1, 1901. The year 1900 was the last year of the 19th century.
In practice, most numismatists overlook this distinction, and if you
show someone a 1900 half dollar, they will probably tell you it is a
"20th century coin." Similarly, when the year 1900 arrived on the
American scene, celebrations were held for the "new century." I have
every expectation that when the year 2000 rolls around there will
be a lot of merrymaking all over the world-few people will want
to wait for the proper year, which is 2001.

A Logical Way to Collect

In 1985, Tom Becker, who has long maintained his post as the senior
numismatist at Bowers and Merena Galleries, Ray Merena, and I were
iscussing the popularity by collecting by design types. One of the
obstacles placed in the way of collectors, we determined, was the

lack of availability of holders which permitted one to assemble United
States coins by design types in a logical fashion. After quite a bit of
thinking and planning, we came up with what was eventually billed
as the "Kingswood Series" of custom-made, gold-imprinted holders,
which made its debut later in the same year. Following the initial
announcement, Tom was overwhelmed with orders, and it was sever¬
al months until he could catch up! None of us had any idea the de¬
mand would be so great.

The present text is not intended to be a sales presentation for the
"Kingswood Series" holders for these holders have literally sold
themselves. Rather, it is to illustrate what I consider to be a logical
way to collect a type set. You may disagree and may want to take
advantage of any one of the other fine holder formats available in
the market, or you may want to keep your coins in individual holders,
in plastic envelopes, or some other way. This, of course, is up to you.
However, as the "Kingswood Series" concept has proved so popu¬
lar and, as noted, seems to be quite logical in its inception, I discuss
it here.

The "Kingswood Series" holders trace the progress of coin designs
as they actually appeared on the American scene. For example, the earli¬
est holder in the series, designated as KW-1, contains design types
of United States coins introduced during the 1793-1799 years. The
Draped Bust large cent, for example, first made its appearance in
1796 but was continued through 1807. Thus, this type is found in
holder KW-1, which covers new issues from 1793 to 1799 inclusive.
There is no opening for the Draped Bust large cent in the second
holder, KW-2, for the second holder covers the 1800-1830 time span,
by which time the Draped Bust cent was already a familiar design.
However, the opening for the Draped Bust cent in the KW-1 holder
notes that the design was produced from 1796 through 1807. To reiter¬
ate, in the "Kingswood Series" holders each design type appears
in the holder covering the year in which it was introduced. To my way
of thinking, this is more meaningful than including the coin twice
or putting it in a later holder.

By means of the "Kingswood Series" holders, one can acquire a
series of holders covering different time spans. Each holder is a com¬
plete display on its own and can stand all by itself.

One of the prime advantages of building a type set is that you will
become acquainted with many different series covering a wide vari¬
ety of designs and eras. Each coin is different, each has its own sto¬
ry to tell— and often the stories are fascinating. While the following
text describes and illustrates major designs in the American series,

I recommend that you go beyond what I have noted and study in
detail any designs that are particularly fascinating to you. For exam¬
ple, the $10 and $20 coinage of Augustus Saint-Gaudens could form

A "Kmgswood" plastic display holder for United States coinage de¬
signs, new copper and silver issues introduced during the 1793-1799
years, times of growth and experimentation at the new Philadelphia
Mint. In addition to the "Kingswood" style holder shown above, a

number of other desirable brands and configurations are available in
the marketplace.

UNITED STATES COINAGE DESIGNS
NEW ISSUES - COPPER AND SILVER
1800-1830

HALF CENTS

DRAPED BUST
1800-1808

CLASSIC HEAD
1809-1836

CENTS

MATRON HEAD
18164837

1808-1814

HALF DIMES

HERALDIC EAGLE
1800-1805

CAPPED BUST
1829-1837

DIMES

CAPPED BUST-LARCE CAPPED BUST-SMALL
18094827 1828-1837

QUARTERS

HERALDIC EAGLE CAPPED BUST-LARGE
1804-1807 1815-1828

HALF DOLLARS

CAPPED BUST
1807-1836

HERALDIC EAGLE
1801-1807

BOVVERS AND MERENA
"KINCSWOOD"

A "Kingswood" holder for new copper and silver coin designs in¬
troduced during the 1800-1830 span. No great rarities are featured, but
the half dime type of 1800-1805 is quite scarce.

a fascinating chapter in itself. Similarly, the Morgan silver dollar, cer¬
tainly one of the most popular of all coins in numismatics today,
could form the subject of a detailed book— as indeed it has on sever¬
al occasions. It could be that the acquisition of a particular coin for
your type set will open the gate to forming a specialized variety col¬
lection of a given series. Few collectors endeavor over a period of
time to acquire just one set. A number of numismatists who have
beautiful type sets also have specialized collections of certain series,
such as a set of Mercury dimes, a collection of 1793-1857 large cents
by die varieties, a date collection of Liberty Walking half dollars, or
another area of interest.

A good magnifying glass of medium power is your passport to
many discoveries, and in connection with assembling a set I strong¬
ly recommend that you spend at least several minutes— if not
longer— studying each coin. Observe the lettering, the motifs on the
obverse and reverse, how the designs were made, and anything else
that crosses your field of vision. Then, with the coin in your hand
or nearby, read about it. \bu will find that 1 plus 1, rather than equa¬
ling 2, may equal 3 or 4. That is, owning a coin provides some de¬
gree of satisfaction, and reading about a coin also provides a degree
of satisfaction, but the combination of owning a piece and reading
about it at the same time provides a much greater combined degree
of pleasure!

Additional Notes

The following pages outline United States coins by design types.
Each issue is illustrated, its technical aspects are given, and a dis¬
cussion of it then follows. The designers of various early issues, par¬
ticularly coins of the years from 1793 through the 1830s, are identi¬
fied based upon research done by Don Taxay, Walter Breen, Robert
W. Julian and others. In some instances, the attributions are so-called
"educated guesses," for during the very early stages of the Philadel¬
phia Mint's operation, few records were kept on design and artistic
matters.

The diameters given for various pieces are fairly standard after the
introduction of steam-powered coinage presses (beginning at the
Philadelphia Mint in 1836), but among earlier pieces there are many
variations. Thus, among 1793-1796 large cents of the Liberty Cap mo¬
tif, for example, there may be a difference of a millimeter or two or
three among examples actually measured. Similarly, dimes of the
late 1820s and early 1830s vary in diameter from issue to issue. Oth¬
er examples could be cited.

The mintage figures given are taken from various sources listed
in the bibliography of the present book. In some instances, particu-

larly among earlier pieces, such figures are estimates. And, in even
more instances, there is a strong possibility that the mintage figures
for a given year or type do not necessarily represent pieces exclu¬
sively dated within the time span indicated. For example, the gold
quarter eagle of 1808 is listed as having a mintage of 2,710 pieces,
based upon figures kept by the Mint at the time. However, during
the early years the Mint kept figures on a fiscal year basis, running
from the summer of one year to the summer of another year, rather
than on a calendar year basis. Further, it was the practice to keep
earlier-dated dies on hand until they broke, wore out, or until a ma¬
jor change was made in the design. Thus it is entirely possible that
the 2,710 quarter eagles believed to have been minted with the 1808
date may represent some pieces dated earlier and produced from
leftover dies.

On the other hand, the mintage figure of 6,146 pieces coined of
the 1796 quarter dollar is probably accurate, for this represents the
first year of issue— so no earlier pieces could be included in that fig¬
ure. No other quarter dollar dies were made until 1804, thus the year
1796, representing a distinct design type, is isolated in time.

Mintage figures given for Proof coins represent the number of
pieces struck , which may differ from the number of pieces actually
distributed. For example, it is known that among Proof gold coins of
the 1860-1900 years, many pieces were unsold and were later melt¬
ed or placed into circulation. Thus, such Proofs are considerably rarer
than the mintage figures indicate. In other instances, mintage figures
seem to be grossly erroneous. For example, it is reported that 682
Matte Proof specimens were struck of the 1910 quarter eagle, a fig¬
ure which is over double that of any other Proof quarter eagle and
over triple that of most others of the 1908-1915 span. And yet, sur¬
veys of auction appearances and private transactions show that 1910
quarter eagles do not appear significantly more often than other quar¬
ter eagles of the era— such as 1908 (236 Proofs reported minted), 1909
(139 Proofs), or 1911 (191 Proofs).

Proof sets were first sold to the public in 1858, during which year
approximately 80 silver sets and a substantially larger number of in¬
dividual copper-nickel Flying Eagle cents were produced. Proof mint¬
age figures for silver and gold coins are published in A Guide Book
of United States Coins and elsewhere for most issues from 1858 on¬
ward. However, Proof mintages of smaller denominations— cents,
two-cent pieces, nickel three-cent pieces and nickel five-cent pieces—
are guesswork prior to about 1878. Complicating the situation is the
fact that restrikes were made of certain Proof issues, particularly early
key dates (such as the 1858 Liberty Seated dollar). And, for Proofs
of all types minted before 1858, the quantities produced can only be
estimated.

Thus, the disparity in certain instances between a high number
of Proofs produced and a lower number of Proofs actually distribut¬
ed (such as among 1860-1900 gold coins, as earlier noted), the occa¬
sional situation of restriking, the lack of precise Proof mintage figures
for certain coinage areas, and the inaccuracy of other figures (such
as the previously-mentioned 1910 quarter eagle) result in the com¬
pilation of Proof totals being an estimate or approximation. The to¬
tals are valuable, however, in a relative sense. In general, a type coin
struck in the same metal, and from the same historical era, is availa¬
ble in Proof grade in proportion to the mintage figures; that is, a
design of which just 1,500 Proofs were minted is about three times
rarer than a contemporary type of which 4,500 Proofs were struck.

Proofs, having been made especially for collectors, were sold at
a premium and were for the most part preserved over the years. Al¬
though many have fallen victim to mishandling, loss, spending for
face value, and, in particular, cleaning, still most Proofs survive to¬
day. Although no certain determination can ever be made, it is prob¬
ably accurate to say that, for example, of Proof silver coins minted
during the 1860-1870 decade, perhaps 50 or 60% survive today, and
of this percentage possibly 10% to 20% exist in relatively unimpaired
condition. As we go forward in time, the survival rate increases. Of
Proof silver coins minted during the 1900-1910 decade, probably 60
to 70 percent survive, including perhaps 15% to 25% in unimpaired
condition. Moving ahead to the 1950-1960 decade, probably 90% or
more of all Proof coins minted during that time still survive, with
50% or more being unimpaired. Among Proof coins of the past few
years, nearly all survive as issued.

On the other hand, the survival of early Uncirculated or business
strike pieces is a matter of chance. From the 1930s onward, most new
issues were saved in quantities by collectors, dealers, and specula¬
tors, so with relatively few exceptions (such as the 1936-D quarter),
examples are relatively easily acquired. Among earlier pieces the sit¬
uation is far different. The only pre-1900 regular issue United States
coins readily available in Uncirculated grades are Morgan silver dol¬
lars of many different dates — due to the Treasury policy of hoarding
them at the time of issue-and the 1883 without CENTS Liberty head
nickel, for the latter issue was hoarded by the public because of the
Mint's mistake in the design.

There are numerous 19th century coins which are readily availa¬
ble in circulated grades such as Fine through AU but which are great
rarities in superb Uncirculated state. Examples abound, particularly
in the field of gold coins. Try, for example, to obtain a superb Uncir¬
culated $20 double eagle of the 1850-1866 era, or of the second type
in the double eagle series, the style minted from 1866 through 1876,
and the search may take many years. Or, try to locate a superb Un-

circulated Liberty Seated silver dollar of the 1840-1865 style. It won't
be easy. For many 19th century type coins. Proofs are far more avail¬
able than are top-echelon Uncirculated coins.

Dr. William H. Sheldon, in his Penny Whimsy book on 1793-1814
large cents, stated that the completion of a set of large cents in per¬
fect or MS-70 grade was impossible, which, of course, it is. He likened
the situation to a golfer expecting to make the round of 18 holes in
just 18 strokes. Theoretically it could happen, but practically no one
has come even remotely close to doing it. So it is with forming a
type set of United States coins. Among the early issues, perfection
or near perfection is not possible. Even Extremely Fine and AU ex¬
amples are elusive for many design types. This, perhaps, is precise¬
ly as it should be— for it wouldn't be much fun if one could simply
write out a check and acquire in one fell swoop a complete type set
of United States coins from 1793 to date, in Uncirculated or Proof
grade. Going back to Dr. Sheldon's golfing example, if pursuers of
that sport routinely went around the course in 18 strokes, interest
would have died long ago— and golf would no longer be popular.
In coins, as in other pursuits, the thrill of the chase is a large part
of the enjoyment derived. Whereas a type set of coin designs from
recent decades can be completed in relatively short notice, a top-
grade Uncirculated and Proof type set of American coin designs of
the early part of the present century will be a challenge and may
require many months of looking, even if one has the money to in¬
stantly buy any coin wanted. A completion of earlier areas of your
type set will likewise be a challenge, with the length of time for com¬
pletion being dependent upon the grade objectives selected. No mat¬
ter what grades are picked, even low grades for some of the rarities,
it will take a long time to find coins with attractive surfaces, pleas¬
ing overall appearance, and other characteristics which make each
item "just right" for your display.

I recommend that in addition to acquiring coins for your type set
and reading numismatic books of interest (the bibliography gives some
suggestions in this regard), you seek out some general American his¬
tory books. When I see a 1906 Barber half dollar, for example, I can
also conjure in my mind a vision of America at that time— the nov¬
elty of the automobile, the omnipresence of horses and horse-drawn
vehicles on the American scene, the beginnings of the airplane, The¬
odore Roosevelt in the White House, and many more things. Simi¬
larly, a coin of 1864 can evoke thoughts of the Civil War, the conflict
between the North and the South, thoughts of Jefferson Davis and
Abraham Lincoln, and so on. Coins are the footprints of history, it
has been said, and to study coins alone— without appreciating their
history— is to get just part of the picture.

Read the following text, go beyond this book to investigate numis-
matically any particular design types that pique your interest, and
then relate these pieces to contemporary American history. Do these
things, and a glorious collecting experience awaits you! And, more
good news: in the past, a carefully-formed type set, gathered over
a period of years and held as a long-term investment, has typically
outperformed just about any other investment medium you care to
name. History has a way of repeating itself, and in numismatics, to¬
day's market price has a way of being tomorrow's bargain. While the
future is unknown, the outlook seems favorable that coins will con¬
tinue their excellent investment record. There you have it: a fascinat¬
ing collecting pursuit combined with what may be an excellent in¬
vestment potential. Multiple pleasures await you!

Chapter 2

New Issues

COPPER AND SILVER 1793-1799

The years from 1793 through 1799 saw the advent of 16 different
design types among copper and silver denominations. Included in
a type set containing these are some of the most desirable and rare
examples of our nation's numismatic heritage.

After much deliberation and several false starts, the government
acquired buildings in Philadelphia in 1792 and set about establish¬
ing a native mint. Toward the end of the year, patterns were produced
of several types, including the 1792 Silver Center cent, the curious
and rare Birch cent, the silver half disme (believed to have been struck
off the premises in a nearby location, for the Mint facilities were not
quite ready), the disme, and the enigmatic eagle-on-globe piece, be¬
lieved to be either a cent or a quarter.

The following year, 1793, marked the appearance of the first cir¬
culating coins produced in large numbers, the half cent and three
major types of large cents. At the outset, only copper coins were
produced, for certain mint officials had not been able to meet the
monetary surety or bond required before precious metal production
could ensue. This difficulty was overcome, and in 1794 the first sil¬
ver denominations, consisting of the half dime, half dollar, and dol¬
lar, were produced, to be followed in 1796 by the dime and quarter.

A copper and silver type set of this era includes a number of ma¬
jor scarcities and rarities. Notable among them are the 1793 half cent,
a coin rare in all grades, the famous 1793 Chain and Wreath cents,
the 1796 quarter, and, in particular, the 1796-1797 style half dollar.
Each one of these is quite important in its own right.

During the 1793-1799 years there was virtually no interest in numis¬
matics in America. As a result, new specimens of the coinage were
not set aside as they were issued. The survival of higher grade pieces
is thus a matter of chance. In the early 1960s, numismatists were
startled when the estate of Lord St. Oswald crossed the auction block
in London. It seems that this otherwise forgotten English gentleman

The Liberty Cap motif was used on cents from 1793-1796 (the variety
shown above is Sheldon No. 22 of 1794). The same motif, with Miss
Liberty facing to the right, was used on half cents from 1794 through
1797. All dies of the era were finished by hand, with the result that
numerous interesting variations can be studied and collected today.

The Draped Bust motif, shown above on a large cent of 1798, was
a popular motif across the copper and silver coinage spectrum. The
portrait is said to have been suggested by artist Gilbert Stuart and first
appeared on certain varieties of 1795 silver dollars.

The Rowing Hair motif, as employed on the 1795 silver dollar shown
above, was a popular design and was used on half dimes, half dol¬
lars, and dollars of the 1794-1795 years. The reverse displays the so-called
“Small Eagle."

visited the United States in 1795 and stopped by at the Philadelphia
Mint, securing specimens of cents, half dollars, dollars, and other
pieces as souvenirs. Included in the treasure trove dispersed at auc¬
tion were two Uncirculated 1794 dollars, believed to be the finest sur¬
viving examples.

Occasionally examples of 1796 and 1797 cents in Uncirculated grade
are encountered, perhaps remnants from the so-called Nichols
Hoard, discussed at length in Dr. William H. Sheldon's Penny Whimsy
book. Typically, these have glossy brown or reddish-brown surfaces
and are quite attractive. A number of 1796 quarter dollars in Uncir¬
culated condition, many with prooflike surfaces, still exist. In the
early 1940s, Abe Kosoff reported viewing many dozens of these,
pieces owned by James G. Macallister, an old-time Philadelphia deal¬
er. Where these went, no one knows, and it is doubtful if many of
the pieces in the hoard can be tracked down today.

Several designs recur among coins of the 1793 to 1799 years. The
1793 Chain and Wreath cent designs are distinctive and were not used
on other denominations, but the head of Miss Liberty with a Liber¬
ty Cap behind was used on the half cent of 1793 and, facing in the
opposite direction (right instead of left), on large cents from 1793
through 1796. The Liberty Cap motif, the symbol of freedom der¬
ived from the cap given to slaves freed in ancient times, occurs over
a long period in American numismatics, particularly as part of the
Liberty Seated design used on silver coinage of the 1837-1891 span.
Interestingly, Frank Gasparro, chief engraver of the Philadelphia
Mint, proposed a revival of the Liberty Cap design, quite similar to
that used on early cents and half cents, when Congress proposed
issuing a new metallic dollar in the late 1970s. However, the pres¬
sure of special interests prevailed, and the liberty cap design was
not to be. Instead, the Susan B. Anthony dollar was created. The
more things change, the more they are the same, it has been said,
and numerous other instances can be cited of early designs or mo¬
tifs being resurrected in later years. The Heraldic Eagle design, used
on silver dollars beginning in 1798, was also used, in modified form,
as the reverse of the Kennedy half dollar, which was first produced
in 1964. Actually, the Heraldic Eagle motif is simply an adaptation
of the Great Seal of the United States.

Half dimes, half dollars, and silver dollars of 1794 and 1795 are
found with the so-called Flowing Hair motif. Each features an at¬
tractively styled head of Miss Liberty facing to the right, flowing tress¬
es behind, with the word LIBERTY above, stars to the left and right,
and the date below.

The Draped Bust design, said to have been modeled from a sketch
by artist Gilbert Stuart, is found on coinage beginning with the sil¬
ver dollar of 1795, expanding to the cent, half dime, dime, quarter.

The Heraldic Eagle motif was used on various silver and gold coins
during the turn of the 19th century, with the 1799/8 overdate silver dol¬
lar shown above being but one of many pieces employing the style,
which was an adaptation of the Great Seal of the United States.

and half dollar of 1796. Curiously, the motif was not used on the
half cent until later, in 1800.

The wreath was employed as part of the reverse design of most
coinage of the 1793-1799 years, with the 1793 Chain reverse cent be¬
ing a notable exception. Half cents and large cents have the denomi¬
nation within the wreath and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
around the outside border, while the silver denominations have an
eagle at the center. Early versions are designated as the Small Eagle
design and feature a bird with thin wings perched on a cloud. This
was followed by the Heraldic Eagle motif, which was an adaptation
of the Great Seal of the United States, as noted.

The edges of half cents from 1793 through part of 1795 are lettered
TWO HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR, a feature intended to furnish
useful information and also to deter clipping or edge filing. Many
Liberty Cap cents of the era have edge lettering, as do all half dol¬
lars and silver dollars. The half dime, dime, and quarter were deemed
to be too thin for edge lettering to be placed on the coin or to be
read properly.

During the cradle days of the Philadelphia Mint, the 1793 through
1799 years discussed here, relatively few coins were produced in com¬
parison to the number of pieces needed for circulation. So, the chan¬
nels of commerce were filled with coins struck elsewhere. British cop¬
per coins were in abundance, as were numerous coppers produced
by Connecticut, New Jersey, Vermont, Massachusetts, and other en¬
tities. Silver coins were apt to be Spanish-American types, the silver-
dollar size eight-real pieces of Mexico and southward, and their frac¬
tional parts such as the four re ales, two reales, and one real. These
fractional pieces were referred to as "bits." Hence, a two-real coin,
equal in value to a quarter dollar, was familiarly known as "two bits,"
a term which still survives in the English language. It was not until
1857 that Congress felt that enough United States coins had been
produced that foreign coins should no longer be legal tender. If you
were to have entered a tavern in the year 1796, for example, the
chances are that a handful of pocket change, upon inspection, would
have contained very few Philadelphia Mint coins. It took a decade
or two until enough pieces were in circulation that they were en¬
countered in everyday transactions.

HALF CENT

1793 Liberty Cap Facing Left

Issue Date: 1793
Composition: Copper
Diameter: 21.2 to 24.6 mm
Weight: 104 grains

Edge: Lettered TWO HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR.

Business strike mintage: 35,334
Proof mintage: None

The obverse of the design portrays Miss Liberty, with features en¬
graved in detail, facing to the viewer's left, with a liberty cap on a
pole behind her head. The word LIBERTY is above, and the date
1793 is below. A circle of beads is around the outer edge. The re¬
verse consists of a wreath with leaves and berries, open at the top,
and tied with a bow below. The denomination HALF CENTS is at
the center, while UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and the fraction
1/200 comprises the border. A circle of beads is at the rim. Several
die varieties were produced.

1793 half cents were coined in late spring or summer of the year,
using a design adapted from the famous Libertas Americana medal
issued in France. Walter Breen suggests that Robert Birch and Adam
Eckfeldt produced the reverse dies, while Birch cut the obverse. The
first delivery of struck pieces is said to have occurred on July 20, 1793.

Typically encountered 1793 half cents are apt to show extensive
wear, with Fair, Good and Very Good examples representing the
majority. Fine pieces are rare, Very Fine coins are rarer still, and pieces
meriting the Extremely Fine or About Uncirculated designation are
seldom met with. Occasionally an Uncirculated piece crosses the auc¬
tion block. Many examples of 1793 half cents in grades from Fair
through Fine show the words HALF CENT on the reverse weakly.
Only a few hundred 1793 half cents survive today. The coin is scarce
in all grades and is considered to be a key issue.

HALF CENT

1794-1797 Liberty Cap Facing Right

Weight: 104 grains (thick planchet) 84 grains (thin planchet)

Edge: Lettered TWO HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR; some plain
Business strike mintage: 359,529
Proof mintage: None

Half cents of the 1794-1797 years depict on the obverse Miss Liber¬
ty facing to the viewer's right, with LIBERTY above and the date be¬
low. Behind her flowing hair is a liberty cap on a pole. The edge is
a series of denticles or indentations; the beaded border of 1793 had
been discontinued. The reverse is similar in concept to 1793 except
for the denticulated border. Although issues of 1794-1797 are com¬
monly grouped together as a single type, in actuality half cents of
1794 have a larger head of Miss Liberty, while those of 1795 through
1797 have a delicate cameo-like head in a more open field area.

In general, pieces dated 1794 are rare in grades of Extremely Fine
or better, while pieces dated 1795 can be acquired in Extremely Fine,
About Uncirculated, or even Uncirculated grade, although an Un¬
circulated specimen may require several years of searching. The half
cents of 1794 are apt to have rough surfaces, often with dark color
or granularity. On the other hand, smooth, light brown surfaces are
characteristic of 1795 through 1797.

All 1794 cents have lettered edges, as do certain 1795 issues and
a few minted in 1797. The rest have plain edges.

A popular condition objective for this style is Fine to Very Fine.
Such pieces are sharp enough to show the details, yet they are priced
much less than higher grades. Good or Very Good pieces, if careful¬
ly selected, can be quite attractive and desirable.

CENT

1793 Chain Reverse

Designed by: Henry Voigt
Issue date: 1793
Composition: Copper
Diameter: Average 26 to 27 mm
Weight: 208 grains
Edge: Vine and bars design
Business strike mintage: 36,103
Proof mintage: None

This, the first American cent made for general circulation, depicts
on the obverse Miss Liberty facing right, with LIBERTY above and
the date 1793 below. The reverse illustrates a link chain motif at the
center, enclosing ONE CENT and the fraction 1/100, while at the out¬
er border is UNITED STATES OF AMERI. on the first variety mint¬
ed (Sheldon die variety No. 1) and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
on others. The border consists of a rim without beads or denticles.

Appearing early in the year, the "Chain cent" evoked unfavorable
criticism, with one newspaper report stating that Miss Liberty ap¬
peared to be in a fright" and that the chain motif on the reverse
was but a ill omen for a country which had recently secured its free¬
dom (from England). The criticism was heeded, and before long the
Chain design was discontinued.

Specimens today are scarce in all grades. The obverse design de¬
tails were lightly cut into the dies, and the result is that only the
highest grade pieces are apt to show well defined strands of Miss
Liberty s hair in the central portions. It is often the case that the ob¬
verse of a given piece will be a grade or two less than the reverse.
Examples are most frequently seen in lower grades, from Fair through
Good to Very Good. Fine to Very Fine pieces are elusive, while ex¬
amples in Extremely Fine or better preservation are very rare.

CENT

1793 Wreath Reverse

Edge: Vine and bars design, or lettered ONE HUNDRED FOR
A DOLLAR

Business strike mintage: 63,353
Proof mintage: None

The second major design in the cent series is the so-called Wreath
style. The obverse was redesigned from the earlier motif and now
features Miss Liberty in higher relief, with the hair details more pro¬
nounced, LIBERTY above her head, the date 1793 below, and above
the date a sprig or leaf design. The reverse consists of an open wreath
tied with a bow at the bottom, enclosing ONE CENT, with UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA and the fraction 1/100 surrounding. Both ob¬
verse and reverse are protected by a high rim with a bead design
between the rim and the field.

The Wreath style is the most often seen variety of 1793, although
examples in all grades are scarce. A number of different die varie¬
ties were produced, some of which have a vine and bars design on
the edge and others of which are lettered ONE HUNDRED FOR A
DOLLAR. Examples can be found in all grades, in Fair through Un¬
circulated, although pieces in Extremely Fine or better preservation
are seldom met with. During this period, the Mint acquired copper
from many different sources, with the result that the surfaces of early
half cents and cents are apt to vary considerably, even on higher grade
pieces. More often than not, the fields of a piece show porosity or
graininess.

CENT

1793-1796 Liberty Cap

Weight: 208 grains (thick planchet), 168 grains (thin planchet)

Edge: Early pieces lettered ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR;

the later pieces have plain edges
Business strike mintage: 1,577,902
Proof mintage: None

The Liberty Cap motif made its appearance late in 1793 and was
continued through 1796. The design was later (1794-1797) used on
half cents. The motif features Miss Liberty facing to the right, a lib¬
erty cap on pole behind her head, LIBERTY above, and the date be¬
low. The reverse displays an open wreath enclosing ONE CENT, with
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and the fraction 1/100 surround-
ing. 1793 Liberty Cap cents have a beaded border, while those dat¬
ed from 1794 through 1796 have denticles. The edges of 1793, 1794,
and some 1795 pieces are lettered ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOL¬
LAR, while later issues have a plain edge. Dozens of different die
varieties were produced of this motif from 1793 through 1796, with
the result that there are many possibilities from which the collector
can choose. The numismatist seeking simply a design type in grades
from Good through Fine can select from pieces of the 1794, 1795,
or 1796 dates, for 1793 Liberty Cap cents are much rarer and more
expensive. In higher grades. Extremely Fine to Uncirculated, pieces
dated 1795 are more readily available than those dated 1794 or 1796,
with 1796 cents closely following. The sharpness of strike, planchet
quality, and surface characteristics vary widely among cents of this
style, so some searching may be needed to find one that is "just
right."

CENT

1796-1807 Draped Bust

Business strike mintage: 16,111,810
Proof mintage: None

In the cent series the Draped Bust obverse appeared in 1796 (the
year after it made its initial appearance in American coinage on the
1795 silver dollar). Patterned after a proposal of artist Gilbert Stuart,
and translated into the coinage medium by Robert Scot, the style
features Miss Liberty with flowing hair, a ribbon behind her head,
and drapery covering her plunging neckline. LIBERTY is above, and
the date is below. The reverse is similar to the preceding design and
consists of an open wreath enclosing ONE CENT with UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA and the fraction 1/100 surrounding. Denti¬
cles are around the border, although on some varieties they are not
particularly well defined.

Many different die varieties were made within this span. The nu¬
mismatist seeking something different can find an example from a
blundered die, such as with the incorrect fraction 1/000, at little ex¬
tra cost. Among Draped Bust cents, rare dates are 1799 and 1804.
Other issues are seen with frequency. Examples are readily availa¬
ble in all grades from Fair through Extremely Fine, with AU coins
being rare and Uncirculated pieces being extremely rare.

HALF DIME
1794-1795 Flowing Hair

Composition: 0.8924 part silver and 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 16.5 mm
Weight: 20.8 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 86,416
Proof mintage: None

The obverse of the 1794-1795 half dime style portrays Miss Liberty
with flowing hair, facing right, with LIBERTY above and the date
1795 below. Eight stars are behind her head and seven are in front.
The reverse illustrates a delicate or "small" eagle perched on a cloud,
within an open wreath, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA sur¬
rounding. Denticles are around the border, as on all half dimes from
this design forward. Curiously, neither this half dime design nor the
following two motifs bear a designation of denomination or value.

Of the two dates in which Flowing Hair half dimes were made,
the 1795 is more often seen than 1794. Specimens of either date are
typically encountered in grades from Good through Fine to Very Fine.
Extremely Fine examples are elusive, and AU coins are rare. Uncir¬
culated pieces are apt to be encountered only when great collections
come on the market. Many pieces are found with a series of parallel
lines or adjustment marks, produced at the Mint during the plan-
chet preparation process. In keeping with other pieces of the era,
the striking is apt to be inconsistent, and often one area or another
will show some normal weakness.

HALF DIME

1796-1797 Draped Bust, Small Eagle

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 16.5 mm
Weight: 20.8 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 54,757
Proof mintage: None

The Draped Bust style is believed to have been the work of Robert
Scot, who followed the proposal made by artist Gilbert Stuart. The
obverse depicts Miss Liberty with flowing hair, a ribbon behind her
head, with drapery covering her plunging neckline. LIBERTY is above
and the date is below. 1796 half dimes have eight stars to the left
and seven to the right on the obverse, while those dated 1797 come
in three variations, with a total of 13, 15, or 16 stars. The reverse fea¬
tures an open wreath enclosing a small eagle perched on a cloud,
the eagle being smaller in size than that used in 1794-1795, and with
the cloud more pronounced and higher above the wreath bow. UNIT¬
ED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds. Again, there is no indication
of value or denomination.

All half dimes of this design type are scarce. Most often encoun¬
tered are lower grades from About Good through Fine. Very Fine
pieces are elusive. Extremely Fine coins are rare and pieces in AU
or better preservation are seldom met with. In the 1960s, when James
F. Ruddy was gathering photographs for his Photograde book, he
found that examples of this half dime type were among the most
difficult to locate. As is true of other early silver coins, pieces are
apt to have mint-caused adjustment marks and to be weakly struck
in certain areas, particularly at the center of the eagle on the reverse.

DIME

1796-1797 Draped Bust, Small Eagle

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 41.6 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 47,396
Proof mintage: None

The design of the 1796-1797 dime parallels that of the contemporary
half dime. The obverse depicts Miss Liberty with flowing hair, a rib¬
bon behind her head, and drapery covering her plunging neckline.
LIBERTY is above and the date is below. Thirteen obverse stars are
to be found on the 1796 dime, while dimes of 1797 come with either
13 or 16 obverse stars. The reverse consists of an open wreath, tied
with a bow at the bottom, enclosing a small eagle perched on a cloud,
with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounding. No indication
of denomination or value appears.

Examples of this type are most often encountered in lower grades
from About Good to Fine. Very Fine examples are scarce. Extremely
Fine pieces are rare, and coins in higher ranges are very rare. Occa¬
sionally an AU or Uncirculated 1796 dime will be found, but few
pieces dated 1797 exist in Mint State or close to it. Mint-caused ad¬
justment marks are often seen, as are areas of normal light striking.
These pieces were meant strictly for utilitarian use, and no thought
was given to producing pieces for collectors.

DIME

1798-1807 Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 41.6 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 422,010
Proof mintage: None

The dimes minted from 1798 through 1807 display the Draped Bust
obverse as preceding, except that the star count is now standardized
at a total of 13, with seven to the left and six to the right. The reverse
is new and is designated as the Heraldic Eagle style. Patterned after
the Great Seal of the United States, it features an eagle at the center,
with a shield on its breast, and a ribbon bearing the inscription E
PLURIBUS UNUM in its beak. Above is an arc of clouds, below
which are stars. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds. There
is no indication of value or denomination. A number of different
die varieties exist within this range, including the overdates 1798/7
and examples with different numbers of stars above the eagle on the
reverse.

In keeping with other early silver coins, examples most often seen
are in grades from About Good through Fine. Very Fine pieces are
somewhat scarce, Extremely Fine coins are scarcer yet, AU examples
are rare, and Uncirculated coins are very rare. Many show Mint-
caused adjustment marks. Areas of light striking are the rule, not
the exception, and nearly all pieces have some flatness of stars or
other details, with the lightness of strike generally increasing as the
design continued in use; that is, specimens dated toward the end
of the series, 1805 and later, are apt to be more lightly struck than
those dated 1798.

QUARTER DOLLAR
1796 Draped Bust, Small Eagle

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 27.5 mm
Weight: 104 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 6,146
Proof mintage: None

Like dimes, quarter dollars were not minted until 1796, at which
time the Draped Bust obverse style was employed. The obverse fea¬
tures Miss Liberty facing right, with flowing hair and a ribbon be¬
hind her head, with drapery covering a plunging neckline. LIBER¬
TY is above and the date 1796 is below. Eight stars are to the left and
seven to the right. Around the border are prominent denticles. The
reverse has an open wreath tied with a bow at the bottom, enclos¬
ing a small eagle perched on a cloud. UNITED STATES OF AMERI¬
CA surrounds. There is no indication of value or denomination.

Examples of 1796 quarters are found in all grades, with those from
About Good to Fine being most often seen. Probably several hun¬
dred survive. Very Fine coins are scarce, Extremely Fine pieces are
scarcer yet, and AU or better examples are seldom met with. A num¬
ber of 1796 quarters were made with prooflike surfaces, such pieces
occasionally being called Proof in sale catalogues, although it is not
known whether they were specifically made as such. Several dozen
prooflike coins exist today. The sharpness of strike on most 1796
quarters encountered is apt to be decent, much more so than on the
following design type. An exception is the head of the eagle on the
reverse, which is nearly always indistinct.

The 1796 quarter dollar is considered to be a key issue in any grade
and is a landmark in the American coinage series.

HALF DOLLAR
1794-1795 Flowing Hair

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 32.5 mm
Weight: 208 grains

Edge: Lettered FIFTY CENTS OR HALF A DOLLAR
Business strike mintage: 323,144
Proof mintage: None

Half dollars of the 1794-1795 years bear the same design as con¬
temporary half dimes and silver dollars. The obverse features a small
head of Miss Liberty facing right, with flowing hair behind, LIBER¬
TY above, and the date below. Eight stars are to the left and seven
to the right. The reverse illustrates an open wreath enclosing a
"small" eagle perched on a cloud, with UNITED STATES OF AMERI¬
CA surrounding. The borders of this and other half dollars (until
over a century later in 1916) have denticles.

Most often encountered among half dollars of this type are pieces
dated 1795, these being about 10 times more plentiful than those dat¬
ed 1794. Examples of both years are apt to be seen in lower grades,
from About Good to Fine. Very Fine coins are scarce. Extremely Fine
pieces are scarcer yet, and AU coins are rare. Uncirculated examples
are seldom met with. Areas of light striking characterize most pieces,
as do parallel mint-caused adjustment marks made during the plan-
chet preparation process. As is true of other early issues, these were
"workhorse" coins intended for use in the channels of commerce.
Few if any pieces were set aside for collectors at the time of issue.
Numerous die varieties exist among early half dollars and are
described in a book on the subject by A1 C. Overton (refer to the
bibliography).

HALF DOLLAR

1796-1797 Draped Bust, Small Eagle

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 copper
Diameter: 32.5 mm
Weight: 208 grains

Edge: Lettered FIFTY CENTS OR HALF A DOLLAR
Business strike mintage: 3,918
Proof mintage: None

This design is similar to that of the other silver denominations of
the 1796-1797 years. The obverse depicts Miss Liberty facing right,
with flowing hair and a ribbon behind her head, her plunging neck¬
line covered with drapery. LIBERTY is above, and the date is below.
Varieties of 1796 exist with 15 and 16 obverse stars, while those of
1797 have 15 stars. The reverse illustrates an open wreath enclosing
a small eagle perched on a cloud. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
and the fraction V2 surround.

Of all silver design types, the half dollar style of 1796-1797 is the
rarest and most desired, eclipsing even the elusive 1796 quarter. Ex¬
amples in any grade are few and far between, and even an About
Good or a Good half dollar, when described in an auction catalogue,
usually furnishes the occasion for a degree of excitement. Most
known pieces are in lower grades. About Good to Very Good. Fine
pieces are met with less frequency, Very Fine to Extremely Fine coins
are rarer still, and coins in AU or better preservation are extreme rar¬
ities. Some 1796 half dollars exist with prooflike surfaces. In higher
condition levels, while both dates are rare, 1797 is even more so than
1796. A numismatist is apt to find that this particular coin will be
the stumbling block or the greatest challenge to finishing an exhibit
of United States silver coin design types. Probably about 200 to 300
pieces exist in all grades.

SILVER DOLLAR
1794-1795 Flowing Hair

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 39 to 40 mm
Weight: 416 grains

Edge: Lettered HUNDRED CENTS ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT
Business strike mintage: 162,053
Proof mintage: None

The Flowing Hair dollar design of 1794-1795 is similar to that used
on contemporary half dimes and half dollars. The obverse depicts
the small head of Miss Liberty facing right, with flowing hair. LIB¬
ERTY is above, and the date is below. Eight stars are to the left and
seven are to the right. The reverse depicts an open wreath enclosing
a "small" eagle perched on a cloud. UNITED STATES OF AMERI¬
CA surrounds. The border of this and other early dollars is com¬
posed of denticles.

Mintage records indicate that 1,758 pieces were produced in 1794
and 160,295 in 1795, although it has been suggested that as many
as 5,000 to 6,000 of the reported figure for 1795 could have been dat¬
ed 1794. In any event, 1794 is a major rarity in all grades. The type
set collector will probably desire an example dated 1795. Most pieces
seen are in grades from About Good to Very Fine. Examples are apt
to show mint-caused adjustment marks and to be lightly struck in
certain areas. Many hundreds exist, so locating one will be a matter
of preference and pocketbook. Extremely Fine pieces are scarce, but
still they appear on the market with some frequency. AU coins are
rare, and pieces which can be described as strictly Uncirculated are
very rare.

SILVER DOLLAR
1795-1798 Draped Bust, Small Eagle

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 39 to 40 mm
Weight: 416 grains

Edge: Lettered HUNDRED CENTS ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT
Business strike mintage: 123,434*

Proof mintage: None

The 1795 Draped Bust dollar represents the initial appearance of
this design in American coinage. In the silver dollar series the ob¬
verse motif was continued through pieces dated 1804 (business
strikes last made in 1803, however), while the reverse motif was em¬
ployed through early 1798. The obverse features a portrait of Miss
Liberty as just described, with LIBERTY above, the date below, and
eight stars to the left and seven to the right. The reverse shows a
"small" eagle perched on a cloud within an open wreath. UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA surrounds.

Among early silver dollars, the Draped Bust obverse combined with
the Small Eagle reverse may be the scarcest type. Specimens exist
in all grades, with those most frequently encountered apt to be in
Very Good to Fine preservation. Very Fine pieces can be readily lo¬
cated, Extremely Fine coins are scarcer, and those in AU or better
preservation are decidedly rare. A strictly Uncirculated coin would
be considered a prime rarity. Examples often show parallel mint-
caused adjustment marks. As these coins were produced strictly for
utilitarian purposes, no attention was paid to striking them carefully.

•Mintage figure of 123,434 does not include a small number of 1798 dollars with the Small Eagle reverse.

SILVER DOLLAR

1798-1804 Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 39 to 40 mm
Weight: 416 grains

Edge: Lettered HUNDRED CENTS ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT
Business strike mintage: 1,153,709*

Proof mintage: None originally; some restrikes

This style continues the Draped Bust obverse as preceding, except
that the stars have been standardized to seven left and six right, the
only exception being a scarce variety of 1799 with eight left and five
right. The reverse is similar to that used on the dime of the year and
is adapted from the Great Seal of the United States.

Examples of this motif were minted from 1798 through 1803. In
later years, "restrike" pieces were produced dated 1804 as were Proof
restrikes from new dies bearing the dates 1801, 1802, and 1803.
Among business strikes, examples most often encountered are apt
to be dated 1798 or 1799. Those dated 1800 are scarcer, while those
dated from 1801 through 1803 are considerably scarcer, although they
are not rarities. Grades found usually range from Very Good through
Very Fine. Extremely Fine coins are fairly scarce, while AU pieces
are scarcer yet. Strictly Uncirculated coins are great rarities. In keep¬
ing with other early silver issues, pieces often display mint-caused
planchet or adjustment marks and areas of light striking.

•Mintage figure of 1,153,709 includes a limited number of 1798 dollars with the earlier Small Eagle reverse.

Chapter 3

New Issues

COPPER AND SILVER 1800-1830

The most difficult era behind us, we now enter the 1800 to 1830
decades of American copper and silver coinage. The Draped Bust
obverse motif, which first appeared on the silver dollar in 1795, ap¬
peared for the first time in the half cent series on issues dated 1800.
The same obverse made its appearance in combination with Heral¬
dic Eagle reverse in the half dime denomination the same year and
on quarters and half dollars in 1804 and 1801 respectively. In the field
of copper coinage, the Classic Head is found on half cents begin¬
ning in 1809 and large cents in 1808, to be followed in the latter se¬
ries by the so-called Matron Head produced from 1816 onward. The
Capped Bust motif appeared on half dimes beginning in 1829, dimes
starting in 1809, quarters from 1815 onward, and on half dollars be¬
ginning in 1807.

Happily for the numismatist, there are no great stumbling blocks
to completing a type set of this era, although the 1800-1805 half dime
with Draped Bust obverse and Heraldic Eagle reverse is fairly scarce,
and if any type were to be designated a "key" issue in this span,
it would be this one.

Coinage of all types was accomplished at the Philadelphia Mint.
By 1800, the uncertainty of metal supplies, primarily copper, was not
completely solved, but the situation was much less intense than it
was earlier. The result was that planchets used on coinage of the
new design were apt to be smoother and with fewer defects than
earlier. Adjustment marks are still to be seen on certain silver issues
of this era. This practice was caused by producing planchets or coin¬
age blanks slightly heavier than the standard weight, and then em¬
ploying a gallery full of women to weigh each piece individually and
file away any unneeded metal. This was more feasible than trying
to manufacture planchets of precise weight by cutting them from
strips, for such planchets, when slightly underweight, would have
to be discarded, as there was no practical way of adding metal to

The Classic Head design, as shown above on an 1810/09 oveidate large
cent, was employed on cents from 1808 through 1814 and on half cents
from 1809 through 1836.

The Capped Bust design, by John Reich, as used on an 1810 half dol¬
lar the general style minted from 1807 through 1836. Produced in large
quantities, such coins were used in bank-to-bank transactions, with
the result that high grade examples are readily obtained today.

them. So, by making the planchets slightly heavier than needed, they
could be adjusted to precision.

Toward the end of the 1800-1830 era, coin collecting achieved some
measure of popularity, with such numismatists as Joseph J. Mickley
and Robert Gilmor forming cabinets. Occasionally numismatists
received selected specimens from the Mint; pieces which had been
set aside at the time of coinage or which had been specially produced.
Relatively few Proofs were made, and the survival of Uncirculated
or Proof pieces was more a matter of chance than intent.

As the Mint produced coins in response to demand for them in
the channels of commerce, there were many years in which certain
denominations were not struck. For example, among Classic Head
half cents mintage was accomplished from 1809 through 1811, after
which there was an intermission until 1825, with another hiatus from
1830 onward (although a few pieces were produced in 1831 and 1836).
Half dimes of the Heraldic Eagle style were minted from 1800 to 1805,
after which no pieces of this denomination were struck until the
Capped Bust motif made its appearance in 1829. Quarter dollars were
not made from 1797 until 1804, during which latter year the Draped
Bust obverse was combined with the Heraldic Eagle reverse. Quar¬
ter dollars of this new style were made from 1804 through 1807, fol¬
lowed by a lapse in coinage until the Capped Bust motif appeared
in 1815. No new designs of silver dollars were produced during the
1800-1830 years. The most prolific coinage of the period was reserved
for cents, which filled an important purpose in everyday commer¬
cial transactions, and for half dollars, particularly of the Capped Bust
style (1807-1836), which were stored in quantities and used in bank-
to-bank transactions. As many if not most half dollars minted dur¬
ing this span were used in bulk transactions, many survive in higher
grades, with the result that numerous pieces seen today are in Ex¬
tremely Fine or better preservation.

HALF CENT
1800-1808 Draped Bust

Business strike mintage: 3,416,950
Proof mintage: None

The Draped Bust obverse, earlier used on silver dollars beginning
in 1795 and on certain other early denominations beginning in 1796,
did not appear on the half cent until 1800. Undoubtedly it would
have appeared earlier had coinage of half cents not been suspended
during the 1798-1799 years. The obverse depicts Miss Liberty facing
right, with flowing hair and a ribbon behind her head, her plung¬
ing neckline covered with drapery. LIBERTY is above, and the date
is below. The reverse comprises an open wreath enclosing HALF
CENT, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and 1/200 around the
border. The edges of these and all later half cents are plain.

Produced in relatively large quantities for the time, half cents of
the 1800-1808 years are easy to find today, particularly in the nor¬
mally encountered grades of Good through Very Fine. Extremely Fine
coins are scarce, though not rare, and even AU pieces can be acquired
without difficulty. Uncirculated coins are quite elusive and usually
are of the dates 1804 or 1806, particularly the latter, for small hoards
of these dates turned up many years ago. In keeping with other coin¬
age of the era, striking was apt to be casual at best, with the result
that specimens may have some areas of weakness. The planchet qual¬
ity was considerably improved from the half cents of an earlier era,
with the result that without difficulty you can acquire a coin with
smooth surfaces. The coloration of a typical half cent of the era is
often light, medium, or dark brown. There are many individual
differences.

HALF CENT
1809-1836 Classic Head

Business strike mintage: 3,635,712

Approximate Proof mintage: 100 to 200, mostly restrikes

The so-called Classic Head design by John Reich made its appear¬
ance on half cents in 1809, postdating by one year its debut in the
large cent series. A somewhat related motif was used years later on
the $2% and $5 gold coins of 1834. Miss Liberty faces right. Her hair
is in curls, close to her head, and is secured by a band inscribed LIB¬
ERTY. Seven stars are to the left and six to the right. The date is be¬
low. The reverse consists of a continuous wreath tied at the bottom
with a ribbon, enclosing HALF CENT at the center, with UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA around the border.

Specimens of this type are readily available in all grades from Good
through Uncirculated, although, interestingly enough, specimens in
Good to Very Good grade are scarcer than those in Fine through
Extremely Fine, for at the time of issue half cents did not circulate
extensively, so they were not subject to as much wear as were con¬
temporary large cents, for example. Uncirculated coins can be ob¬
tained of a number of dates within this span, but the most often
seen are those of 1828, 1833, and 1835. Such pieces, if they have origi¬
nal mint red, are apt to have flecks or spots as a result of dampness.
Beware of cleaned or "processed" pieces masking as "Uncirculated,"
for such pieces abound.

1831 and 1836 are exceedingly rare; most known specimens are
Proofs, many of them being restrikes. Original Proofs were struck
of certain dates toward the end of the era, and all are very difficult
to locate.

CENT

1808-1814 Classic Head

Business strike mintage: 4,757,722
Proof mintage: None

The design of the Classic Head large cent is similar to that of the
related half cent. The obverse features Miss Liberty, her hair close
to her head, with a headband inscribed LIBERTY. Seven stars are
to the left and six to the right. The date is below. The reverse dis¬
plays a continuous wreath tied with a ribbon below, enclosing ONE
CENT, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounding.

There are no major rarities among the 1808-1814 dates, although
cents of 1809 are considered to be scarcer than the others. Specimens
are readily encountered in all grades from About Good to Extreme¬
ly Fine. AU examples are rare, and Uncirculated pieces are few and
far between. Most examples encountered of the earlier years, 1808
through 1812, are apt to show lightness of strike in certain areas, and
even 1813 is not immune from this. In general, 1814 cents are better
struck. The planchet coloration also varies, with the earlier years in
the 1808-1814 span often being a light to medium brown, with later
years being dark brown or black. Often the surfaces are microscopi¬
cally granular. With some searching, you will have no difficulty in
locating an attractive Very Fine to Extremely Fine specimen to illus¬
trate the type, although finding a sharply struck piece on a smooth
planchet may be a different proposition entirely.

CENT

1816-1837 Matron Head

Issue dates: 1816-1837, plus 1839/6 overdate

Composition: Copper

Diameter: 28 to 29 mm

Weight: 168 grains

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 47,765,912*

Proof mintage: A few hundred

The so-called Matron Head copper was produced in several varia¬
tions from 1816 through 1837 (plus 1839/6). Miss Liberty is restyled
and now sports a serious, even severe mien. Her hair is tied behind
her head in a bun, with two plain cords, with additional tresses hang¬
ing downward. In her hair a diadem or coronet is inscribed LIBER¬
TY. Thirteen stars surround, interrupted by the date at the bottom.
The reverse is stylistically similar to that used in 1808-1814 and con¬
sists of a continuous wreath tied with a ribbon, enclosing ONE
CENT, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounding. This par¬
ticular obverse style was used only on large cents and, unlike cer¬
tain other large cent motifs, had no counterpart in the half cent se¬
ries. In 1835 the head was slightly restyled; the change is most
obvious at the point of the neck truncation. This new style is found
on some 1835, all 1836 (and 1839/6) and some 1837 pieces and is dis¬
tinguished by the small tip to the neck.

Specimens may be readily located in all grades from About Good
to Uncirculated, although Uncirculated pieces are apt to be dated
1816 through 1820, particularly the years 1818 and 1820, remnants
from the so-called Randall Hoard dispersed in the late 19th century.
The quality of striking, smoothness of the surface, and other charac¬
teristics vary from date to date and variety to variety.

•Mintage figure of 47,765,912 does not include 1837 cents of this style.

HALF DIME

1800-1805 Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 16.5 mm
Weight: 20.8 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 124,270
Proof mintage: None

The half dimes of the 1800-1805 years continued the Draped Bust
obverse used earlier in 1796-1797, except that the stars beginning in
1800 have been standardized to seven left and six right. The reverse
is of the Heraldic Eagle style adopted from the Great Seal of the Unit¬
ed States and used beginning in the preceding decade on certain
other silver denominations. At the center is an eagle with a shield
on its breast, holding in its beak a ribbon inscribed E PLURIBUS
UNUM and grasping in its talon a bundle of arrows and an olive
branch. Above the eagle is an arc of clouds under which is a group
of stars. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds. No mark of
denomination or value appears on the coin.

Half dimes of this era are scarce, with 1802 being a prime rarity.
Most surviving examples of various 1800-1805 dates are seen in low¬
er ranges of condition, from About Good to Very Good or so. Fine
specimens are not easy to locate. Very Fine pieces are still more elu¬
sive, and Extremely Fine coins are rare. Strictly Uncirculated pieces
are extremely rare. Those that do come on the market are apt to be
dated 1800. Uncirculated specimens dated 1801, 1802, and 1803 (no
pieces were coined in 1804), and 1805 are exceedingly rare or non¬
existent. Nearly all known specimens exhibit a degree of light strik¬
ing in one area or another, particularly on the high points of Miss
Liberty's hair, among the obverse stars, and on the reverse among
the stars above the eagle. Such striking characteristics are to be ex¬
pected, and a numismatist seeking a perfectly struck, extremely sharp
example in a high grade is apt to never encounter such a coin!

HALF DIME
Capped Bust 1829-1837

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 15.5 mm
Weight: 20.8 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 13,058,700
Proof mintage: Several hundred

Following a span of years from 1806 to 1828, when no half dimes
were minted, the Capped Bust style was introduced in 1829. The de¬
sign is quite similar to that used on the half dollar 1807-1836, by John
Reich, and was modified from that source by William Kneass, Mint
engraver. The obverse features Miss Liberty facing to the left, her
hair covered by a cloth cap secured by a band inscribed LIBERTY,
with tresses flowing down to her shoulder. Her neckline is draped
with a gown, secured with a brooch at the shoulder. Seven stars are
to the left and six to the right. The date is below. The reverse fea¬
tures an eagle with the shield on its breast, perched on a branch
and holding arrows, with E PLURIBUS UNUM on a scroll above,
and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and 5 C. surrounding.

The span of coinage from 1829 through 1837 contains no rare dates
(although some individual die varieties within the dates are elusive),
so the type set collector has his choice of the entire range. Speci¬
mens seen today are most often encountered in grades from Very
Good through Very Fine, and these are fairly plentiful. Extremely
Fine and AU pieces can also be found with frequency. Uncirculated
coins are scarcer yet, with truly Gem Uncirculated pieces being elu¬
sive. Most issues within the range are well struck, so it is possible
to pick the grade you want and acquire a piece with excellent de¬
sign detail definition.

DIME

1809-1827 Capped Bust, Open Collar

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 18.8 mm (with some variation)

Weight: 41.6 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business Strike mintage: 4,931,844
Proof mintage: Fewer than 150

In 1809 the Capped Bust dime made its appearance. The design
is similar to that used on earlier half dollars beginning in 1807. The
obverse features Miss Liberty with her hair in a cloth cap secured
by a band inscribed LIBERTY, with tresses flowing down to her shoul¬
der. Her bust is draped in a cloth or gown secured by a clasp or
brooch. Seven stars are to the left and six to the right. The date is
below. The reverse depicts an eagle perched on a branch and hold¬
ing arrows, E PLURIBUS UNUM is on a scroll above, and UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA and 10 C. appear around the border. The
planchet diameter is approximately 18.8 mm, which distinguishes
it from the small planchet (approximately 17.9 mm) format, struck
in a closed collar, introduced in 1828.

Coinage during the 1809-1827 years was intermittent; some years
were skipped. Specimens of commoner dates are readily encoun¬
tered in various grades from Good to Very Fine. Extremely Fine pieces
can be found without difficulty, as can AU coins. Uncirculated pieces,
particularly finer examples of these, are quite rare. Striking is apt
to vary from issue to issue, and finding one with excellent defini¬
tion of detail will not be easy.

DIME

1828-1837 Capped Bust, Closed Collar

Issue dates: 1828-1837

Composition: 0.9824 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 17.9 mm (with some variation)

Weight: 41.6 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 6,778,350
Proof mintage: Fewer than 200

This variety is an adaptation of the previous 1809-1827 style and
is the same except for certain minor modifications. The diameter is
slightly smaller, and the border has denticles spaced closer together
than on the previous type (although some transitional pieces have
the old denticle style). The stars are slightly smaller, and there is
some subtle restyling. Dimes of this format were made from 1828
through 1837 inclusive. No dates are rarities, although there are sever¬
al elusive varieties within the range. Examples are available in all
grades from Good through Uncirculated, with Very Good to Very
Fine being the most often seen. Uncirculated pieces are elusive, and
ones in higher states of the Uncirculated category are rare.

QUARTER DOLLAR
1804-1807 Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 27.5 mm
Weight: 104 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 554,900
Proof mintage: None

Quarter dollars minted from 1804 through 1807 continue the
Draped Bust obverse first used in 1796. Miss Liberty faces to the right,
her hair is in tresses behind her head, with a ribbon at the back of
her head, and with a drapery or gown covering her low neckline.
Seven stars are to the left and six to the right. LIBERTY is above and
the date is below. The reverse is an adaptation of the Great Seal of
the United States and features an eagle with a shield on its breast,
E PLURIBUS UNUM on a scroll or ribbon in its beak, and its talons
grasping a bundle of arrows and a branch. Above the eagle is an
arc of clouds with stars below. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and
25 C. surrounds.

Examples of the 1804-1807 years are readily located in grades from
About Good through Very Fine. Extremely Fine pieces are elusive,
AU pieces are rare, and Uncirculated pieces are exceedingly rare. Vir¬
tually without exception, issues of this design are lightly struck in
one or more areas, with the obverse and reverse rims, the stars on
the obverse, and the stars above the eagle on the reverse being typi¬
cal areas of light impression. The same situation is shared with the
half dimes, dimes, half dollars of this date range.

QUARTER DOLLAR
1815-1828 Capped Bust, Large Diameter

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 27 mm
Weight: 104 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 1,290,584
Proof mintage: Fewer than 100

Following a suspension of quarter dollar coinage after 1807, the
denomination was again produced in 1815, which time the Capped
Bust style was introduced. The motifs are similar to that found on
other silver denominations of the era. The obverse depicts Miss Lib¬
erty facing left, wearing a cloth cap secured with a band inscribed
LIBERTY, with tresses flowing to her shoulder. Her plunging neck¬
line is draped in cloth and is secured by a brooch or a clasp at the
shoulder. Seven stars are to the left and six are to the right. The date
is below. The reverse shows an eagle perched on a branch and hold¬
ing three arrows, a shield on its breast, and E PLURIBUS UNUM
on a scroll above. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and 25 C. appear
around the border.

While several dates within this range are scarce, and the 1823/2
and 1827 are major rarities, the type set collector will have no diffi¬
culty acquiring one of the more plentiful issues. Typically encoun¬
tered specimens are apt to range from Very Good to Very Fine preser¬
vation. While they are not as easily located as half dollars of the same
years and designs, still there are enough around that acquiring one
will be no problem. Extremely Fine specimens are scarce, AU pieces
are scarcer yet, and strictly Uncirculated coins are rare. Striking qual¬
ity varies from issue to issue, and many show weaknesses in certain
areas, although with some searching you should be able to buy a
well defined piece.

HALF DOLLAR

1801-1807 Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 32.5 mm
Weight: 208 grains

Edge: Lettered FIFTY CENTS OR HALF A DOLLAR
Business strike mintage: 1,600,787
Proof mintage: None

Half dollars minted from 1801 through 1807 continue the Draped
Bust obverse motif introduced in 1796. In 1801 the stars were stan¬
dardized to a count of 13, with seven to the left and six to the right.
Miss Liberty appears facing right, her hair flowing behind her head
and, tied with a ribbon bow. Her low neckline is covered by a gown
or drapery. LIBERTY is above and the date is below. The reverse is
an adaptation of the Great Seal of the United States and consists
of an eagle with a shield on its breast, holding arrows and an olive
branch, and with a scroll inscribed E PLURIBUS UNUM in its beak.
Above the eagle is an arc of clouds below which is a group of stars.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds.

There are no rare dates within the 1801-1807 span, although some
varieties are elusive. Nearly all specimens encountered display weak¬
ness of striking in one area or another, with the quality of strike be¬
coming less and less as the years advanced. Nearly all seen with
the dates of 1806 and, particularly, 1807 show weakness. Specimens
are typically found in grades from Very Good to Very Fine, although
Extremely Fine pieces are found with some frequency. AU pieces
are scarce, and strictly Uncirculated coins are rare. Even an Uncir¬
culated specimen of 1807, for example, is apt to be very weakly de¬
fined in such areas as the rims, the obverse and reverse stars, and
parts of the eagle.

HALF DOLLAR

1807-1836 Capped Bust, Lettered Edge

Composition: 0.9824 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 32.5 mm
Weight: 208 grains

Edge: Lettered FIFTY CENTS OR HALF A DOLLAR
Business strike mintage: 82,339,124
Proof mintage: 200 to 300

In 1807 the Capped Bust obverse was introduced. Miss Liberty faces
left. She wears a cap secured at the base with a ribbon or band in¬
scribed LIBERTY, with tresses falling to her shoulder. Her low neck¬
line is draped in a cloth or a gown and is secured by a brooch on
her shoulder. Seven stars are to the left and six are to the right. The
date is below. The reverse depicts an eagle perched on an olive branch
and holding three arrows, with E PLURIBUS UNUM above on a
scroll and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 50 C. surrounding.

Although there are a number of scarce varieties in the 1807-1836
range, most are readily obtainable. Specimens of most issues are typi¬
cally encountered in grades from Fine to Extremely Fine, with some
of the earlier dates in the range, 1807 through 1820, sometimes seen
in Good to Very Good preservation. AU pieces are not difficult to
find, especially of dates in the late 1820s and 1830s. Uncirculated
coins, particularly ones in higher ranges of that category are elusive,
with superb pieces being rare. Many examples show lightness of
striking, particularly on the stars on the obverse, the high parts of
Miss Liberty, and E PLURIBUS UNUM on the reverse. Among Un¬
circulated pieces, examples typically have friction or rubbing at the
lower left of the bust, from coin-to-coin contact in bank bags.

Chapter 4

New Issues

COPPER AND SILVER 1831-1850

The 20 years from 1831 through 1850 saw many changes in the coin¬
age spectrum. Whereas the Philadelphia Mint satisfied production
needs from 1793 onward, by 1838 the opening of the American West
called for a branch mint at New Orleans, located at the gateway to
the vast Mississippi River trading area. At the same time, additional
branches were opened at Dahlonega, Georgia and Charlotte, North
Carolina, these last two for production of gold coins from native met¬
al. In 1854 the San Francisco Mint came on stream. The "S" mint-
mark found its place on numerous coin designs which were earlier
initiated during the 1831-1850 span.

In 1836, steam-powered presses were brought to the Philadelphia
Mint to replace horse-powered devices of the early years. New ad¬
vances in metal preparation and planchet cutting and adjustment
contributed to increased efficiency of production. After 1836, coin¬
age was more mechanical, with the result that pieces after that date
are more uniform in appearance and less subject to striking
variations.

The half cent and cent saw the advent of the Braided Hair motif
which was continued through 1857. The Capped Bust design is found
on several silver issues, but among silver denominations most dis¬
play a new style, the Liberty Seated motif.

Using sketches made by Thomas Sully, Mint engraver Christian
Gobrecht introduced the Liberty Seated design on pattern silver dol¬
lars of 1836. In 1837 the first Liberty Seated coins were made for cir¬
culation; dimes and half dimes. The initial issues lacked stars in the
obverse field, a situation which was short-lived, as stars were ad¬
ded the following year. Although no one could have anticipated it
at the time, as the 19th century continued onward the Liberty Seat¬
ed motif became widespread across nearly all silver denominations.
When the style was finally discontinued in 1891, it marked the pass¬
ing of a memorable era. In the meantime, the Liberty Seated design

This 1846 large cent illustrates the Braided Hair motif utilized on cents
from 1839 through 1857 and half cents from 1840 through 1857. A some¬
what related, but differently styled design is found on contemporary
gold coins of the $2V2, $5, and $10 denominations.

The Liberty Seated design, shown above on an 1846 silver dollar was
used on silver denominations from the half dime through the dollar.
The work of Mint engraver Christian Gobrecht, the motif was conceived
in 1835-1836 and made its first regular appearance in the silver dollar
denomination in 1840, following production of patterns dated 1836, 1838,
and 1839.

was found on many other products, including advertisements for
fireworks, fabrics, and commercial emblems.

The new issues of the 1831-1850 era contain no great rarities so far
as type set collectors are concerned, although a few are moderately
scarce, particularly in higher grades.

The appreciation of any type set can be enhanced by relating it
to contemporary history. For example, the 1831 through 1850 years
saw discoveries in the West, the Panic of 1837 and the consequent
Hard Times era, the beginnings of the Gold Rush in California, end¬
less bickering about the slavery question, and enough political ac¬
tivity to keep 18 research scholars at Harvard busy 10 years delving
into it all!

New copper and silver designs introduced during the 1831-1850 years
are housed in the "Kingswood" display holder shown above. Telling
as they do the history of coinage over the years, displays featuring coins
by design types have won many prizes at numismatic conventions and
exhibitions.

HALF CENT
1840-1857 Braided Hair

Business strike mintage: 544,510

Proof mintage: Fewer than 1,500, combined originals and restrikes

In 1840 a new half cent design, the Braided Hair style, made its
appearance. However, there was not a demand for new pieces in the
channels of commerce, for the Treasury had vast stores of undistribut¬
ed earlier coins upon which it could draw, so no new half cents were
struck for circulation until 1849. Specimens of the 1840-1848 years
were limited to Proofs made for collectors. The obverse design depicts
a trim head of Miss Liberty facing left, her hair in a bun tied with
two beaded cords, and with the word LIBERTY on a diadem or coro¬
net. Tresses hang downward to her neck. Surrounding the obverse
border are 13 stars and the date. The reverse design is somewhat
similar to the style used on half cents of the 1809-1836 era and con¬
sists of a continuous wreath tied with a ribbon below, enclosing
HALF CENT, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around the bor¬
der, although the details are slightly different from those used earli¬
er. Half cents were produced in quantities for circulation from 1849
through 1851 and again from 1853 through 1857. In the latter year
the denomination was discontinued. As half cents did not circulate
extensively, particularly during the era of the Braided Hair design,
specimens surviving today are apt to be in higher grades from Fine
through Very Fine. Extremely Fine and AU coins are encountered
with some frequency. Uncirculated pieces are scarce, and truly su¬
perb Uncirculated coins are very scarce.

CENT

1837-1839 Matron Head Modified

Designed by: Christian Gobrecht
Issue dates: 1837-1839
Composition: Copper
Diameter: 273 mm
Weight: 168 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 15,057,161*

Proof mintage: Fewer than 100

Cents of the 1837-1839 years, conveniently grouped under the "Ma¬
tron Head Modified" heading, actually consist of a number of ob¬
verse styles. All have in common the head of Miss Liberty facing
left, her hair tied in a bun, with tresses hanging to her neck, and
with the word LIBERTY on a diadem or coronet. Thirteen stars sur¬
round, and the date is below. Typically the reverse displays a con¬
tinuous wreath with ribbon at the bottom, enclosing ONE CENT
and with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounding. Variations
of the era are usually catalogued by the obverse and include such
styles as 1837 and 1838 with "Head of 1838," with beaded cords hold¬
ing the hair bun; the 1839 "Silly Head," and the 1839 "Booby Head."
The 1839/6 overdate, with plain hair cords, is part of the earlier listed
1816-1837 style.

Examples are available in all grades of various issues, the com¬
monest being 1838, with Very Good to Very Fine being the most of¬
ten seen. Extremely Fine coins are readily available, as are AU pieces.
Uncirculated coins are more often seen for 1837 and 1838 than for
1839. For all years, superb Uncirculated pieces are rare. The sharp¬
ness of striking varies from issue to issue, but with some patience
it is possible to acquire specimens with reasonably good definition
of the stars and wreath.

‘Mintage figure of 15,057,161 includes the 1839 Braided Hair cent.

CENT

1839-1857 Braided Hair

Designed by: Christian Gobrecht
Issue dates: 1839-1857
Composition: Copper
Diameter: 27.5 mm
Weight: 168 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 70,916,803*

Proof mintage: Fewer than 1,000

The Braided Hair cent is similar in design to the half cent of the
same style and features a compact head of Miss Liberty, her hair-
strands sharply defined and tied in the back in a bun secured by
two beaded cords. A diadem or coronet bears the inscription LIB¬
ERTY. Thirteen stars surround, and the date is below. The reverse
shows a continous wreath tied with a ribbon at the bottom, ONE
CENT within, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around the bor¬
der. The details on the reverse are slightly different from that used
earlier, but the style is the same. Although there are no rare dates
from 1839 through 1857, several varieties are scarce, as is the last date
of issue, 1857. By that time the large cent was viewed as being cum¬
bersome for use in everyday transactions, and the Mint desired to
replace it with a smaller and more easily handled coin (the result
being the Flying Eagle cent subsequently introduced). Typical speci¬
mens encountered are apt to range in grade from Very Good to Very
Fine, although Extremely Fine coins are plentiful and AU pieces are
readily available. Uncirculated coins are also available, although ones
in the higher ranges of the category and with full mint color are decid¬
edly elusive.

•Mintage figure of 70,916,803 does not include the 1839 cents.

HALF DIME

1837-1838 Liberty Seated, No Stars

Issue dates: 1837 (Philadelphia) and 1838-0 (New Orleans)
Composition: .900 part silver, .100 part copper
Diameter: 15.5 mm
Weight: 20.625 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 1,475,000
Proof mintage: Fewer than 50

Christian Gobrecht's Liberty Seated motif, used on half dimes from
1837 through the end of the series in 1873, was produced in 1837 at
the Philadelphia Mint and 1838 at the New Orleans Mint, in the for¬
mat without obverse stars , thus isolating these two issues as a sepa¬
rate type. The obverse depicts Miss Liberty seated on a rock, her left
hand holding a liberty cap on a pole and her right hand holding
a shield inscribed LIBERTY. The date is at the bottom border. The
reverse consists of an open wreath tied with a ribbon, enclosing
HALF DIME, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounding.
Mintage figures reveal that 1,405,000 of the 1837 Philadelphia issue
were produced while only 70,000 were made of the 1838-0.

Specimens are readily obtainable in grades from Good through
Extremely Fine. The type collector will direct his attention to the 1837,
for in every grade the 1838-0 is considerably more expensive. In AU
and Uncirculated preservation the Philadelphia coin is available with¬
out difficulty, although higher grade Uncirculated pieces are quite
elusive. Uncirculated examples of 1838-0 are exceedingly rare. The
design without stars was used on circulating coinage only in the half
dime and dime series and not on the quarter or half dollar (in the
dollar series the without-stars motif appears only in pattern form
in 1836).

HALF DIME

1838-1859 Liberty Seated, With Stars

Weight: 20.625 grains 1838 to 1853 No Arrows; 19.2 grains later
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 42,705,774
Proof mintage: Fewer than 1,500 pieces

In 1838 stars were added to the obverse of the Liberty Seated de¬
sign. Otherwise, the motif is similar to the 1837 and 1838-0 Liberty
Seated pieces. From 1838 through 1859 many different varieties were
produced, including some struck at the New Orleans Mint (and bear¬
ing a distinctive O mintmark on the reverse). Early issues lack drap¬
ery at Miss Liberty's elbow. There are some scarce dates and varie¬
ties within the range, notably 1846, 1849-0, and 1853-0 without
arrows at date, but there are enough common varieties that it is not
difficult to acquire an example in Good to Very Fine preservation at
reasonable cost. Extremely Fine coins abound, and AU examples can
be obtained easily. Uncirculated pieces are scarce, and higher eche¬
lon Uncirculated coins are scarcer yet. Although the general Liberty
Seated type with obverse stars was minted from 1838 through 1859,
certain specimens of 1853 and all of those dated 1854 and 1855 were
produced with arrowheads at the date and represent a distinctive
type discussed in the following chapter.

DIME

1837-1838 Liberty Seated, No Stars

Issue dates: 1837 (Philadelphia) 1838-0 (New Orleans)

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 17.9 mm
Weight: 41.25 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 1,088,534
Proof mintage: Fewer than 50 pieces

The first Liberty Seated dime variety is without obverse stars and
closely parallels the half dime of the same era. Indeed, the mintage
was accomplished similarly: pieces were struck only at the Philadel¬
phia Mint in 1837 and only at the New Orleans Mint in 1838. Some
682,500 were struck at the former facility and 408,034 at the latter.
The device consists of Miss Liberty seated on a rock, holding in her
left hand a liberty cap on a pole, and holding a shield with her right.
The date is below. The reverse displays an open wreath enclosing
ONE DIME, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounding. As
attractive as this cameo-like motif is to collectors today. Mint offi¬
cials did not consider it to be desirable, and it was discontinued short¬
ly thereafter.

The type set enthusiast will find that examples of either issue are
readily available in grades from Good through Very Fine or so, with
the 1838-0 being a bit more expensive. Extremely Fine and AU coins
are also encountered with regularity, less so for 1838-0. Uncirculat¬
ed pieces, when found, are nearly always dated 1837. Those dated
1838-0 are great rarities. Superb Uncirculated coins are quite elusive.

DIME

1838-1860 Liberty Seated With Stars

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 17.9 mm

Weight: 41.2 grains 1838 to 1853 no arrows; 38.4 grains later
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 42,962,915
Proof mintage: Fewer than 1,500 pieces

In 1838, stars were added to the obverse of the Liberty Seated mo¬
tif. This style was continued through 1859, plus 1860 at the San Fran¬
cisco Mint only. The reverse is similar to the preceding but the wreath
on the later issues is slightly heavier. Early issues lack drapery at
Miss Liberty's elbow.

The type set collector has his choice of numerous varieties within
this span, including a number of New Orleans and San Francisco
Mint pieces. While issues such as 1844, 1845-0, 1846, and certain San
Francisco pieces are rare, enough common issues exist that no diffi¬
culty will be experienced in acquiring a typical example from Good
to Extremely Fine grade. AU pieces are slightly harder to find, and
Uncirculated coins are scarcer still. Superb Uncirculated pieces are
quite elusive. As is the case with half dimes, certain dimes of 1853
and all dimes of 1854 and 1855 have arrows at the date and are con¬
sidered to be separate types (discussed in the following chapter).

QUARTER DOLLAR
1831-1838 Capped Bust, Small Diameter

Issue dates: 1831-1838

Composition: 0.8924 part silver, 0.1076 part copper
Diameter: 24.3 mm
Weight: 104 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 4,202,400
Proof mintage: Fewer than 150

Following a lapse of coinage of quarter dollars for two years, the
denomination was again produced in 1831. Employed was a revised
version of John Reich's Capped Bust style introduced in 1815. The
1831-1838 version is of smaller diameter and has restyled features,
letters, stars, and numerals, giving the piece a more cameo-like ap¬
pearance than its predecessor. The obverse depicts Miss Liberty fac¬
ing left, wearing a cloth cap secured by a band inscribed LIBERTY,
with tresses flowing to her shoulder. Her neckline is draped in a
gown secured by a brooch or clasp. Seven stars are to the left and
six to the right. The date is below. The reverse shows an eagle perched
on an olive branch and holding three arrows, with UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA above and 25 C. below.

The type set collector has his choice of any date from 1831 through
1838, as all are priced approximately the same in the market, although
certain dates, 1835 in particular, are more plentiful than others. Ex¬
amples are readily found in grades from Very Good through Extreme¬
ly Fine. AU coins are scarcer, and pieces designated as Uncirculated
are rare. Higher echelon Uncirculated pieces are very elusive.

QUARTER DOLLAR
1838-1865 Liberty Seated

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 24.3 mm

Weight: 103.125 grains 1838 to 1853 no arrows; 96 grains later
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 46,685,313
Proof Mintage: fewer than 5,500

Gobrecht's Liberty Seated design made its appearance in the quar¬
ter dollar denomination in 1838. Matching other new silver designs
of the time, the quarter dollar depicts Miss Liberty seated on a rock,
her left hand holding a liberty cap on a pole and her right holding
a shield inscribed LIBERTY. Thirteen stars are at the border, and the
date is below. The reverse is somewhat similar to the preceding ex¬
cept the denomination is expressed differently. An eagle is perched
on an olive branch and holds three arrows. UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA is above and the denomination QUAR. DOL. is below.
There is no motto on the reverse. This style was produced from 1838
to early 1853 and again from 1856 through 1865. Early issues lack
drapery at Miss Liberty's elbow. From 1853 through 1855 special var¬
ieties with arrows at date were made and are different types (as dis¬
cussed in the following chapter). The collector has a wide variety
of type set possibilities within the range. Although there are a num¬
ber of scarce and rare dates, there are sufficient common issues that
there should be no trouble in obtaining coins graded from Good
through Extremely Fine, although it is important to note that Liber¬
ty Seated quarters of this era are in general scarcer than half dimes,
dimes, or half dollars. AU pieces are scarce, and Uncirculated coins
are scarcer yet. Superb Uncirculated coins are rare in all instances.
Proofs were distributed to the public beginning in 1858.

HALF DOLLAR

1836-1837 Reeded Edge, 50 CENTS

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30 mm
Weight: 206.25 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 3,631,020
Proof mintage: Fewer than 40

In 1836, steam-powered presses were introduced to the Philadel¬
phia Mint, and one of the first innovations was a new half dollar
format. John Reich's Capped Bust style was modified by Christian
Gobrecht. The result was a coin of smaller diameter, with reeded
edge, displaying at center the older design of Miss Liberty facing
left, wearing a cloth cap with a band inscribed LIBERTY, with tress¬
es falling to her shoulder, and with her bosom draped in a gown
secured by a brooch. Six stars are to the left and seven to the right.
The date is below. The reverse depicts an eagle perched on a branch
and holding three arrows with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
above and the denomination expressed as 50 CENTS below.

1836 half dollars of the reeded edge format were produced to the
extent of just 1,200 pieces and are rare in all grades today. 1837 half
dollars were minted in a quantity of 3,629,820 and are relatively plen¬
tiful in grades from Good through Extremely Fine. AU coins are
scarce, and strictly Uncirculated pieces are scarcer yet. Superb Un¬
circulated coins are rare.

HALF DOLLAR

1838-1839 Capped Bust, HALF DOL.

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30 mm
Weight: 206.25 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 5,117,972
Proof mintage: Fewer than 50

In 1838 the Capped Bust half dollar was restyled slightly, and the
denomination on the reverse, earlier styled as 50 CENTS, was re¬
vised to HALF DOL. Certain other changes were affected in the thick¬
ness of the reverse letters and the details of the eagle. For the first
time, half dollars were struck at a branch mint. New Orleans. The
1838-0 half dollar is one of America's prime rarities. It is believed
that just 20 were struck, nearly all of which had prooflike surfaces.
In the following year, 1839, a more generous mintage of 178,976 half
dollars occurred at New Orleans.

The type Set collector will probably seek an example of the 1838
or 1839 Philadelphia issue, each of which was minted to the extent
of more than a million. Examples are readily available in grades from
Very Good through Extremely Fine. AU coins are scarce, and Uncir¬
culated pieces are scarcer yet. Superb Uncirculated coins are very
rare and are seldom seen or offered for sale.

HALF DOLLAR
1839-1866 Liberty Seated

Composition: 0.900 part silver 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm

Weight: 206.25 grains 1839-1853; 192 grains later
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 76,238,285
Proof mintage: Fewer than 5,500

The Liberty Seated motif, without motto on the reverse, was mint¬
ed in the half dollar series from 1839 through 1866. Certain pieces
dated 1853 and all dated 1854 and 1855 have arrows at the date and
are different types, as discussed in the following chapter. The ob¬
verse depicts Miss Liberty seated on a rock, holding in her left hand
a liberty cap on a pole and with her right hand holding a shield in¬
scribed LIBERTY. Thirteen stars are above, and the date is below. The
reverse is similar to the preceding and consists of an eagle perched
on an olive branch and holding three arrows, with UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA above and HALF DOL. below. Numerous variations
exist throughout the series, including the absence of drapery from
i Miss Liberty's elbow on certain issues, different sizes of reverse let¬
tering, and different date numeral sizes. Certain pieces dated 1839
lack drapery at Miss Liberty's elbow. While there are some scarce
issues within this span, there are enough common varieties that the
numismatist will have no difficulty acquiring examples in grades from
Good through Extremely Fine. AU coins likewise appear with fre¬
quency. Uncirculated pieces are scarcer, and superb Uncirculated
coins are quite rare. The quality of striking is apt to vary from issue
to issue, with those made in New Orleans being often lightly struck,
particularly on the obverse stars.

SILVER DOLLAR
1840-1865 Liberty Seated

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 38.1 mm
Weight: 412.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 2,890,563
Proof mintage: Fewer than 5,500

Following the production of an illustrious series of Liberty Seated
pattern dollars in 1836, 1838, and 1839, the Liberty Seated style was
first produced for large-scale circulating coinage in 1840. From then
through 1865 coinage was continuous. The design parallels that of
other Liberty Seated issues. The obverse depicts Miss Liberty seat¬
ed on a rock, holding in her left hand a liberty cap on a pole and
with her right hand holding a shield inscribed LIBERTY. Thirteen
stars are above, and the date is below. The reverse shows an eagle
perched on an olive branch and holding three arrows, with UNIT¬
ED STATES OF AMERICA above and HALF DOL. below.

Within the 1840-1865 span there are a number of scarce and rare
issues, with 1851, 1852, and 1858 designated as major rarities. Com¬
moner issues are readily available in grades from Very Good through
Extremely Fine, with most survivors being in Fine to Very Fine grade.
As silver dollars were not circulated as extensively as other denomi¬
nations, few are seen in grades below Very Good. AU coins are avail¬
able as are Uncirculated pieces, particularly 1859-0 and 1860-0 in
the latter category (survivors from a small group of coins which came
to the light during the Treasury release of 1962). Superb Uncirculat¬
ed pieces are rarities. Proofs were first distributed to collectors in 1858
and are available from that date through 1865, although scattered
earlier issues occasionally come on the market.

Chapter 5

New Issues

COPPER, COPPER-NICKEL,
AND SILVER 1851-1860

The decade preceding the Civil War saw many changes in the coin¬
age spectrum. In 1857 the unpopular half cent denomination was
phased out, and the old and cumbersome "large" cent was discon¬
tinued after a relatively small coinage for the year. In the place of
the latter appeared a new format cent, made of copper nickel, of small
diameter, featuring a flying eagle on the obverse. Following the
production of 600 or more patterns in 1856 (made for distribution
to congressmen, newspaper editors, and others of influence), coin¬
age in quantity for circulation commenced in 1857. The Flying Eagle
cent, despite its appeal to collectors today, proved short-lived at the
time of issue, and after 1858 it was discontinued. In its place appeared
still another cent design, this one featuring an Indian head on the
obverse. For the first year a laurel wreath was employed as the re¬
verse motif, but in 1860 it was replaced by an oak wreath and shield
design.

A new denomination appeared: the silver three-cent piece. The
ostensible purpose was to permit the use of a single coin to buy three-
cent postage stamps. Three different designs were eventually made
of the silver three-cent issues. Interestingly, they all appeared in the
1851-1860 decade. Unlike other silver coins of the era, which were
composed of 0.900 part silver and 0.100 part copper, the silver three-
cent piece contained 0.750 part silver and 0.250 part copper for the
initial type produced from 1851 through 1853. Subsequently, the al¬
loy was changed to conform to the standard of other denominations.

Following the discovery of gold in California in 1848 and the sub¬
sequent Gold Rush of the 1849-1850 years, the precious yellow met¬
al became "common" in relation to silver. The historic balance be¬
tween gold and silver was somewhat upset in world markets, with
the result that silver increased in value. By early 1853, United States
silver coins were worth more in melt-down value than their face val¬
ue, with the outcome that millions of dollars' worth were reduced

UNITED STATES COINAGE DESIGNS

NEW ISSUES - COPPER, COPPER-NICKEL, SILVER
1851-1860

FLYING EAGLE
1856-1858

CENTS

INDIAN HEAD
LAUREL WREATH
1859

INDIAN HEAD
OAK WREATH C.N.
1860-1864

THREE CENTS

NO OUTLINE TO STAR THREE OUTLINES TO STAR TWO OUTLINES TO STAR
1851-1853 1854-1858 1859-1873

HALF DIMES

ARROWS AT DATE
1853-1855

LEGEND OBV.
1860-1873

DIMES

ARROWS AT DATE
1853-1855

LEGEND OBV.
1860-1891

QUARTERS

HALF DOLLARS

ARROWS & RAYS
1853

ARROWS ONLY
1854-1855

BOWERS AND MERENA §
"KINGSWOOD" ff

ARROWS a RAYS
1853

ARROWS ONLY
1854-1855

New coinage designs in the copper, copper-nickel, and silver series,
as introduced during the 1851-1860 span. A display holder adds much
to the appreciation of such a collection.

The 1856 Flying Eagle cent, actually a pattern, illustrating the style
produced for circulation in 1857 and 1858. The reverse motif of an
agricultural wreath is also to be found on gold dollars and $3 pieces
of the 1854-1889 years.

to bullion by speculators, bankers, and others, while additional pieces
were shipped to bullion markets overseas. In order to stanch the loss
of circulating coinage, the official authorized weights for the half
dime, dime, quarter, and half dollar were lowered in 1853. For ex¬
ample, the half dollar, previously weighing 206 V4 grains (of an alloy
composed of 90% silver and 10% copper) was reduced to 192 grains
of the same alloy. To signify the new standard, small arrowheads
were placed to the left and the right of the date numerals from 1853
through 1855. After 1855 the lower weights remained, but the ar¬
rowheads were removed. Quarters and half dollars of 1853 have an
additional feature: rays surrounding the eagle on the reverse.

The San Francisco Mint opened for business in 1854. By the end
of the decade, silver coins produced included dimes, quarters, half
dollars, and one variety of silver dollar (1859-S).

The decade of the 1850s saw a great increase in the interest in coin
collecting. Whereas in 1850 just a few dozen people at most were
interested in the hobby, by 1860 enthusiasts numbered many
hundreds. Doubtless, The American Numismatical Manual, a hefty
book on coin collecting written by Professor Montroville W. Dicke-
son and published in 1859, helped to fan the flames of enthusiasm,
as did the sale to the public for the first time of Proof coins in 1858,
the setting up of several professional numismatic firms (coins were
usually handled in addition to antiques and other artifacts in the
early days), the conducting of several coin sales, and publicity and
interest surrounding the gathering of specimens for the Mint Cabi¬
net (which displayed the National Coin Collection; now on display
at the Smithsonian Institution). The decade of the 1850s was one
of enthusiasm on the American scene, with many advances being
made in transportation, publishing, westward development, tech-
nology, and other fields. But, the clouds of war were gathering, and
soon the Civil War embroiled the nation and pitted North against
South, brother against brother.

A type set of copper, copper-nickel, and silver coins of the decade
contains no major rarities, but specimens of certain issues in higher
grades can be a challenge to locate.

CENT

1856-1858 Flying Eagle

Issue dates: 1856 (pattern issue)-1858

Composition: 0.88 part copper, 0.12 part nickel

Diameter: 19 mm

Weight: 72 grains

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 42,050,000
Proof mintage: Fewer than 2,000

To create the Flying Eagle cent. Mint engraver James B. Longacre
borrowed two motifs from the past. The obverse employs an eagle
in flight, borrowed from Christian Gobrecht's silver dollar patterns
of the 1836-1839 years. Above is the inscription UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, while the date is below. The reverse displays a wreath
of cotton, corn, wheat, and tobacco enclosing the word ONE CENT,
the wreath itself having been used earlier on Longacre's designs for
the $1 and $3 gold coins of 1854. In 1856, approximately 600 pattern
Flying Eagle cents were made for distribution to influential people
to help secure approval of the design. Soon, the scarcity of the is¬
sue became known to collectors, and pieces were selling for $2 or
more each (stated more sensationally, they were selling for 200 times
face value). The Mint subsequently produced Proof restrikes to the
extent of 1,000 or more coins, thus accounting for most Proof Flying
Eagle cents known today (for relatively few Proofs were made in 1857
and 1858). In 1857, Flying Eagle cents were minted in large quanti¬
ties for circulation. Coinage in large quantity for circulation continued
through 1858. Trouble developed with the striking up of the design,
as often the head, upper wing tip, and tail of the eagle would be
weakly impressed. As a result, the motif was discontinued.

For a type set, no difficulty will be encountered in the search for
an 1857 or 1858 Flying Eagle cent in any grade from Fine through
Extremely Fine. AU pieces are not difficult to find, and Uncirculat¬
ed coins appear with some frequency. Truly superb Uncirculated
pieces are rare.

CENT

1859 Indian, Laurel Wreath

Composition: 0.88 part copper, 0.12 part nickel
Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 72 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 36,400,000
Proof mintage: 800 (estimated)

Following a pattern coinage in 1858, the Indian cent motif was used
for circulating coinage in 1859, during which year 36,400,000 were
struck. The obverse depicts a stylized Indian facing left, wearing a
feathered headdress upon which is a band inscribed LIBERTY. To
the left is UNITED STATES, and behind the head appears OF
AMERICA. The date is below. The reverse employed on the 1859 cent
shows a narrow wreath of laurel leaves enclosing the word ONE
CENT. Although the laurel wreath was discontinued for cent coin¬
age after 1859, Longacre brought it to life later for an adaptation used
on the reverse of the nickel three-cent piece (minted 1865-1889).

Examples of the 1859 Indian cent are readily available in all grades
from Good through AU. Uncirculated coins are scarcer, and superb
Uncirculated pieces are quite elusive. Proofs were made for collec¬
tors, to the extent of an estimated 800 coins, and are occasionally
available, although superb Proofs are decidedly rare.

200

CENT

1860-1864 Indian, Oak Wreath, Copper-Nickel

Composition: 0.88 part copper, 0.12 part nickel
Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 72 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 122,321,000
Proof mintage: Fewer than 2,500

Copper-nickel alloy (88% copper, 12% nickel) cents of the 1860-1864
years have a different reverse from the preceding and illustrate a
broad wreath of oak leaves, surmounted with a shield, enclosing
ONE CENT. The obverse Indian head motif remains the same as used
in 1859. All throughout the Civil War these pieces were produced
in large quantities, although hoarding by the public in 1863 with¬
drew most of them from circulation.

The numismatist today can easily acquire a representative 1860-1864
copper-nickel Indian cent in any grade from Good through AU,
althugh 1861 is more expensive and is considered to be a slightly
scarcer date. Uncirculated coins are scarce, and superb Uncirculat¬
ed pieces are rare. Proofs are rare, with most of them showing some
normal flecks or oxidation marks. Superb Proofs are extremely rare.

101

SILVER THREE-CENT PIECE
1851-1853 No Outline to Star

Composition: 0.75 part silver, 0.25 part copper

Diameter: 14 mm

Weight: 12.35 grains (.8 gram)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 36,230,940
Proof mintage: Fewer than 60

The silver three-cent piece appeared in 1851 and was intended to
facilitate the purchase of three-cent stamps at various post office out¬
lets. The obverse of the 1851-1853 style bears a six pointed star at
the center, upon which is a shield. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
and the date are around the border. The reverse employs a C-shaped
ornament enclosing the Roman numeral III, with 13 stars surround¬
ing. From the very outset, difficulties were experienced in striking
the pieces up properly, with the result that many examples seen to¬
day are lightly impressed in one area or another or show adjustment
marks (made at the Mint during the planchet preparation process).
The small diameter of the coin evoked criticism. Although large quan¬
tities were produced during the early years of the series, particular¬
ly in 1852 and 1853, subsequent production declined, and the
denomination never achieved widespread popularity.

With the exception of the 1851-0 (New Orleans Mint) issue, the
only branch mint issue of the denomination, all varieties of the
1851-1853 coinage are readily available in grades from Good through
Extremely Fine. As noted earlier, sharply struck pieces are elusive.
AU coins are scarce. Uncirculated pieces are scarcer, and superb Un¬
circulated coins are quite rare.

102

SILVER THREE-CENT PIECE
1854-1858, Three Outlines to Star

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper

Diameter: 14 mm

Weight: 11.57 grains (.75 gram)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 4,914,000
Proof mintage: Fewer than 300

In an effort to facilitate the striking up of design details, the ob¬
verse motif of the silver three-cent piece was modified in 1854 by
the addition of three outlines to the star. The result was just the op¬
posite of that intended, and pieces of the 1854-1858 years were more
difficult to produce than ever. Examples seen today nearly always
are weakly struck around the borders and in certain other areas as
well. Indeed, the 1854-1858 silver three-cent piece is the most poor¬
ly struck of any design type of the mid 19th century.

There will be no difficulty acquiring an example of this issue in
any grade desired from Good through Extremely Fine. AU coins are
scarce, and Uncirculated pieces are rare. Superb Uncirculated pieces
are very rare. Sharply struck coins are seldom met with. For all prac¬
tical purposes, the numismatist should be satisfied with an exam¬
ple which shows some lightness of impression, particularly around
the borders. The year 1855 is considered to be the scarcest in the
range and, curiously, of the five dates of this type, the 1855 is the
single date which is occasionally, very occasionally, seen with some
semblance of sharp striking.

203

SILVER THREE-CENT PIECE
1859-1873 Two Outlines to Star

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper

Diameter: 14 mm

Weight: 11.57 grains (0.75 gram)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 1,572,600
Proof mintage: 10,840

The silver three-cent piece was again modified in 1859. The three
outlines to the obverse star were discontinued in favor of two out¬
lines. At last, the problem of weak striking was solved, and from
this point forward specimens were much more sharply struck than
their predecessors. Still, occasional weak strikes persisted. Examples
were produced in large quantities for circulation from 1859 through
1862, after which time the hoarding of silver pieces during the Civil
War made additional coinage redundant. After the war ended, in
1865, quantities produced remained small, for the coin was never
popular with the public. Although several thousand business strikes
are listed for each of various years from 1865 onward, today speci¬
mens encountered of these particular years are apt to be Proofs. Un¬
circulated examples of coins dated from 1866 through 1872 are ex¬
treme rarities. Most "Uncirculated" pieces seen by the writer have
been Proofs. The last year, 1873, saw mintage only of Proofs, to the
extent of an estimated 600 pieces.

The collector desiring an example for a type set will have no diffi¬
culty acquiring a specimen dated in the 1859 to 1862 range in grades
from Fine through Extremely Fine or AU. Uncirculated pieces occur
with some frequency, although truly superb examples are elusive.
When they do occur they are apt to be dated 1861 or 1862. Among
higher grade pieces, most often seen are Proofs.

104

HALF DIME
1853-1855 Arrows at Date

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 15.5 mm
Weight: 19.2 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 25,060,020
Proof mintage: Fewer than 150

In 1853 the Liberty Seated design was modified by the addition
of tiny arrowheads to the left and right of the date, to signify a de¬
crease in the authorized weight from 20.625 grains to 19.2 grains.
These arrows remained in place through 1855, after which they were
discontinued, although the reduced weight remained in effect for
later years as well. The obverse depicts Liberty seated on a rock, hold¬
ing in her left hand a liberty cap on a pole and with her right hand
holding a shield. Stars are above, and the date, with an arrowhead
on each side, is below. The reverse is the same as used earlier and
consists of an open wreath enclosing HALF DIME with UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA surrounding. As earlier silver half dimes (and
other silver denominations) were being hoarded, the mint produced
an unprecedented quantity of half dimes of the with-arrows style,
with the figure for 1853 totaling 13,210,020 at the Philadelphia Mint,
whereas the highest mintage for any earlier half dime date since the
inception of the denomination was 2,760,000, or less than a quarter
of this figure, back in 1835.

The numismatist will have no difficulty in acquiring an example
of this design in any desired grade from Good through AU. Uncir¬
culated pieces are elusive, and superb Uncirculated pieces are scarce.
The tremendous demand for them on the part of type set collectors
has resulted in the supply being widespread.

105

HALF DIME

1860-1873 Legend Obverse

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 15.5 mm.

Weight: 19.2 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 15,552,600
Proof mintage: 10,040

In the half dime (and also the dime) series a modification to the
design occurred in 1860. The Liberty Seated motif was retained as
the central obverse design, but the peripheral stars were eliminated
in favor of the inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, which
previously had appeared around the border of the reverse. The date
remained below Liberty. The reverse wreath was restyled to a larger
format without lettering at the border, enclosing the denomination
expressed as HALF DIME. This style was continued through 1873,
at which time the half dime denomination was terminated.

The type set collector will have no difficulty acquiring a commoner
date in this era in any desired grade from Very Good to AU. Uncir¬
culated pieces are harder to find, and superb Uncirculated half dimes
are quite scarce. Proofs were issued to collectors and are generally
available. Scattered among the common dates in the series are several
scarce varieties, including several of the Philadelphia Mint issues.

106

DIME

1853-1855 Arrows at Date

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 17.9 mm.

Weight: 38.4 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 21,493,010
Proof mintage: Fewer than 150

As a counter to widespread hoarding of silver coins in the early
1850s, when the silver in a dime (and other denominations) became
worth more than the face value, the weight of a dime was reduced
from 41.25 grains to 38.4 grains. To signify this change, tiny arrow¬
heads were placed to the left and the right of the date. Otherwise
the Liberty Seated design remains the same as used from 1838
through early 1853. Large quantities were produced of the 1853 with-
arrows Philadelphia Mint issues; a coinage in excess of 12 million.
Lesser quantities were made of other issues, Philadelphia and San
Francisco pieces, through 1855.

The type set collector can easily acquire a specimen of this issue
in any desired grade from Good through Extremely Fine or AU. Un¬
circulated pieces are scarce, and superb Uncirculated coins are quite
difficult to find.

107

DIME

1860-1891 Legend Obverse

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 17.9 mm.

Weight: 38.4 grains 1860 to 1873 no arrows: 38.58 grains later
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 175,889,677
Proof mintage: 25,403

Like the half dime, the dime underwent a design change in 1860.
The Liberty Seated motif was retained on the obverse, but the stars
were removed, and in its place UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, for¬
merly on the reverse, was inscribed. The date remained in its regu¬
lar position below the base of Miss Liberty. The reverse wreath was
restyled to a larger format enclosing the denomination expressed as
ONE DIME. This style was produced continuously from 1860
through 1891. A number of scarce issues were made during that span,
including Carson City pieces of the early 1870s. Dimes of 1873 and
1874 with arrows at the date constitute a separate type and are dis¬
cussed in the following chapter.

Dimes of common dates in the 1860-1891 range are readily availa¬
ble in desired grades from Good through AU. Uncirculated pieces
are not difficult to find, and superb Uncirculated coins are likewise
available. Proofs were struck for collectors and are available for the
various Philadelphia Mint issues. Of all Liberty Seated coins in the
1870s through the 1890s — dimes, quarters, half dollars — more dimes
by far survive today than do quarters and half dollars.

108

QUARTER DOLLAR
1853 Arrows and Rays

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.10 part copper
Diameter: 24.3 mm.

Weight: 96 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 16,542,000
Proof mintage: Fewer than 10

As also happened with the half dime and dime, quarter dollars
were reduced in weight in 1853 as a measure against the hoarding
and melting of newly released pieces. The authorized weight, previ¬
ously 103.125 grains, was lowered to 96 grains. To signify this, ar¬
rows were placed to the left and the right of the date on the obverse,
and rays were added above the eagle on the reverse. The rays were
used only in 1853 and thus constitute a separate type. In 1854 (see
following page) the arrows were removed, thus creating the type with
arrows at date and without rays on the reverse. Mintage was accom¬
plished at the Philadelphia and New Orleans facilities, with
15,210,000 at the former location and 1,332,000 at the latter.

Numismatists will have no difficulty acquiring an example of the
1853 Philadelphia Mint issue in any desired grade from Good
through Extremely Fine. AU pieces are scarcer, and Uncirculated
coins are fairly elusive. Superb Uncirculated pieces are seldom met
with.

109

QUARTER DOLLAR
1854-1855 Arrows Only

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 24.3 mm.

Weight: 96 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 17,293,400
Proof mintage: Fewer than 140

The Liberty Seated quarter with arrows at date and rays on the
reverse design was modified in 1854 by dropping the rays on the
reverse but retaining the obverse arrows. Otherwise the type is es¬
sentially the same as produced from 1838 through early 1853. Coin¬
age was effected at the Philadelphia, New Orleans, and San Fran¬
cisco mints, the latter mint beginning production of the denomination
in 1855. The most plentiful of the two 1854-1855 dates is 1854, of which
12,380,000 were produced, a figure which accounts for over half of
the entire quantity of the type.

Specimens of the 1854, the most common date, are readily availa¬
ble in grades from Good through Extremely Fine. AU pieces are scarc¬
er, and Uncirculated coins are fairly elusive. Superb Uncirculated
pieces are rare.

HALF DOLLAR
1853 Arrows and Rays

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm.

Weight: 192 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 4,860,708
Proof mintage: Fewer than 10

In 1853, when the authorized weight of the half dollar was reduced
from 206.25 grains to 192 grains, the change was noted on the coins
by the addition of small arrowheads to each side of the date and
rays above the eagle on the reverse. Otherwise the Liberty Seated
motif remained the same as used from 1839 onward. Just two varie¬
ties were produced: the 1853 Philadelphia issue of which 3,532,708
were made, and the 1853-0 (New Orleans) with a mintage of
1,328,000.

Examples of the type are readily available in grades from Good
through Extremely Fine or AU. Uncirculated coins are scarce, and
truly superb Uncirculated pieces are rare.

Ill

HALF DOLLAR
1854-1855 Arrows Only

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm.

Weight: 192 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 12,799,450
Proof mintage: Fewer than 140

The Liberty Seated half dollar style of 1854-1855 with arrowheads
at the date is the same as used in 1853 except that the reverse rays
have been deleted. Thus, 1854-1855 dollars stand as a distinct type.
Coinage was produced primarily at Philadelphia and New Orleans.
In 1855 the San Francisco Mint issued the denomination for the first
time, striking 129,950 pieces. This remains the only rare mintmark
variety in the date span. An interesting variation is provided by the
1855/4 overdate, a variety which exists in business strike form as well
as Proof.

Examples of the 1854-1855 design are readily available in all grades
from Good through Extremely Fine to AU. Uncirculated pieces are
scarce, and superb Uncirculated pieces are scarcer yet, although they
are not nearly so rare as comparable examples of the 1853 with ar¬
rows and rays style.

112

Chapter 6

New Issues

BRONZE, NICKEL, AND
SILVER 1861-1900

*4.

New designs which appeared during the 1861-1900 era include
many interesting types, some of which were quite short lived, the
1883 without CENTS Liberty nickel being an example. The era itself
was one of great change in America. At the outset the Civil War was
raging, after which there were the unsettled conditions and turmoil
of Reconstruction, followed by all sorts of shenanigans in the inter¬
national gold market, the securities field, and banking. Silver was
produced in vast quantities in Nevada in the 1860s and early 1870s,
leading to the establishment of the Carson City Mint, which turned
out its first coins in 1870. The market for silver bullion fell later in
the decade, causing vested interests in the West to promote the Bland-
Allison Act, which saw the production of hundreds of millions of
unwanted and unneeded silver dollars of the new Morgan design.
The situation had a beneficial effect on coin collecting decades later,
when numismatists were delighted to find that countless Morgan
dollars of earlier dates in Uncirculated grade could be obtained at
face value or close to it. The Treasury release of silver dollars in quan¬
tity, which occurred in 1962 and 1963, set the stage for a tremendous
increase in coin collecting. Morgan dollars, rather obscure at the time
so far as collector interest was concerned, catapulted to the forefront,
and by the 1970s and 1980s the series was probably number one in
most collectors' minds. Then there were such coins as the two-cent
piece, intended to be a convenience by substituting a single coin for
two Indian cents. It didn't work out, and before long the denomina¬
tion was discontinued. Related was the experience of the nickel three-
cent piece, which was launched with great expectations in 1865. Al¬
most from the very outset, mintage figures dropped sharply, and
shortly more than a decade later, coinage was limited to just a few
thousand pieces each year. The twenty-cent piece, of the Liberty Seat¬
ed design and nearly the same diameter as the quarter dollar, was
confusing to the public and saw one year of quantity production.

125

NICKELS

THREE CENT

SEATED

ARROWS

1873-1874

TRADE

1873-1885

UNITED STATES COINAGE DESIGNS

NEW ISSUES 'BRONZE, NICKEL, SILVER
1861-1900

TWO CENT

^shIeld^

1864-1873

INDIAN HEAD
1864-1909

NICKEL-ALLOY

1865-1889

SHIELD

1867-1883

SHIELD-RAY!

1866-1867

SEATED-MOTTO

1866-1873

1878-1921

CENT

TWENTY CENTS

SEATED LIBERTY
1875-1878

QUARTERS

LIBERTY-CENTS

1883-1913

SEATED

SEATED
MOTTO /
1866-1891 1

BARBER

1892-1915

SEATED-ARROWS

1873-1874

BARBER

1892-1916

LIBERTY

1883

HALE DOLLARS

MOTTO

1866-1891

BARBER
1892-1915 SEATED

ARROWS
1873-1874

DOLLARS

A display of new bronze, nickel, and silver designs introduced dur¬
ing the 1851-1900 span. This period marked many significant changes
in the coinage spectrum.

116

The two-cent piece made its debut in 1864 and was continued in
production through 1873. The shield design on the obverse is related
to that used on nickel five-cent pieces of the 1866-1883 span. Despite
great expectations by the Treasury Department, two-cent pieces proved
to be unpopular with the public and were soon discontinued.

117

Designed by Charles E. Barber, the Liberty Head or Barber half dol¬
lar made its debut in 1892 and was continued through 1915. Dimes and
quarters featuring the same obverse motif were minted from 1892
through 1916. The Heraldic Eagle reverse, used on quarters and half
dollars (but not dimes), is another adaptation of the Great Seal of the
United States.

118

1875, followed by low mintages and then discontinuation.

In 1873 a new denomination, the trade dollar, appeared. Its intent
was to serve in the Orient as a trading medium. Merchants in Chi¬
na preferred Mexican dollars, which were slightly heavier than the
American standard of 412 grains. So, the trade dollar, weighing 420
grains, was created. After quantity production for a few years, the
denomination was terminated. In the meantime, the authorized
weights of certain silver coins were increased slightly. To signify this,
arrowheads were placed near the dates of some 1873 and all 1874
dimes, quarters, and half dollars.

During the Civil War, agitation arose for the addition of a timely
motto to our nation's coinage. Such ideas as GOD OUR TRUST and
GOD AND COUNTRY were proposed, but finally adopted was IN
GOD WE TRUST, taken from a stanza of the Star Spangled Banner
which noted: "And let this be our motto: In God is our trust." The
term first appeared on circulating coinage with the two-cent piece
of 1864. Two years later, in 1866, IN GOD WE TRUST was added
to the reverse of the quarter, half dollar, silver dollar, and large
denomination gold coins. In later years the motto became a part of
nearly every new coin design, unless space requirements prevented
it.

The 1861-1900 era closed with the so-called Gay Nineties, an era
remembered for its conviviality and good times. The Victorian peri¬
od was drawing to a close, and the coming 20th century would bring
with it changes no one had dreamed of earlier.

119

CENT

Indian Head 1864-1909, Bronze

Composition: Bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)

Diameter: 19 mm.

Weight: 48 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 1,690,839,942
Proof mintage: 98,000 (estimated)

The Indian head cent, designed by James B. Longacre and in¬
troduced into the coinage system in 1859, was struck in copper-nickel
alloy (88% copper and 12% nickel) from that point through the mid¬
dle of the Civil War. During that conflict, coins of all types were
hoarded, including copper-nickel cents. In their place appeared thou¬
sands of different varieties of privately-issued cent-size tokens struck
in bronze. These were readily accepted by the public. The situation
did not go unnoticed at the Mint, and soon a proposal was made
to drop the copper-nickel metal, which had caused many striking
difficulties due to its hardness, and replace it with bronze. This was
done in 1864. Apart from the metallic composition, the format re¬
mained the same as used earlier. Later in 1864, a tiny L, the initial
of Longacre, was added inconspicuously on the obverse. The posi¬
tion of the last feather of the headdress in relation to the last several
letters of AMERICA was changed in 1886.

Although there are a number of scarce varieties within the
1864-1909 span, including 1864 with L on ribbon, 1871, 1872, 1877
(in particular), and 1909-S, there are enough common dates that ob¬
taining a specimen in any desired condition presents no problem.
Examples are easily available in grades from Good through Uncir¬
culated, although pristine, superb Uncirculated pieces are becom¬
ing increasingly scarce. Proofs were made in fairly large quantities
and are readily available, particularly of dates after 1877.

120

TWO-CENT PIECE
1864-1873

Composition: Bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)

Diameter: 23 mm.

Weight: 96 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 45,601,000
Proof mintage: 7,500 (estimated)

The two-cent piece, made in pattern form as early as 1836, was
first used in circulation in 1864. The obverse design depicts a shield
with two arrows behind, a wreath surrounding, and the motto IN
GOD WE TRUST on a ribbon above. The date is near the bottom
border. The reverse illustrates an open wreath enclosing the denomi¬
nation 2 CENTS, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around the
border. Intended to alleviate the coin shortage of the Civil War era
and to provide for a convenient substitution for two individual cents,
the two-cent piece was minted in large quantities during the first
two years of its existence, after which the mintage figures declined,
until in 1873 the mintage was limited just to Proofs for collectors.

Specimens of early years, particularly 1864 through 1869, are readily
available in any grade desired from Good through AU. Uncirculated
pieces are scarce, and superb Uncirculated pieces with full original
mint color are quite elusive. Rarities in the series include the 1864
Small Motto, the 1869/8 overdate, and the Proof-only 1873.

121

NICKEL THREE-CENT PIECE
1865-1889

Composition: 0.75 part copper and 0.25 part nickel, an alloy
commonly called "nickel"

Diameter: 17.9 mm.

Weight: 29.94 grains (1.94 grams)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 31,332,527
Proof mintage: 56,000 (estimated)

Nickel three-cent pieces were intended to serve as small change
in circulation and as a substitute for the silver three-cent pieces, in
an era in which the government was releasing little new silver coin¬
age into circulation. Silver coin shipments were suspended during
the Civil War and were not fully resumed until the early 1870s. De¬
spite great expectations, as evidenced by a mintage of over 11 mil¬
lion the first year, the pieces were not well accepted, and from that
point the mintages declined. In later years very few were struck. The
obverse design consists of Miss Liberty wearing a diadem inscribed
LIBERTY, her hair neatly arranged. UNITED STATES OF AMERI¬
CA and the date surround. The reverse is an adaptation of the lau¬
rel wreath earlier used on the 1859 Indian cent, enclosing the Ro¬
man numeral III.

Numismatists desiring circulated examples of the nickel three-cent
piece will find that coins from Good through AU grades are readily
available for most issues of the decade beginning with the 1865 date.
Uncirculated coins are also seen with regularity, although truly su¬
perb pieces are scarce. Those desiring Proofs will have a better selec¬
tion among later issues, which were produced in large quantities.
Business strikes are apt to be lightly impressed in areas, a result of
the hard nickel alloy not completely filling all of the recesses in the
dies.

222

NICKEL FIVE-CENT PIECE
1866-1867 Shield, Rays on Reverse

Weight: 77.16 grains (5 grams)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 16,761,500
Proof mintage: 500 (estimated)

The nickel-five cent piece made its appearance in 1866 as a substi¬
tute for the half dime, for the Treasury Department at the time was
withholding silver coins from circulation. The first design was the
Shield style with rays on the obverse. The obverse closely follows
the design of the two-cent piece and consists of a shield with a wreath
surrounding the upper portion, a cross at the top, and two crossed
arrows at the bottom. IN GOD WE TRUST is above, and the date
is below. The reverse is dominated by the central numeral 5, from
which emanate 13 rays interspersed among as many stars. The in¬
scription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and CENTS appears
around the border. It was quickly learned that the hard nickel alloy
plus the features of the design caused coins to strike up lightly, with
many design details often weak or missing. It was believed that the
elimination of rays from the reverse would simplify the design and
reduce metal movement in the die, thus solving the problem. Ac¬
cordingly, the rays were discontinued early in 1867.

Examples of the 1866-1867 Shield nickel with rays are readily avail¬
able in grades from Good through AU. Uncirculated pieces are scarce,
and truly superb Uncirculated coins are rare. A number of Proofs
were minted for collectors, particularly in 1866, when it is believed
that nearly 500 were made. The 1867 with rays is scarcer in all grades,
and in Proof it is a major rarity.

223

NICKEL FIVE-CENT PIECE
1867-1883 Shield, Without Rays

Weight: 77.16 grains (5 grams)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 111,256,110
Proof mintage: 31,000 (estimated)

The Shield nickel style of 1867-1883 is similar to that of 1866 except
that the 13 rays between the stars on the reverse have been eliminat¬
ed. This alleviated the problem of weak striking to an extent, with
the result that Shield nickels of this type are generally better struck
than earlier pieces, although the majority of surviving coins show
weakness in one area or another. Die breakage was a common oc¬
currence, and often inspection with a magnifying glass will reward
the viewer with a glimpse of a myriad of tiny cracks, which lend in¬
terest to a coin. From 1867 through 1883 coinage was continuous,
although in 1877 and 1878 no business strikes were produced; the
issues of those two years were limited to Proofs for collectors.

Numismatists will have no difficulty obtaining a common date such
as most years from 1867 through 1876, and also 1882 and 1883, in
any grade desired from Good through AU. Uncirculated pieces are
scarce and superb Uncirculated pieces are rare. Proofs were made
in fairly large numbers for collectors and are readily available, al¬
though most uncleaned examples show light flecks or spots as a re¬
sult of moisture over the years.

124

NICKEL FIVE-CENT PIECE
1883 Liberty, Without CENTS

Composition: 75% copper, 25% nickel
Diameter: 21.2 mm.

Weight: 77.16 grains (5 grams)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 5,474,000
Proof mintage: 5,219

In 1883 a new design appeared, the Liberty Head motif by Charles
E. Barber. The obverse depicts the head of Miss Liberty, perhaps
modeled after the goddess Diana, wearing a coronet inscribed LIB¬
ERTY and surrounded by 13 stars, with the date below. The reverse
shows an agricultural wreath, open at the top, enclosing the Roman
letter V as the only mark of value. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
and the motto E PLURIBUS UNUM surround. The word CENTS
does not appear on the coin. Unscrupulous persons gold-plated the
pieces and passed them off as $5 gold coins to unsuspecting mer¬
chants and citizens. The mint realized that a design error had been
created, and soon the word CENTS was added to the reverse (see
next listing). In the meantime, the variety captured the fancy of the
public, and rumors quickly spread that the mint was calling them
in (not true) and that the value would soon rise sharply. As a result,
vast quantities were hoarded. Collectors joined the game, and many
Proofs were ordered, resulting in a nearly record mintage of 5,219
Proof examples.

In grades from Good through Uncirculated, particularly in higher
grades from Extremely Fine through AU, examples are easily availa¬
ble. Superb Uncirculated coins are also available, but some search¬
ing may be required to locate a nice one. Proofs are often seen, as
the generous mintage would indicate.

125

NICKEL FIVE-CENT PIECE
1883-1913 Liberty, With CENTS

Weight: 77.16 grains (5 grams)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 596,535,965
Proof mintage: 79,923

Following the introduction of the Liberty nickel without CENTS,
the omission of this key word was realized, and the reverse design
was modified to incorporate CENTS below the wreath. The motto
E PLURIBUS UNUM, earlier in that space, was reduced in size and
placed in an arc above the wreath. This style was continued through
the end of the series in 1912. Coinage was continuous from 1883 on¬
ward. Scarce early dates include 1885 (the key issue) and 1886. In
1912, nickel five-cent pieces were struck at branch mints for the first
time; at Denver and San Francisco. Sometime after 1912, some
1913-dated Liberty Head nickels were struck. The quantity was not
recorded, but only five such pieces are known to collectors today.

The numismatist seeking an example for a type set will have no
difficulty acquiring a common date, particularly in the 1900-1912
span, in any grade desired from Good through AU. Uncirculated
pieces are scarcer, and superb Uncirculated pieces are quite elusive.
Many Liberty nickels show evidence of light striking on certain of
the obverse stars and also on the reverse wreath, particularly in the
lower portion at the left. It may take some searching to find a sharp¬
ly struck example. Proofs, which were made in fairly large quanti¬
ties throughout the series, usually are sharply struck and can be ob¬
tained without difficulty, although uncleaned pieces often show light
flecks due to moisture.

126

DIME

1873-1874 With Arrows

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 17.9 mm.

Weight: 38.58 grains (2.50 grams)

Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 6,041,608
Proof mintage: 1,500

In 1873 the authorized weight of the dime was raised slightly from
38.4 grains to 38.58 grains, the latter figure precisely equaling 2.50
grams. To signify the change, small arrowheads were placed to the
left and the right of the date on the dime (and also the quarter and
half dollar). Dimes minted in 1873 before the change was made are
without arrows. The with-arrows format was employed in the latter
part of 1873 as well as all of 1874. After that time the weight remained
the same, but the arrows were discontinued. The design otherwise
remains the same, with Liberty seated on the obverse and a wreath
motif on the reverse.

Sufficient quantities of business strikes were made that the nu¬
mismatist should encounter no problem finding coins in any desired
grade from Good through Extremely Fine to AU. Uncirculated pieces
are elusive, and superb Uncirculated coins are even more difficult
to locate. Survivors of the Proof mintage, totaling 1,500 coins for the
two years, can be found, although superb pieces are rare. Within
the business strike mintage there are two scarce varieties, the Car-
son City issues: 1873-CC and 1874-CC.

227

DIME

1892-1916 Barber

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 17.9 mm.

Weight: 38.58 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 504,317,075
Proof mintage: 17,353

In 1892 the dime, quarter, and half dollar denominations were
redesigned. A Liberty Head motif common to all three denomina¬
tions made its appearance the same year. Known as the Barber dime,
the ten-cent denomination featured on the obverse Miss Liberty fac¬
ing right, her hair in a Phrygian cap and wearing a laurel wreath,
with the word LIBERTY in tiny letters in a band above her forehead.
The inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds, and the
date is below. The reverse is of the same design used earlier and fea¬
tures a large wreath enclosing ONE DIME. There was no room for
the motto IN GOD WE TRUST on the coin, so it was omitted. It
is not generally realized that the obverse design of the dime differs
from that of the quarter and half dollar, in that the latter denomina¬
tions have stars around the obverse periphery.

While there are a number of scarcities and rarities in the 1892-1916
series, the exceedingly rare 1894-S dime being famous among them,
there are enough common dates that the type set collector will en¬
counter no difficulty acquiring an example in any desired grade from
Good through AU. Uncirculated pieces are elusive, although hardly
rare, while superb Uncirculated coins are more difficult to find. Proofs
were minted each year from 1892 to 1915 (but not 1916) for collec¬
tors, and these can be obtained with some searching.

128

TWENTY-CENT PIECE
1875-1878 Liberty Seated

Issue dates: 1875-1878

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 22 mm.

Weight: 77.16 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 1,349,840
Proof mintage: 5,000

The Act of March 3, 1875 authorized the twenty-cent piece. It was
felt that the denomination would find an enthusiastic reception in
the West, but it was soon learned that the public confused the pieces
with quarter dollars of approximately the same diameter. The ob¬
verse design features Christian Gobrecht's motif of Miss Liberty seat¬
ed, stars surrounding, and the date below. The reverse is a new mo¬
tif by William Barber and depicts a perched eagle, somewhat similar
in configuration to that used on the trade dollar, surrounded by
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and the denomination expressed
as TWENTY CENTS. The edge is plain, unlike other silver denomi¬
nations of the era.

The type set collector will gravitate toward an example of 1875-S,
the issue which is most often seen. Specimens are readily available
in grades from Very Good to Extremely Fine. AU pieces are scarce,
and Uncirculated coins are quite elusive. Truly superb Uncirculated
pieces are rare. The striking is apt to be erratic, and often pieces will
show lightness of impression, particularly on the eagle on the re¬
verse and on the Liberty Seated figure and stars on the obverse. Many
Philadelphia Mint business strike coins in higher grades exhibit
prooflike surfaces. Proofs are available of the four Philadelphia is¬
sues 1875 through 1878.

129

QUARTER DOLLAR
1866-1891 With Motto

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 24.3 mm.

Weight: 96 grains 1866 to 1873 no arrows; 96.45 grains later
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 72,680,181
Proof mintage: 20,923

In 1866 the motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse
of the Liberty Seated quarter dollar, half dollar, and silver dollar. The
Liberty Seated obverse in combination with the eagle reverse with
added motto was continued in use through 1891. A distinctly differ¬
ent type is represented by certain issues of 1873 and all quarter dol¬
lars of 1874 with arrows at the date (as discussed in the next listing).
Mintage was continuous from 1866 through 1891 at the Philadelphia
Mint. In addition, the San Francisco and Carson City mints produced
many coins. The only New Orleans issue of the type is the 1891-0,
made during the last year the design was in use. There are a num¬
ber of rarities within the span, with top honors being held by the
1873-CC (variety without arrows at date) of which just two speci¬
mens are known to exist.

The type set collector will have no difficulty acquiring an example
of one of the common dates in this span in grades from Good
through Very Fine or so, although it is the case that Liberty Seated
quarters of this era are much scarcer than contemporary dimes and
are slightly scarcer than half dollars. Extremely Fine pieces can be
found with some searching, AU coins are scarcer, Uncirculated pieces
are scarcer yet, and superb Uncirculated pieces are rare. Proofs are
available in proportion to the original mintages.

130

QUARTER DOLLAR
1873-1874 With Arrows

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 24.3 mm.

Weight: 96.45 grains (6.25 grams)

Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 2,302,822
Proof mintage: 1,240

In 1873 the authorized weight of the quarter dollar was raised from
96 grains to 96.45 grains, the latter figure equaling 6.25 grams. To
signify the new standard, arrows were added to the date of quarter
dollars produced later in 1873 and all quarter dollars produced in
1874. After 1874 the weight remained the same, but the arrows were
no longer used. Otherwise, the Liberty Seated design, with the motto
IN GOD WE TRUST on the reverse, is the same as that used from
1866 through 1891.

Examples of this type are readily available in grades from Good
through Fine, although specimens are considerably scarcer than the
related dimes of the same years. Very Fine pieces are scarce. Extreme¬
ly Fine coins are quite scarce, AU pieces are rare. Uncirculated pieces
are rarer yet, and superb Uncirculated pieces are very rare. Proofs
are encountered now and then, in keeping with their original min¬
tages. Among business strikes, there is one rarity, the 1873-CC, which
is elusive in all grades.

131

QUARTER DOLLAR
1892-1916 Barber

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 24.3 mm.

Weight: 96.45 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 264,670,880
Proof mintage: 17,299

Charles E. Barber's Liberty Head motif, commonly referred to as
the "Barber" style, was used on quarter dollars from 1892 through
1916. The obverse motif of Miss Liberty is similar to that found on
the dime and half dollar and features her facing to the right, her
hair in a Phrygian cap, wearing a laurel wreath, with LIBERTY on
a small band above her forehead. Six stars are to the left and seven
to the right, IN GOD WE TRUST is above, and the date is below.
The reverse is an adaptation of the Great Seal of the United States
and depicts a heraldic eagle holding in its talons an olive branch and
arrows, although the branch and arrows are transposed from the po¬
sition used on quarter (and other silver and gold) coinage nearly a
century earlier. Above the eagle is a galaxy of 13 stars. UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA and QUARTER DOLLAR surround.

For type set purposes, the numismatist will have no trouble find¬
ing coins from Good through Fine. Very Fine coins are scarce, and
Extremely Fine pieces are quite scarce, at least in the context of more
recent issues. AU and Uncirculated pieces are scarcer yet, and su¬
perb Uncirculated coins are rare. Proofs were produced of all years
from 1892 through 1915 (but not 1916) and are available in propor¬
tion to their original mintage.

232

HALF DOLLAR
1866-1891 With Motto

Composition: 0.900 part silver 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm.

Weight: 192 grains 1866 to 1873 no arrows; 192.9 grains later
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 56,138,834
Proof mintage: 20,923

The regular Liberty Seated design, which had been in use since
1839, was modified in 1866 by the addition of IN GOD WE TRUST
to the reverse. The motto appears on a scroll or ribbon above the
eagle. A similar change was effected in the quarter and dollar
denominations. Production was continuous at the Philadelphia Mint
from 1866 onward. Business strikes were also made at San Francis¬
co and Carson City, with several of the Carson City varieties, partic¬
ularly those in the early 1870s, being rare today. Certain half dollars
of 1873 and all of 1874 have arrows at the date and are a separate
type discussed in the next listing. Business strike Philadelphia Mint
issues from 1879 through 1890 were produced in low numbers, as
the Mint was busy turning out unprecedented quantities of silver
dollars at the time.

Examples of common dates within the series, Philadelphia Mint
issues of 1875 through 1878, for example, are relatively easy to ob¬
tain in grades from Good through Very Fine. Extremely Fine coins
are scarcer, AU pieces are scarcer yet, and Uncirculated coins can
be called very scarce. Superb Uncirculated pieces are quite rare.
Proofs exist in proportion to their original mintages.

133

HALF DOLLAR
1873-1874 With Arrows

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm.

Weight: 192.9 grains (12.50 grams)

Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 5,070,310
Proof mintage: 1,250

Part way through 1873 the authorized weight of the half dollar
denomination was increased slightly from 192 grains to 192.9 grains,
the latter equaling precisely 12.50 grams. To signify this change, ar¬
rowheads were placed to the left and right of the date. After 1874
the weight standard remained the same, but the arrows were no
longer used. Otherwise, the Liberty Seated with IN GOD WE TRUST
motto type is the same as that used from 1866 through 1891 inclusive.

The Philadelphia Mint produced the greatest number of coins dur¬
ing the 1873-1874 years, so the type set collector normally gravitates
toward one of these. Examples are readily available in grades from
Good through Very Fine, are quite scarce in Extremely Fine grade,
are scarcer yet in AU preservation, and are rare in Uncirculated state.
Superb Uncirculated pieces are very rare. Proofs exist in proportion
to the original mintages. One rare business strike exists in the se¬
ries: the 1874-CC, of which just 59,000 were minted.

234

HALF DOLLAR
1892-1915 Barber

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm.

Weight: 192.9 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 135,916,889
Proof mintage: 17,313

In 1892 the half dollar was redesigned to the so-called Barber type.
Designer Charles E. Barber's Miss Liberty now faces right, her hair
is in a Phrygian cap, and a wreath of laurel encircles her head. The
word LIBERTY appears on a small band or ribbon above her fore¬
head. IN GOD WE TRUST is above, six stars are to the left, seven
stars are to the right, and the date is below. The reverse is an adap¬
tation of the Great Seal of the United States and features a heraldic
eagle grasping an olive branch and arrows and holding in its beak
a ribbon inscribed E PLURIBUS UNUM. A galaxy of stars is above.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and HALF DOLLAR surround. The
same head of Miss Liberty appears on dimes and quarters of the
era. Mintage was continuous at the Philadelphia and San Francisco
Mints from 1892 through 1915, with additional pieces being supplied
for many years by New Orleans and Denver.

The type set collector will encounter no difficulty in acquiring speci¬
mens in grades of Good or Very Good. Fine pieces, believe it or not,
are scarce. Very Fine coins are very scarce, and Extremely Fine coins
can be called rare in the context of modern issues. AU coins are rarer
yet. Uncirculated pieces are still more rare, and superb Uncirculat¬
ed pieces are very rare. Proofs exist in proportion to their original
mintages. The reason for the rarity of higher grade circulated pieces
is that, like quarter dollars of the same type, the word LIBERTY tend¬
ed to wear quickly once pieces were placed in circulation.

235

SILVER DOLLAR
1866-1873 With Motto

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 38.1 mm.

Weight: 412.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 3,597,888
Proof mintage: 6,060

The Liberty Seated dollar design was modified in 1866 by the ad¬
dition of the motto IN GOD WE TRUST on the ribbon or scroll above
the eagle on the reverse. Otherwise the design is essentially the same
as that used from 1840 onward. The with-motto format continued
in use through 1873. The glory days of the silver dollar denomina¬
tion were yet to come, and mintages were low in comparison to what
would happen with the Morgan silver dollar beginning in 1878. The
only "common" Liberty Seated dollars in this range are the 1871 and
1872, and even they are scarce in relation to later issues.

As Liberty Seated silver dollars did not circulate as actively as
smaller denominations, pieces in well-worn grades such as Good
and Very Good are much scarcer (though no more desirable or ex¬
pensive) than coins in Fine to Very Fine grade, the latter being the
conditions typically seen. Extremely Fine pieces are available, AU
coins are scarce, and Uncirculated pieces are scarcer yet. Superb Un¬
circulated coins are rarities. Proofs were made of all Philadelphia Mint
issues and exist today in proportion to their original mintages.

136

SILVER DOLLAR
1878-1921 Morgan

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 38.1 mm.

Weight: 412.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 656,989,387
Proof mintage: 23,723

In 1878 the passage of the Bland-Allison Act caused the eventual
mintage of hundreds of millions of silver dollars. The Philadelphia

Mint enlisted George T. Morgan to produce a new design. The ob¬
verse depicts Miss Liberty facing left, her hair in a Phrygian cap, and
with LIBERTY inscribed on a ribbon or band holding a spray of leaves
and sheaves. E PLURIBUS UNUM is above, seven stars are to the
left, six stars are to the right, and the date is below. The reverse
depicts a wingspread eagle holding a branch and three arrows. IN
GOD WE TRUST appears in Old English letters above. Surround¬
ing is the inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and ONE
DOLLAR. Production was continuous at the Philadelphia Mint from
1878 through 1904, after which there was a pause until the single
year 1921. Additional pieces were made at San Francisco, Carson City,
and New Orleans during the 1878-1904 span and in 1921 at Denver
and San Francisco.

The type set collector will have no difficulty acquiring a common
date Morgan dollar in any grade desired from Good through superb
Uncirculated. Proofs were minted for all dates at Philadelphia, and
their survival today is proportional to the original figures.

137

TRADE DOLLAR
1873-1885

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 38.1 mm
Weight: 420 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 35,954,535
Proof mintage: 11,404

The trade dollar was first minted in 1873 in response to the need
for a coin to compete with the Mexican "dollar" in the Orient. Weigh¬
ing 420 grains, or slightly heavier than a standard silver dollar, the
trade dollar was intended for export only. The obverse depicts Miss
Liberty seated on a bale, of merchandise, her right hand holding a
branch, her left hand holding a ribbon inscribed LIBERTY, a sheaf
of wheat behind, and the sea in front. IN GOD WE TRUST appears
at the bottom just above the date. Stars surround the upper portion.
The reverse depicts an eagle holding three arrows and a branch, with
E PLURIBUS UNUM on a ribbon above, 420 GRAINS, 900 FINE,
below. The inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and TRADE
DOLLAR surrounds.

The numismatist today can readily secure a trade dollar in grades
from Fine through AU. Some pieces have chopmarks consisting of
Oriental characters impressed by bankers and merchants when the
pieces circulated in the Orient. Uncirculated coins are scarce, and
superb Uncirculated pieces are rare. Proofs exist in proportion to their
original mintages and are primarily available from the years from
1879 through 1883.

138

Chapter 7

New Issues

COPPER, NICKEL, AND
SILVER 1901-1950

The first part of the present century saw many different coinage
designs appear, including the Lincoln cent, which subsequently went
through several evolutions, the Buffalo and Jefferson nickels, and
the beautiful new silver coinage designs which made their debut in
1916— the Mercury dime, Standing Liberty quarter dollar, and Walk¬
ing Liberty half dollar. In the silver dollar series, the Peace design
was first minted in 1921.

With the possible exception of the Peace silver dollar, which never
did circulate widely in the channels of commerce (most were kept
stored in banks), all of the issues in this set are familiar to my older
readers, for examples were readily available in circulation in the 1950s
and early 1960s.

Whereas 19th century coinage featured heraldic emblems. Miss Lib¬
erty in various stylistic forms, and other patriotic or allegorical mo¬
tifs, coinage of the early 20th century began to emphasize actual peo¬
ple. President Lincoln appeared on the cent of 1909, Washington on
the quarter of 1932, Jefferson on the nickel of 1938, Franklin Roosevelt
on the dime of 1946, and a non-president, Benjamin Franklin, on
the half dollar of 1948. The Buffalo or Indian head nickel, represent¬
ing the native American race, fits in with the "real people" theme.

After the advent of depicting actual personalities in coins, the idea
of romantic stylized figures was not dead. Indeed, in 1916 it may
have reached its highest form in American silver coinage; at least
that is the opinion of numerous collectors today. In that year, artists
competed to produce new versions of the dime, quarter, and half
dollar to replace the familiar Barber motif, which had been in use
since 1892. Adolph Weinman's so-called "Mercury" dime and his
Walking Liberty half dollar met with an enthusiastic acclaim, as did
Hermon MacNeil's Standing Liberty quarter dollar.

Somewhat sadly for the sake of tradition, the new issues intro¬
duced during the 1901-1950 era marked the end of silver in our cir

141

Considered by numismatists to be a highlight among American coin¬
age designs, the Standing Liberty motif, by Hermon A. MacNeil, ap¬
peared in 1916. This scantily-clad version of Miss Liberty caused a furor,
and in 1917 the design was revised by encasing her in a suit of armor!

142

Adolph A. Weinman, designer of the Liberty Head or "Mercury
dime shown above, a style minted from 1916 through 1945, also
produced the illustrious Liberty Walking half dollar (minted from 1916
through 1947).

143

culating coinage. By 1964 the price of silver bullion had climbed to
the point at which coins were worth more melted down than they
were if spent at face value, essentially a rerun of the situation back
in 1852-1853. Thus, the death knell of silver in circulating coinage
was sounded.

Containing no great rarities, a type set consisting of new issues
of the 1901-1950 era can be assembled without undue difficulty, al¬
though within the context of the set the 1916-1917 Type I Standing
Liberty quarter is scarce.

144

CENT

1909 V.D.B. Lincoln

Composition: Bronze (0.95 part copper, 0.05 part tin and zinc)
Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 48 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 28,479,000
Proof mintage: 420

After several decades of use, the Indian motif, which had been
a familiar sight on cents since 1859, was replaced by a new style, the
Lincoln cent. Designed by noted sculptor Victor David Brenner, who
earlier had modeled the bust of Lincoln for several medals and
plaques, the new design depicted on the obverse a head and shoul¬
ders portrait of Lincoln, bearded, facing right. IN GOD WE TRUST
is above, LIBERTY is to the left, and the date is at the lower right.
The reverse consists of two wheat stalks, one to the left and the oth¬
er to the right, enclosing ONE CENT and UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, with E PLURIBUS UNUM above. Significantly, on the
1909 issue the initials of the designer, V.D.B., appear prominently
on the bottom of the reverse, centered below the wheat stalks. A few
people complained about the prominence of Brenner's initials on the
cent. The opposing voices were heard at the Mint, and soon the re¬
verse was redesigned, and the offending V.D.B. initials were
removed.

1909 V.D.B. cents, the Philadelphia Mint issue, are plentiful today
in all grades from Good through Uncirculated, with most being in
various worn conditions. Matte Proofs were minted to the extent of
420 pieces, but most of these were "spent," for collectors preferred
the earlier mirrorlike style to the matte finish. Such Matte Proofs are
extremely rare today. Note, however, that there is very little differ¬
ence between a sharp business strike and a Matte Proof, and if you
buy a Matte Proof, be sure it comes from an expert source.

145

CENT

1909-1958 Lincoln, Wreath Reverse

Composition: Bronze (1909-1942), new alloy of 0.95 part copper
and 0.05 zinc (1947-1958)

Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 48 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 19,552,500,823

Proof mintage: 15,314 matte; 3,836,869 mirrorlike finish

After a brief coinage of Lincoln cents with V.D.B. initials on the
reverse, the initials were removed, thus creating the "wreath reverse,"
without initials, a style which remained in use through 1958. From
1909 through 1942, and again from 1948 through 1958, pieces were
struck in the standard bronze alloy consisting of 0.95 part copper
and 0.5 part tin and zinc. Separate types were created in 1943 with
the zinc-coated steel and in 1944-1946 with a special alloy made from
melted-down cartridge cases and which consisted of 0.95 part cop¬
per and 0.05 zinc; these last two types are discussed on following
separate pages. It should be noted that the V.D.B. initials were put
back on the Lincoln cent beginning in 1918, but this time they were
of minute size and placed on Lincoln's shoulder. Generally, collec¬
tors do not consider the types with shoulder initials and without
shoulder initials, or before 1918, and later, to be distinct types, al¬
though in a way they are.

Coined by the billions, cents of this type are common today, and
no difficulty will be encountered in obtaining one in any grade
desired from Good through superb Uncirculated, with the latter
grade being the obvious choice. In addition, Matte Proofs are avail¬
able from the 1909-1916 years and brilliant-finish Proofs are availa¬
ble of the 1936-1942 years and again from 1950 through 1958. Today,
superb Matte Proofs are rare, while mirrorlike or brilliant Proofs of
the later era are readily obtained.

146

CENT

1943 Lincoln, Steel

Designed by: Victor David Brenner
Issue date: 1943
Composition: Zinc-coated steel
Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 41.67 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 1,093,838,670
Proof mintage: None

During the early years of World War II copper was in short sup¬
ply. In 1942 the Mint sought to replace copper in our coinage, and
the Durez Chemical Company, North Tonawanda, New York, was
commissioned to find substitutes. Experiments ensued, and medalets
the approximate size of a cent were struck in such diverse materials
as fibre, white metal, plastic, and zinc-coated steel. The last format
was adopted, and the following year, 1943, saw the production of
Lincoln cents in zinc-coated steel at the Philadelphia, Denver and
San Francisco mints.

Examples of the 1943 Lincoln cent are readily available in all grades
from Very Fine through superb Uncirculated, although worn grades
tend to be a bit "scruffy" in appearance.

147

CENT

1944-1946 Lincoln, Shell Case Alloy

Composition: 0.95 part copper, 0.05 part zinc
Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 48 grains
Edge: plain

Business strike mintage: 5,142,736,000
Proof mintage: None

Cartridge cases from spent ammunition used in the war effort were
melted down and used as an alloy for Lincoln cents from 1944
through 1946. The change was scarcely noticeable, except that when
first minted the pieces had a slightly yellower color than the bronze
cents of earlier dates. Coinage was effected in large quantities, with
over one billion being coined in each of the years 1944 and 1945 at
the Philadelphia Mint, an unprecedented figure representing the first
time the billion mark had been crossed. Interestingly, by 20 years
later multi-billion coinages were the rule.

Examples are readily available today in any desired grade from well-
worn to superb Uncirculated. The coin will present no difficulty in
acquisition.

148

NICKEL FIVE-CENT PIECE
1913 Buffalo or Indian, Type I

Composition: 0.75 part copper, 0.25 part nickel

Diameter: 21.2 mm

Weight: 77.16 grains (5 grams)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 38,434,270
Proof mintage: 1,250

In 1913 the Liberty Head nickel, which had remained in service
since 1883, was replaced by a new design, the so-called Buffalo (more
properly, the Indian) nickel by James E. Fraser, a well-known sculp¬
tor. The obverse portrait was modeled from life by studying three
Indian models, while the reverse was styled from a bison, popular¬
ly called a "buffalo," at the Bronx Zoo. The obverse depicts the head
of an Indian facing right, with LIBERTY in small letters at the upper
right edge, and the date at the lower left. The reverse shows a bison
standing on a raised mound, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and
E PLURIBUS UNUM above, and FIVE CENTS on a mound below.
It was found that the relief of the mound caused the inscription in
that area to wear quickly, so the bottom part of the reverse was sub¬
sequently redesigned, creating the so-called Type II. The Type I is
distinguished by the presence of a mound with FIVE CENTS in¬
scribed on it, as noted. Production of business strikes was accom¬
plished at Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco, with Philadel¬
phia registering by far the largest mintage. At Philadelphia, 1,250
Matte Proof examples were made for collectors.

Examples of the 1913 Type I Buffalo nickel are readily available in
all grades from About Good to Uncirculated. Superb Uncirculated
coins are scarce, although not rare. Matte Proofs have survived in
relatively few numbers, and of the 1,250 minted, probably not more
than a few hundred still exist. As certain business strikes closely
resemble Matte Proofs, care is to be taken when buying one of these.

149

NICKEL FIVE-CENT PIECE
1913-1938 Indian Type II

Composition: 0.75 part copper, 0.25 part nickel

Diameter: 21.2 mm

Weight: 77.16 grains (5 grams)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 1,174,464,771

Proof mintage: 4,439 Matte Proofs; 10,189 Proofs with brilliant
finish

The Type II Buffalo nickel is similar to the Type I of 1913 except
for the reverse. The Type II features a restyled area at the bottom
of the reverse. The "buffalo," previously standing on a raised mound,
is now on a line or plane. The inscription FIVE CENTS, earlier on
the mound, is now in a recessed portion below the line, thus pro¬
tecting it from wear. This style was produced from 1913 through the
end of the Buffalo motif in 1938.

The type set collector will have no difficulty in obtaining one of
the commoner issues of this style, perhaps a piece in the 1930s. Ex¬
amples are available in all grades from About Good through superb
Uncirculated. Most surviving Buffalo nickels show areas of light strik¬
ing in one part of the design or another, with the high parts of the
Indian's head often being indistinct. Indeed, certain issues of the
Denver and San Francisco mints in the 1920s are nearly always weak¬
ly struck, with 1926-D being particularly egregious in this regard.
Sharply struck and minutely detailed business strike Buffalo nick¬
els of any date are scarce. Matte Proofs were minted from 1913
through 1916 and closely resemble business strikes except that the
Matte Proof issues have brilliant squared-off edges and rims and have
a microscopically granular surface, unlike the mint "frost" of most
business strikes. Often an expert must be enlisted to tell the differ¬
ence. In 1936 and 1937 Proofs of the brilliant finish were produced.

150

NICKEL FIVE-CENT PIECE
1938 to Date, Jefferson

Composition: 0.75 part copper, 0.25 part nickel

Diameter: 21.2 mm

Weight: 76.16 grains (5 grams)

Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 21,158,380,137 through 1985
Proof mintage: 78,735,299 through 1985

In 1938 the nickel was redesigned. Entering a competition with
390 artists, Felix Schlag captured an award of $1,000 for his motif pic¬
turing Thomas Jefferson on the obverse and a corner view of Jeffer¬
son's home, Monticello, on the reverse. In the final production de¬
sign, the profile of Monticello was changed to a front view. The
finished product depicted a head and shoulders portrait of Jeffer¬
son facing left, with IN GOD WE TRUST to the left and LIBERTY
and the date to the right. The reverse depicted Monticello at the cen¬
ter, E PLURIBUS UNUM above, and inscriptions of MONTICELLO,
FIVE CENTS, and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA below. Certain
issues from 1942 through 1945 were made of a different metallic com¬
position and are known as "wartime" nickels and are discussed in
the next listing. Apart from these, the type has remained the same
from 1938 onward. In 1966 the initials of the designer, FS, were ad¬
ded to the obverse edge beneath the shoulder. However, collectors
have not considered this addition to represent a major type.

Jefferson nickels, currently being produced, are readily available
in all grades. Business strikes with sharply-struck steps on the Mon¬
ticello building are scarce for certain issues, but searching for these
is in the realm of the Jefferson nickel specialist and need not con¬
cern the collector seeking a single specimen for type.

151

NICKEL FIVE-CENT PIECE
1942-1945 Wartime Jefferson

Composition: .56 part silver, .09 part manganese

Diameter: 21.2 mm

Weight: 77.16 grains (5 grams)

Edge: plain

Business strike mintage: 869,896,100
Proof mintage: 27,600

The so-called “wartime" alloy represents a World War II measure
to eliminate the use of nickel, a strategic material, in coinage. The
former composition of 0.75 part copper and 0.25 nickel was changed
to 0.56 part copper, 0.35 part silver, and 0.9 part manganese. To
differentiate the new alloy and to aid in later redemption and sort¬
ing by metallic content of these pieces by the Treasury Department,
the wartime pieces were made with a large mintmark above the dome
of Monticello. The Philadelphia Mint, which had never used a mint-
mark earlier, was represented by a P, while Denver and San Francis¬
co were represented by D and S respectively. I believe it was Philadel¬
phia dealer Harry Forman who first called these "wartime" issues.
In recent decades they have been popularly collected as a distinct set.

Business strikes are readily available in grades from Very Good to
superb Uncirculated. Worn pieces are apt to have a rather scruffy
appearance, so the acquisition of an Uncirculated (or Proof) piece
is recommended. Uncirculated coins are usually sharply struck. In
1942, 27,600 Proofs were made of the wartime alloy at the Philadel¬
phia Mint, each coin being distinguished by a P above the dome.
These pieces are readily available today, although the demand for
them by type collectors has caused the price to rise sharply in re¬
cent decades.

152

DIME

1916-1945 Mercury

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 17.9 mm
Weight: 38.58 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 2,677,153,880
Proof mintage: 78,648

In 1916, sculptor Adolph A. Weinman produced a new design for
the dime. Called the Liberty Head type at the time, the motif fea¬
tures Miss Liberty facing right, wearing a Phrygian cap with wings,
LIBERTY encircling her head, and with IN GOD WE TRUST and
the date below. The wings on the cap gave rise to the popular term
//Mercury dime" for the winged messenger. But, Mercury was a male
in mythology and had wings on his feet . Nevertheless, the name has
stuck, and Mercury dimes are what collectors know them as today.
The reverse depicts a fasces or bundle of sticks with a blade at the
top, against a branch in the background, and with UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA and ONE DIME around the border. E PLURIBUS
UNUM appears at the lower right. The design was continued with¬
out change through 1945. Coinage was accomplished at the Philadel¬
phia, Denver, and San Francisco mints. Proofs were made at Philadel¬
phia from 1936 through 1942.

Examples of the Mercury dime type are readily available in all
grades from About Good through superb Uncirculated. Certain is¬
sues are lightly struck and are apt to have weaknesses on the bands
tying the sticks in the fasces on the reverse. Those with sharply de¬
fined bands, designated as "full split bands," are worth more for
many issues.

153

DIME

1946-1964 Roosevelt, Silver

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 17.9 mm
Weight: 38.58 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 6,595,617,673
Proof mintage: 19,837,717

After the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945 it was
decided to redesign the so-called Mercury dime to reflect the form¬
er president's portrait. The dime denomination was selected because
Roosevelt had a close association with the March of Dimes charity
fundraising over a long period of years. John R. Sinnock, chief en¬
graver at the Philadelphia Mint, produced a portrait showing the
head of Roosevelt facing left, with LIBERTY at the left side of the
coin, IN GOD WE TRUST below his chin, and the date to the lower
right. The reverse depicts a torch with branches to each side, with
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and ONE DIME around the bord¬
ers. E PLURIBUS UNUM is placed among the branch stems and
torch base. In the alloy of 0.900 part silver and 0.100 part copper,
the design was produced from 1946 through 1964, after which time
the alloy was changed (see next chapter). Production was accom¬
plished at the Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints. Proofs
were made at Philadelphia from 1950 through 1964.

The type collector will have no difficulty obtaining an example in
any grade desired from Very Fine to superb Uncirculated. In addi¬
tion, Proofs survive in large quantities.

254

QUARTER DOLLAR
1916-1917 Standing Liberty Type I

Compositon: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 23.4 mm
Weight: 96.45 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 12,253,200
Proof mintage: None

in 1916 Hermon A. MacNeil, a well-known sculptor, produced a
new design for the quarter dollar, replacing the familiar Barber mo¬
tif which had been employed since 1892. The obverse depicts Miss
Liberty standing in a gateway, her right breast exposed, wearing a
gown, holding a branch in her right hand and a shield in her left.
LIBERTY is in an arc above, while IN GOD WE TRUST is lettered
on the wall or parapet to each side of where she stands. The date
is on a pedestal beneath her feet. The reverse shows an eagle flying
to the right, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and E PLURIBUS
UNUM above, with QUARTER DOLLAR below. Seven stars are to
the left and six to the right. 52,000 were minted in 1916, followed
by generous mintage of over 10,000,000 at the three mints in 1917.
Complaints arose concerning the partial nudity of Miss Liberty, and
because of this the design was soon changed (see the following
listing).

While examples of the 1916 date are rare, the type set collector desir¬
ing a Standing Liberty quarter of 1917 will have no difficulty in ac¬
quiring one from any desired grade from Good through AU. Uncir¬
culated pieces are fairly scarce, while superb Uncirculated coins are
very elusive. Unlike their later counterparts. Type I quarters are usual¬
ly sharply struck at Miss Liberty's head and on the shield. Most Un¬
circulated pieces possess full details.

155

QUARTER DOLLAR
1917-1930 Standing Liberty, Type II

Composition: 0.900 part silver 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 23.4 mm
Weight: 96.45 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 214,516,400
Proof strike mintage: None

Complaints arose concerning the exposed right breast of Miss Lib¬
erty, so partway through 1917 the design was changed. The new Miss
Liberty now appears safely and nearly completely encased in a suit
of armor or mail, perhaps a classic situation of overcompensation!
The date, high on the pedestal below Miss Liberty, was continued
in this position, but later, in 1925, this portion of the coin was
recessed, to minimize the effects of wear. The reverse was restyled
in 1917 and in its new form the eagle is higher and more centered
on the coin, with three stars below the eagle and five to each side.
The so-called Type II quarter was produced from 1917 through 1930,
continuously except for the year 1922. Although Congress earlier
mandated that coining design should not be changed more often
than each 25 years, by the early 1930s it was decided to discontinue
the Standing Liberty motif in favor of a new design (see following
listing).

The collector will have no difficulty acquiring specimens of com¬
moner dates of the 1917-1930 era in any desired condition from Good
to AU. Uncirculated pieces are readily found, particularly of dates
from 1925 through 1930. Uncirculated pieces with sharply struck de¬
tails at Miss Liberty's head and also on the highest part of the shield
are quite elusive, and for some issues (such as 1926-D) are very rare.
Such pieces often command a sharp premium over normal Uncir¬
culated coins. No Proofs were minted during this span.

156

QUARTER DOLLAR
1932-1964 Washington, Silver

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 24.3 mm
Weight: 96.45 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 3,780,077,001
Proof mintage: 19,911,592

In observance of the 200th anniversary of George Washington's
birth, the government decided to redesign the quarter dollar to de¬
pict the image of our first president. A lively competition ensued,
and picked from this was a proposal of John Flanagan, a New York
sculptor. The obverse of the Washington quarter dollar shows the
head of Washington, modeled after a bust by Houdon, facing left,
with LIBERTY above, IN GOD WE TRUST to the left, and the date
below. The reverse shows a modernistic perched eagle, with a wreath
below and E PLURIBUS UNUM above. UNITED STATES OF AMERI¬
CA and QUARTER DOLLAR inscriptions are at the borders. In sil¬
ver alloy the type was minted continuously from 1932 to 1964, with
the exception of 1933. After 1964, a new alloy was used (see next
chapter).

The type set collector can readily obtain a later date in the series
for low cost, in any desired condition from well-worn to superb Un¬
circulated. In addition. Proofs are available of the years 1936 through
1942 and 1950 through 1964.

257

HALF DOLLAR
1916-1947 Walking Liberty

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm
Weight: 192.9 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 485,320,340
Proof mintage: 74,400

In 1916 the design of Adolph A. Weinman was selected for the new
half dollar motif to replace the Barber design which had been in use
since 1892. Weinman, a sculptor, also produced the Liberty Head
or "Mercury" dime introduced the same year. The obverse depicts
Miss Liberty walking toward the sun, her right arm outstretched,
her left arm carrying a bundle of branches, and with a starry cape
behind. LIBERTY is above, while IN GOD WE TRUST is to the low¬
er right, and the date is below. The motif seems to have been in¬
spired by Saint-Gaudens' motif for the illustrious double eagle of
1907. The reverse shows an eagle perched on a rocky crag, from which
grows a pine branch, symbol of strength. UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA is above, E PLURIBUS UNUM is to the left, and HALF
DOLLAR is below. The design has been a favorite with numismatists
ever since the time of issue, and many consider it to be one of the
most beautiful motifs ever employed on a circulating coin.

Specimens of the Liberty Walking half dollar are readily available
for the type collector, with those dated in the 1940s being most easi¬
ly found. Grades available range from Good through superb Uncir¬
culated, although sharply struck pieces are decidedly scarce. Proofs
were minted from 1936 through 1942 and are available in propor¬
tion to the original mintages.

158

HALF DOLLAR
1948-1963 Franklin

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm
Weight: 192.9 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 465,814,455
Proof mintage: 15,886,955

In 1948 John R. Sinnock, chief engraver of the Philadelphia Mint,
produced a new design for the half dollar, to replace the Liberty Walk¬
ing motif which had been in use since 1916. The Franklin half dollar
depicts a head and shoulders portrait of Franklin on the obverse,
facing right, with LIBERTY above and IN GOD WE TRUST below.
The date is to the right. The reverse shows the Liberty Bell with
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA above and HALF DOLLAR below.
The motto E PLURIBUS UNUM is to the left while a small eagle is
to the right. At the time of issue, the design was criticized by many,
perhaps because it is rather plain in comparison to the "classic" Lib¬
erty Walking style. However, in recent years Franklin half dollars have
emerged as popular pieces, and today they are highly desired by
numismatists.

The type set collector can easily obtain a business strike in any
desired grade from Very Fine to superb Uncirculated, although sharp¬
ly struck Uncirculated pieces showing full bell lines on the reverse
and other minutely detailed areas are elusive for some issues. Proofs
were minted from 1950 through 1964 and are available in propor¬
tion to their original production quantities.

159

SILVER DOLLAR
1921-1935 Peace

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 38.1 mm
Weight: 412.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 190,577,279
Proof mintage: Fewer than 50 in 1921-1922

The so-called Peace silver dollar, designed by Anthony DeFran¬
cisci, was first produced in December 1921, following a large mint¬
age of Morgan dollars that same year. The Peace dollar depicts on
the obverse Miss Liberty, facing left, wearing a diadem of spikes.
LIBERTY is above, while IN GOD WE TRUST and the date are be¬
low. The reverse shows an eagle perched on a rock, with a laurel
branch, and with PEACE inscribed below. UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA and E PLURIBUS UNUM are above, while ONE DOL¬
LAR is to be seen just below the center. Rays of an unseen sun ema¬
nate from the lower right. Issues of 1921, and a few pieces dated
1922, are in high relief, although collectors have not necessarily
differentiated this as a distinct design. It was found that the high
relief caused problems in having the pieces strike up properly, so
in 1922 the motifs were redone to a shallower format, a style con¬
tinued through 1935. Mintage of Peace silver dollars was continu¬
ous from 1921 through 1928 and again in 1934 and 1935.

Specimens of the common issues from 1921 through 1925 are read¬
ily obtainable in various grades from Very Fine through Uncirculat¬
ed. Sharply struck Uncirculated pieces with full lustre and with a
minimum of marks are quite scarce.

160

Chapter 8

New Issues

COPPER, NICKEL AND SILVER
1951 ONWARD

The new designs instituted from 1951 onward are familiar to every¬
one. Here, literally, is the coinage of our own time.

In 1959, after a span of 50 years during which the wreath motif
was used on the reverse of the Lincoln cent, the reverse was
redesigned to illustrate the Lincoln Memorial. A further cent type
was created in 1982 when copper plated zinc was employed in place
of the earlier bronze alloy. It was feared at the time that the rising
price of bulk copper would soon see Lincoln cents worth more in
melt-down value than in face value, something which happened
several times with silver and gold in American coinage history.

The rising price of silver in 1964 made it obvious that continued
production of the metal would result in coins being worth more in-
trinsicly than the face value stated. There were several alternatives.
The silver content could be reduced in the alloy, thus lowering the
metallic worth. Or, the alloy could remain the same, but the coins
could be made thinner and lighter. Or, a new metallic composition
could be used. The latter is what happened, and beginning in 1965
the dime, quarter, and half dollar were all made in clad alloy, al¬
though silver continued as part of the alloy to make half dollars
through 1970. By the time that the United States in effect dropped
silver from the coinage roster in 1965, much of the rest of the world
had done the same. The removal of silver from new coins and the
withdrawal from circulation of earlier silver coins precipitated a na¬
tionwide interest in the bright metal, with the result that before long,
quantities of circulated earlier coins were trading at sharp premiums
above face value. About 15 years later silver reached a peak, brush¬
ing the $50 per ounce mark briefly. Silver made front-page headlines
as the Hunt brothers of Texas attempted to amass large quantities.
Later, the interest waned, and over the next several years the price

263

.IN COD VI
|kTPiu»r

KENNEDY

SILVER

EISENHOWER

CLAD

1971-1978

BICENTENNIAL

SILVER

1776-1976

KENNEDY
SILVER CLAD
1965-1970

EISENHOWER

SILVER

1971-1974

KENNEDY
CLAD ALLOY
1971-

BICENTENNIAL

CLAD

1776-1976

BICENTENNIAL

SILVER

1776-1976

BICENTENNIAL

CLAD

1776-1976

BOWERS AND MERENA
"KINGSWOOD"

SUSAN B. ANTHONY
1979-1981

Coinage of our own time is the topic of the "Kingswood" display
holder shown above. While no type in this span is a rarity, all have
interesting stories to tell.

164

drifted downward to below $5 per ounce, but still significantly higher
than it was when silver coinage ceased in 1965.

In 1964, the last year of general silver coinage, a new half dollar
design appeared. Featuring John F. Kennedy, the motif replaced the
Franklin design which had been used since 1948. Numismatists wel¬
comed the change, for at the time the Franklin style was viewed by
many as being inartistic. The historical memory of Kennedy and his
popularity were such that from the outset half dollars bearing his
image were intensely hoarded. Eventually, hundreds of millions were
squirreled away, thus resulting in the nearly complete disappearance
of the denomination from circulation. As new vending machines
were made, most were equipped with slots permitting coins no larger
than a quarter dollar. By the mid-1980s, half dollars were rarely seen
and could be obtained in quantity only by applying for them at banks.
For all practical purposes, coins in circulation were reduced to just
four values: the cent, nickel, dime, and quarter.

The dollar denomination was produced for circulation again in
1971, following a lapse since 1935. The new Eisenhower dollar was
made of clad metal, although some special silver-content versions
were struck for collectors. The Eisenhower dollar, minted in various
forms from 1971 through 1978, was created primarily in response to
gambling casinos in Las Vegas which desired dollar-size coins for
the gaming tables. Except for this use, Eisenhower dollars never cir¬
culated widely.

In 1979 a new idea reared its head. A study showed that a paper
dollar had a useful life of about 18 months in circulation, whereas
a coin might be useful for 16 years or more. The Treasury Depart¬
ment noted that in France and England, for example, paper curren¬
cy of smaller denominations was successfully supplanted by coins.
It was felt that a dollar-size coin would be economical and would
save the printing of countless millions of dollar bills. At the same
time it was realized that the large diameter of the Eisenhower dollar
was cumbersome. Accordingly, a new size was decided upon, a size
between the familiar quarter and half dollar. Designs were prepared
at the Mint, and Chief Engraver Frank Gasparro created a Liberty
Head design somewhat similar to that used on the cent and half cent
of 1793. This motif caused wide admiration among collectors. How¬
ever, Congress was persuaded to honor Susan B. Anthony, a cham¬
pion of women's rights, and Gasparro was directed to produce an
Anthony design. Susan Anthony dollars were struck by the
hundreds of millions and placed in circulation in 1979. From the out¬
set, there was a hue and cry against them. Many confused them with
the quarter dollar, and numerous tales were told of Anthony dollars
being thrown into turnpike toll machines or given in change as quar¬
ter dollars. Launched during the wildly inflationary presidency of

265

Jimmy Carter, the Anthony dollar took the brunt of much public criti¬
cism against inflation itself. Although additional Susan Anthony dol¬
lars were minted in 1980 and 1981, from an early time the coin was
recognized as a failure, a numismatic dodo somewhat similar to the
20-cent piece of a century earlier. Still, the pieces were and are popu¬
lar with collectors, representing as they do a coin from our own time
with an interesting story to tell.

The bicentennial year of 1976 saw new designs for the quarter dol¬
lar, half dollar, and dollar, all of which retained their standard
Washington, Kennedy, or Eisenhower obverses but had the interest¬
ing double date 1776-1976. The reverse of each was distinctive and
was selected from a nationwide competition of artists.

There are no rarities among these coins of our own time, and a
beautiful set in superb condition can be assembled for moderate cost.

CENT

1959-1982 Memorial Reverse, Bronze

Issue dates: 1959-1982

Composition: 1959-1962 0.95 part copper, 0.05 part tin and zinc;

1962-1982 0.95 part copper, 0.05 part zinc
Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 48 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 158,150,469,076*

Proof mintage: 65,103,802

In 1959 the reverse of the Lincoln cent was restyled. The former
wreath motif was discarded in favor of a plan view of the Lincoln
Memorial, a design by Frank Gasparro of the United States Mint.
Above the building the motto E PLURIBUS UNUM appears, while
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and ONE CENT are around the bor¬
der. The obverse remains the same as used in earlier years. This style,
made in "bronze" from 1959 to 1962, had a composition of 0.95 part
copper and 0.05 part tin and zinc. In 1962 the alloy was changed
slightly to 0.95 part copper and 0.05 part zinc. Lincoln cents of this
style were made in large quantities, with numerous issues exceed¬
ing the billion mark. Although in an era in which the cent piece had
virtually no purchasing power on its own, and in which logic would
suggest that the denomination would be obsolete, the proliferation
of state and local sales taxes made the cent more important than ever
to facilitate making change. Thus, during this span cents were
produced in record quantities, exceeding for the first time the ten
billion mark in 1982.

Examples of the 1959-1982 cent are easily obtainable in any grade
desired.

*1982 zinc cent mintage included in this figure.

267

CENT

1982 to Date, Copper-Coated Zinc

Issue dates: 1982 to date

Composition: planchet consisting of 0.992 part zinc and 0.008 part
copper, with an external plating of pure copper
Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 38.58 grains
Edge: Plain

Business strike mintage: 38,179,177,147 through 1985
Proof mintage: 9,813,065 through 1985

By 1982 the price of copper had risen to the point at which Treas¬
ury officials feared that cents would be hoarded for their metallic
content. To forestall this and also to permit production of cents at
lower cost, the earlier alloy consisting primarily of copper was
replaced with a new format consisting of a core composed of 0.992
part zinc and 0.008 part copper with an external plating of pure cop¬
per, resulting in a total metallic content for the issue of 0.976 part
zinc and 0.024 part copper. In the year 1982 the earlier as well as
the later metallic compositions were employed. The idea proved to
be a success, and by 1986 Mint Director Donna Pope stated that cents
were in abundant supply and that there was no hint of public hoard¬
ing. By that time the run-up in copper prices, characteristic of the
activity in nearly all metals markets during the early 1980s, had sub¬
sided. As a current coin, the Lincoln cent type from 1982 to date
has been produced in large quantities and probably will be produced
in large quantities in years to come.

Specimens are readily available in Uncirculated and Proof finishes.

*1982 zinc cent mintage not included.

168

DIME

1965 to Date, Roosevelt Clad

Composition: Pure copper core to which a copper-nickel (0.75
part copper, 0.25 part nickel) is bonded
Diameter: 17.9 mm
Weight: 35.03 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 24,235,737,852 through 1985
Proof mintage: 58,803,304 through 1985

In 1965, following the discontinuation of silver for nearly all Ameri¬
can coinage, the dime was first produced in an innovative format
known as "clad" coinage. An outer layer consisting of copper-nickel,
composed of 0.75 part copper and 0.25 part nickel, somewhat resem¬
bling silver in appearance, was bonded to a core of pure copper. The
copper core is visible at the edge. The design of the Roosevelt dime,
in use since 1946, remained the same. Only the composition differed.
The clad style coinage has been produced continuously since 1965.

Examples of this current format are readily available in Uncircu¬
lated and Proof grades.

169

QUARTER DOLLAR
1965 to Date, Clad

Composition: Pure copper core to which a copper nickel (0.75
part copper, 0.25 part nickel) is bonded
Diameter: 24.3 mm
Weight: 87.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 17,622,140,990 through 1985
Proof mintage: 51,808,124 through 1985

Following the mintage of the last silver quarter dollars for circula¬
tion in 1964, the Mint produced, beginning in 1965, the Washington
design using "clad" planchets. As is the case with the dime, the plan-
chet composition consists of a core of pure copper to which are bond¬
ed upper and lower layers of copper-nickel metal, silver in appear¬
ance, consisting of 0.75 part copper and 0.25 part nickel. This format
has remained in use to the present day. Production was interrupted
in 1976 by the special bicentennial motif, discussed in the next listing.

Examples of the clad style, currently in use, are readily available
in Uncirculated and Proof finishes.

170

QUARTER DOLLAR
1776-1976 Bicentennial, Clad

Issue date: 1976

Composition: Pure copper core to which a copper nickel (0.75
part copper, 0.25 part nickel) is bonded
Diameter: 24.3 mm
Weight: 87.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 1,669,902,855
Proof mintage: 7,059,099

To observe the nation's bicentennial the Treasury Department called
for a competition to redesign the reverses of the quarter, half dollar,
and dollar. The motif submitted by Jack L. Ahr was the winner for
the quarter. At the center of the coin a drummer in colonial garb is
shown, with a torch encircled by stars to the upper left, with E PLU-
RIBUS UNUM below it. The inscription UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, QUARTER DOLLAR surrounds. The obverse of the coin
is a continuation of the design by John Flanagan inaugurated in 1932,
except that the bicentennial piece has the unique concept (in Ameri¬
can coinage for circulation) of a double date: 1776-1976. Examples
were produced in large quantities for circulation at the Philadelphia
and Denver mints. At the San Francisco Mint Proofs were made for
collectors. Interestingly, production was well underway in 1975, the
year before the bicentennial, thus creating prestrikes.

Uncirculated and Proof pieces are readily available.

171

, QUARTER DOLLAR
1776-1976 Bicentennial, Silver Clad

Issue date: 1976

Composition: Layers of 0.8 part silver and 0.2 part copper bonded
to core of 0.209 part silver, 0.791 part copper
Diameter: 24.3 mm
Weight: 88.73 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 11,000,000
Proof mintage: 4,000,000

The San Francisco Mint produced an additional coinage of bicen¬
tennial coins with high silver content. The "clad" format was used,
with the outer layers consisting of 0.8 part silver and 0.2 part copper
bonded to a core of 0.209 part silver and 0.791 part copper. 11,000,000
were struck with a business or "Uncirculated" finish, while 4,000,000
Proofs were made. Unsold examples of both finishes remained in
the Mint inventory for a number of years after they were produced.

Uncirculated and Proof specimens are readily available.

172

HALF DOLLAR
1964 Kennedy, Silver

Issue date: 1964

Composition: 0.900 part silver, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm
Weight: 117.46 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 429,509,450
Proof mintage: 3,950,962

Following the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy
in November 1963, plans were made to memorialize the popular
president on circulating half dollars. Gilroy Roberts, chief engraver
of the Mint, designed the obverse. The reverse was the work of Frank
Gasparro. The obverse design depicts the head of Kennedy facing
left, with LIBERTY above and to the sides and the date below. IN
GOD WE TRUST is in a straight line above the date. The reverse
is an adaptation of the Great Seal of the United States and is reminis¬
cent of the Heraldic Eagle style used on gold and silver coinage of
the 1800 era. The Kennedy half dollar captured the public's imagi¬
nation, and pieces sold at a premium from the very moment of re¬
lease. Soon the premiums subsided, but despite mintages of
hundreds of millions of coins, few were used in the channels of com¬
merce. Subsequently, the half dollar became an obsolete denomina¬
tion so far as everyday use is concerned. Still, large quantities were
produced, although mintage figures trended downward over a period
of time. After 1964, the silver content was modified, thus isolating
the 1964 year as the only Kennedy half dollar composed of nine parts
silver and one part copper.

Specimens today are readily available in Uncirculated and Proof
finishes.

173

. HALF DOLLAR
1965-1970 Kennedy, Silver Clad

Issue dates: 1965-1970

Composition: Outer layers of 0.8 part silver and 0.2 part copper
bonded to core of 0.209 part silver, 0.791 part copper.

Diameter: 24.3 mm
Weight: 177.46 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 848,895,006
Proof mintage: 8,608,947

In 1965, and continuing through 1970, the composition of the half
dollar was modified to diminish its silver content. Unlike the dime
and quarter denominations, the half dollar retained some silver, how¬
ever. The new style was made by sandwiching outer layers consist¬
ing of eight parts silver and two parts copper to a core of 0.209 part
silver and 0.791 part copper, giving the coin a "silver" appearance.
Whereas the 1964 Kennedy half dollar contained a net of 0.3617 ounce
of pure silver, the 1965-1970 clad coinage saw a reduced content of
0.1479 ounce, making it unprofitable at the time to melt them down
for their bullion value. Later, with the run-up in metal prices in the
1980 period, the 1965-1970 silver-clad pieces became worth more in
meltdown value than face value, thus causing the destruction of
many.

Examples are readily available in Uncirculated and Proof finishes.

174

HALF DOLLAR
1971 to Date, Kennedy, Clad

Issue dates: 1971 to date

Composition: Layers of 0.8 part silver and 0.2 part copper

bonded to core of 0.209 part silver and 0.791 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm
Weight: 175 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 1,684,775,933 through 1985
Proof mintage: 43,199,177 through 1985

Beginning in 1971, and continuing through the present time, the
composition of the half dollar was modified to conform to that of
the dime and quarter. The current style consists of a core of pure
copper with outer layers of copper-nickel, with a silvery appearance,
consisting of 0.75 part copper and 0.25 part nickel. The Kennedy ob¬
verse and Heraldic Eagle reverse, in use since 1964, were continued.
Business strikes were produced by the Philadelphia and Denver
mints, while San Francisco made Proofs for collectors. The standard
style was interrupted in 1976 by the bicentennial motif (see follow¬
ing listing). When coinage resumed in 1977, after the bicentennial
observance, mintages in the Kennedy series for the first time were
fewer than 100 million per year.

Examples are easily obtainable in Uncirculated and Proof finishes.

175

HALF DOLLAR
1776-1976 Bicentennial, Clad

Issue date: 1976

Composition: Layers of 0.8 part silver and 0.2 copper bonded
to core of 0.209 part silver, 0.791 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm
Weight: 175 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 521,873,248
Proof mintage: 7,059,099

In 1976 a special reverse was employed for the 1776-1976 dated
Kennedy half dollar. The obverse remained the same as used earli¬
er, except for the date, while the reverse displayed a new design by
Seth G. Huntington, a Minnesota artist who entered the national
competition for bicentennial motifs. Shown at the center of the coin
is a representation of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, somewhat
similar to that used earlier (in 1926) on the reverse of the sesquicen-
tennial gold quarter eagle. To the left of the building is the inscrip¬
tion 200 YEARS OF FREEDOM, while to the right is the motto E
PLURIBUS UNUM, with INDEPENDENCE HALL and an arc of stars
below. The inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, HALF DOL¬
LAR surrounds. Over 500,000,000 business strikes were produced
at the Philadelphia and Denver mints, while the San Francisco facil¬
ity turned out 7,059,099 Proofs.

Specimens are readily available in Uncirculated and Proof formats.

176

HALF DOLLAR

1776-1976 Bicentennial, Silver, Clad

Issue date: 1976

Composition: Layers of 0.8 part silver and 0.2 part copper bond¬
ed to core of 0.209 part silver, 0.791 part copper
Diameter: 30.6 mm
Weight: 177.47 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 11,000,000
Proof mintage: 4,000,000

Following the procedure employed for the quarter and dollar
denominations, 1776-1976 Kennedy bicentennial half dollars, with
Seth G. Huntington's Independence Hall reverse, were produced for
collectors, employing a silver clad format consisting of a core of 0.209
part silver and 0.791 part copper with outer layers consisting of 0.8
part silver and 0.2 part copper, giving the pieces a silver appearance.
11,000,000 business strikes or "Uncirculated" pieces and 4,000,000
Proofs were struck, all at the San Francisco Mint. The production
was sufficiently large that unsold quantities remained on hand for
a number of years afterward.

Specimens today are readily available in Uncirculated and Proof
finishes.

177

DOLLAR

1971-1978 Eisenhower, Clad

Composition: Core of pure copper clad with 0.75 part copper and
0.25 nickel, copper-nickel alloy.

Diameter: 38.1 mm
Weight: 350 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 466,001,887
Proof mintage: 11,751,840

Primarily in response to a demand from Nevada gambling casi¬
nos, which desired dollar-size coins for use at the gaming tables in
an era in which earlier silver dollars had disappeared from circula¬
tion, the Mint introduced a new metallic dollar in 1971. Circulating
issues were made of copper-nickel clad material. The obverse and
reverse designs, the work of Chief Engraver Frank Gasparro, were
innovative. The obverse features the head of President Dwight Eisen¬
hower facing left, with LIBERTY above and IN GOD WE TRUST and
the date below, while the reverse is symbolic of the landing of Ameri¬
cans on the moon and was adopted from the Apollo 11 insignia.
Shown is an eagle holding an olive branch, landing on the moon,
with the earth and the inscription E PLURIBUS UNUM above. The
inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ONE DOLLAR appears
at the border. Except for use at the gaming tables in Nevada, few
Eisenhower dollars were ever employed in general circulation. The
design was interrupted in 1976 by the bicentennial motif (see sec¬
ond following listing).

Examples are available in Uncirculated and Proof finishes, although
superb Uncirculated pieces are fairly scarce.

178

DOLLAR

1971-1974 Eisenhower, Silver, Clad

Composition: Core of 0.209 part silver and 0.791 part copper with
outer layers of 0.8 part silver and 0.2 part copper
Diameter: 38.1
Weight: 379.48 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 12,844,726
Proof mintage: 8,397,090

To provide an issue for coin collectors, Eisenhower dollars of the
1971-1974 years were struck in a silver clad composition, with the
production of these special pieces being accomplished at the San
Francisco Mint. Apart from metallic content, the design with Presi¬
dent Eisenhower's head on the obverse and an eagle landing on the
moon on the reverse is the same as the preceding. The San Francis¬
co Mint produced business strike or "Uncirculated" pieces as well
as Proof examples.

Specimens are readily available with Uncirculated and Proof
finishes.

179

DOLLAR

1776-1976 Bicentennial, Clad

Issue date: 1976

Composition: Core of pure copper clad with 0.75 part copper and
0.25 part nickel, copper-nickel alloy
Diameter: 38.1
Weight: 350 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 220,565,274
Proof mintage: 6,995,180

For the bicentennial observation a new reverse was mated to Frank
Gasparro's Eisenhower obverse. The work of Dennis R. Williams,
who entered a nationwide competition for bicentennial designs, the
reverse depicts the Liberty Bell, similar to that found on the 1948-1963
Franklin half dollar, superimposed on the moon. The motto E PLUR-
IBUS UNUM appears to the lower right. The inscription UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA, ONE DOLLAR surrounds. Examples in
copper-nickel clad metal were produced for circulation at the
Philadelphia and Denver mints. Most saw service in Nevada, but
many were acquired as bicentennial souvenirs by the population at
large. Proofs for collectors were struck at San Francisco.

Examples are readily available in Uncirculated and Proof formats.

180

DOLLAR

1776-1976 Bicentennial, Silver, Clad

Issue date: 1976

Composition: Layers of 0.8 part silver and 0.2 part copper bond¬
ed to core of 0.209 part silver, 0.791 part copper
Diameter: 38.1
Weight: 379.48 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 11,000,000
Proof mintage: 4,000,000

Examples of the Eisenhower bicentennial dollar with the Liberty
Bell and moon reverse, struck on silver clad planchets, were produced
at San Francisco for collectors. 11,000,000 “Uncirculated" pieces were
made and 4,000,000 Proofs were struck. Sales were not up to expec¬
tations, and unsold quantities of both formats remained on hand for
a number of years after the issue date.

Examples are readily available in Uncirculated and Proof finishes.

181

DOLLAR

1979-1981 Susan B. Anthony

Composition: Core of pure copper; outer layers of 0.75 part cop¬
per and 0.25 part nickel
Diameter: 26.5 mm
Weight: 125 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 857,216,452
Proof mintage: 11,295,064

By 1979, half dollars were rarely seen in circulation. The prolifera¬
tion of vending machines, arcade machines, and other coin-operated
devices, most of which dispensed goods or services worth more than
a quarter dollar (the highest denomination coin in general circula¬
tion at the time) prompted a call for a convenient coin of high value,
while a Treasury-sponsored study showed that a metallic dollar had
a useful life in circulation of 16 years or more, as compared to only
18 months for a paper dollar. Thus, the new small-diameter dollar
was conceived. Frank Gasparro produced the designs. The obverse
depicts Susan Anthony facing to the right, with stars to the left and
right and with IN GOD WE TRUST near the right border. LIBERTY
is above, and the date is below. The reverse is an adaptation of the
motif first used on the 1971 Eisenhower dollar and consists of an
eagle landing on the moon, with the earth and E PLURIBUS UNUM
above, and the inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ONE
DOLLAR surrounding. From the outset, the public confused the
small-diameter dollars with the quarter dollars in circulation. As not¬
ed in the introduction to this chapter, resentment was high, and the
Anthony dollar was unpopular. Collectors, however, were attracted
to the design, and today the various issues are quite collectible.

Specimens are readily available in Uncirculated and Proof finishes.

182

Chapter 9

New Issues
GOLD
1795-1833

The American gold coin designs which made their initial appear¬
ance during the 1795-1833 era are among the rarest of the rare in Unit¬
ed States coinage. There is no such thing as a "common" issue among
the different varieties, and some are exceedingly rare.

The Act of April 2, 1792 established the Philadelphia Mint and
provided for various denominations, including gold coins, the largest
of which was to be an eagle weighing 270 grains. Although copper
coinage commenced in 1793, gold coins were not minted until two
years later, for the chief coiner and assayer each were required to
post personal surety bonds in the amount of $10,000 before coinage
of precious metals could commence. Later, the bond requirements
were reduced and were fulfilled. The first delivery of gold coins oc¬
curred on July 31, 1795, when 744 half eagles were transferred, fol¬
lowed by amounts through September totaling 8,707 pieces for the
year. The first delivery of eagles, or $10 pieces, took place on Sep¬
tember 22, 1795, and consisted of 1,097 pieces. Edgar H. Adams, a
student of the denomination, noted that George Washington desired
to have gold coins struck before his term of office expired, and this
wish was granted in 1795 when Director of the Mint Henry DeSaus-
sure delivered 100 eagles to the President.

In 1792, Congress established the relative value of silver to gold
at 17 to 1. This relationship proved to be inaccurate, since in the mar¬
ketplace for bullion the value more closely approximated 16 to 1, with
the result that early gold coins were melted down and sold for more
than face value in terms of silver. After 1803, when France officially
adopted a ratio of 15 ¥2 to 1, vast quantities of gold coins were ex¬
ported or went to the melting pot.

Gold bullion values and the market value ratio of gold to silver
fluctuated during the early years, and each time gold increased in
value, large quantities of United States coins were melted. Finally,
the Act of June 18, 1834 reduced the weight of gold coins, with the

185

A $10 gold piece, or eagle, of the first year of issue, 1795. This gener¬
al obverse style was also used on quarter eagles and half eagles of the
time, while the Small Eagle reverse was used only on eagles and half
eagles only.

186

This half eagle, or $5 piece, of 1804 illustrates the Heraldic Eagle re¬
verse, a popular motif used on silver and gold coins of the era. It is
one of several adaptations of the Great Seal of the United States used
in coinage designs over the years.

187

The scarce 1820 $5 gold piece, or half eagle, shown above is a mem¬
ber of the elusive Capped Head to Left motif minted from 1813 through
1834. All half eagles of this span are scarce, and a number of them are
great rarities.

188

beneficial effect that later pieces could not be melted for profit, and
from that point onward gold coins circulated in the channels of com¬
merce. By that time, all earlier gold coins, commonly called old tenor
coins in various bullion manuals, were worth more than face value.
As coin collectors were virtually non-existent, countless thousands
of pieces which would have been numismatically desired later, were
destroyed. No better evidence of this practice can be found than by
studying the mintage records of $5 gold coins of the 1820s and com¬
paring them to the quantities known today. The extreme example
is provided by the 1822 half eagle of which 17,796 were struck, but
of which just three solitary examples are known to survive today.

As noted, half eagles and eagles made their initial appearance in
1795. The following year, 1796, saw the debut of the $2% denomina¬
tion, or quarter eagle. These three denominations constituted the
spectrum of American gold coinage during the 1795-1834 years in
question. Later, such denominations as the gold dollar (1849), $3
(1854), $4 (patterns in 1879 and 1880), and $20 (1850) would be
introduced.

The formation of a complete type set of early gold coins is a fas¬
cinating challenge and is necessarily limited to those with a gener¬
ous budget. As observed earlier, there are no common pieces in the
series, and several types are very rare. The 1796 quarter eagle with¬
out obverse stars and the 1808 of the same denomination are partic¬
ularly significant as representatives of the only years that their respec¬
tive designs were produced.

189

QUARTER EAGLE
1796 No Obverse Stars

Composition: 0.9167 part’ gold, 0.0833 part copper
Diameter: 20 mm
Weight: 67.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 963 (estimated)

Proof mintage: None

The first design in the quarter eagle series is distinguished from
the later motif by having no stars on the obverse. Designated as the
Capped Bust to Right style, the first quarter eagle of 1796, believed
to have been minted to the extent of 963 pieces, features the head
and shoulder portrait of Miss Liberty facing right, wearing a cloth
cap, with LIBERTY above and the date below. There are no stars in
the field. The reverse is of the Heraldic Eagle design similar to that
used on gold and silver denominations of the 1800 era. Adapted from
the Great Seal of the United States, the center motif depicts an ea¬
gle with a shield on its breast, holding an olive branch and arrows
in its talons, and in its beak a ribbon inscribed E PLURIBUS UNUM.
A galaxy of stars is above, with a group of clouds in an arc extend¬
ing from one wing to the other. The inscription UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA surrounds. There is no mark indicating the
denomination.

Of the 963 pieces believed to have been minted, it has been esti¬
mated by David Akers, a student of the subject, that perhaps as many
as 30 to 40 survive today, although other estimates have been in the
range of 15 to 20 pieces. Most of these are in grades from Very Fine
to Extremely Fine, although a few higher condition examples exist.

190

QUARTER EAGLE
1796-1807 Capped Bust, Stars

Composition: 0.9167 part gold, 0.0833 part copper
Diameter: 20 mm
Weight: 67.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 18,524
Proof mintage: None

Following a brief emission of 1796 quarter eagles without obverse
stars, the design was modified to add stars to the left and right of
the head. The number of stars and their placement vary from issue
to issue, but these have not been collected as separate types, per¬
haps due to the general rarity of quarter eagles in this span. 1796
quarter eagles with stars have eight stars to the left and eight to the
right, for a total of 16, while quarter eagles of the years 1797 through
1807 have 13 stars arranged in various ways. 1797 quarter eagles have
seven stars to the left and six to the right, while 1798 quarter eagles
have six to the left and seven to the right. 1802/1 quarter eagles have
eight left and five right. The year 1806 comes in two varieties, eight
left and five right as well as seven left and six right. All quarter ea¬
gles within this span are rare. Apart from the addition of stars to
the obverse, the motifs are the same as on the previous issue.

While a few Uncirculated examples are known of scattered dates,
most quarter eagles known within this date span grade from Very
Fine to Extremely Fine, with Very Fine being the norm. In keeping
with other gold coins, mint-caused planchet adjustment marks are
often seen as are areas of light striking.

191

QUARTER EAGLE
1808 Capped Bust to Left

Composition: 0.9167 part gold, 0.0833 part copper
Diameter: 20 mm
Weight: 67.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 2,710
Proof mintage: None

In 1808 John Reich redesigned the quarter eagle. The diameter re¬
mained the same as earlier, but the obverse and reverse motifs were
changed. Miss Liberty now faces left, wearing a loose cloth cap se¬
cured by a band inscribed LIBERTY. Seven stars are to the left and
six are to the right, and the date 1808 appears below. The reverse
depicts an eagle perched on an olive branch and holding three ar¬
rows. The motto E PLURIBUS UNUM is on a band or ribbon above.
The inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and IVi D is around
the border. The denomination is stated for the first time on a quar¬
ter eagle. The mintage figure of 2,710 on its own would suggest a
rarity, but the demand for the coin as the only year of its design type
has projected it into the forefront of popular rarities among Ameri¬
can gold coins. It is believed that perhaps three or four dozen exist,
nearly all of which are in the grades of Very Fine or Extremely Fine,
although at least two Uncirculated coins can be accounted for.

192

QUARTER EAGLE
1821-1834 Capped Head to Left

Composition: 0.9167 part gold, 0.0833 part copper
Diameter: 18.5 mm (1821-1827), 18.2 mm (1829-1834)

Weight: 67.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 42,065
Proof mintage: Fewer than 150

No quarter eagles were coined from 1809 through 1820 inclusive.
In 1821 the denomination was again produced. The design is simi¬
lar to that used in 1808, except that the diameter is reduced to 18.5
mm (subsequently further reduced to 18.2 mm in 1829) and the por¬
trait of Miss Liberty appears smaller and is circled by stars. This
general style was continued in use through 1834. Mintages in all in¬
stances were low, with the production of one variety, the 1826, esti¬
mated at just 760 pieces.

All quarter eagles of the 1821-1834 years are rare today. Most ex¬
amples seen are in grades from Very Fine through AU, although scat¬
tered Uncirculated pieces have appeared at auction, as have a few
Proofs. It is not unusual for an Uncirculated piece to have a proof¬
like surface.

193

HALF EAGLE

1795-1798 Small Eagle Reverse

Composition: 0.9167 part gold, 0.0833 part copper
Diameter: 25 mm
Weight: 135 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 18,512
Proof mintage: None

Believed to have been designed by Robert Scot, the first half ea¬
gle, representing the first United States gold coin actually put in cir¬
culation, is of the design designated by collectors today as the Capped
Bust to Right obverse with Small Eagle reverse. The obverse depicts
Miss Liberty, wearing a cloth cap, facing right, with LIBERTY to the
right above and the date below. The star count arrangement is typi¬
cally 10 to the left and five to the right, but one variety of 1797 has
16 stars arranged 11 to the left and five to the right. The reverse, be¬
lieved to have been copied from an ancient cameo, shows an eagle
perched on a palm branch holding a wreath aloft in its beak. The
inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds. There is no
mark or indication of value on the piece. At the time, gold coins were
valued in the channels of commerce by their weight and metallic con¬
tent. Examples were produced from 1795 through 1798, with the last
year being a major rarity in the series— a coin of which fewer than
a dozen are known to exist.

Several hundred examples survive of various 1795-1798 half eagles
with the Small Eagle reverse. Most of these bear the date of the first
year of issue, 1795. Most surviving specimens are in grades from Very
Fine through AU, but over the years a number have been designat¬
ed as Uncirculated. Among 1795 half eagles, AU and Uncirculated
coins often possess prooflike surfaces.

194

HALF EAGLE

1795-1807 Heraldic Eagle Reverse

Composition: 0.9167 part gold, 0.0833 part copper
Diameter: 25 mm
Weight: 135 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 316,867
Proof mintage: None

In 1798 the reverse of the half eagle was restyled to incorporate
the Heraldic Eagle motif. However, at the time it was the Mint's prac¬
tice to keep earlier-dated dies on hand until they were no longer fit
for service. It is believed that in 1798 the Mint combined the new
reverse with obverse dies dated 1795 and 1797, thus producing earlier-
dated pieces. The motif was continued in service through 1807. The
obverse design features Miss Liberty facing right, similar to the
preceding issue. The star arrangements vaiy. The reverse is the He¬
raldic Eagle motif adopted from the Great Seal of the United States
and is similar to that found on silver and other gold coins of the 1800
era. An eagle at the center, with a shield on its breast, holds arrows
and an olive branch in its talons and a ribbon inscribed E PLURI-
BUS UNUM in its beak. Above is a galaxy of stars and an arc of
clouds. The inscriptions UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds.
There is no mark or indication of value.

Although there are some rarities in the 1795-1807 span of this type,
enough examples survive of most issues from 1798 through 1807 that
the numismatist will have no difficulty acquiring a representative
"type" specimen in Very Fine to AU preservation. Uncirculated coins
come on the market occasionally and typically have frosty (rather
than prooflike) surfaces.

195

HALF EAGLE

1807-1812 Capped Draped Bust to Left

Composition: 0.9167 part gold, 0.0833 part copper
Diameter: 25 mm
Weight: 135 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 399,013
Proof mintage: None

In 1807 John Reich redesigned the half eagle. The new style is the
forerunner of that adopted a year later for the quarter eagle. The ob¬
verse depicts Miss Liberty facing left, wearing a cloth cap inscribed
LIBERTY, with seven stars to the left and six to the right. The re¬
verse shows an eagle perched on a palm branch, holding three ar¬
rows, with the motto E PLURIBUS UNUM on a ribbon or band
above. The legend UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 5 D. surrounds.
This style was produced from 1807 through 1812.

Although there are some scarce die varieties within the 1807-1812
span, there are no rare dates, and the type set collector can choose
from virtually any date desired. Specimens are available in all grades,
with Very Fine to AU coins appearing on the market with some fre¬
quency, (relatively speaking, of course). As stated in the introduc¬
tion to this chapter, all early American gold coins are rare in com¬
parison to later issues. Uncirculated coins are offered from time to
time, especially when great collections are dispersed, and typically
have frosty rather than prooflike surfaces.

296

HALF EAGLE

1813-1834 Capped Head to Left

Composition: 0.9167 part gold, 0.0833 part copper
Diameter: 25 mm (1813-1829), 22.5 mm (1829-1834)

Weight: 135 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 1,385,612
Proof mintage: Fewer than 150

In 1813 the John Reich design was modified to a portrait featuring
the head and part of the neck of Miss Liberty, facing right, an ab¬
breviated version of the earlier style. In the new version, the stars
completely surround the head, and the date is below. The reverse
motif remains the same. From 1813 to 1829 half eagles were minted
with a diameter of 25 mm. In 1829 the diameter was reduced to 22.5
mm and certain other modifications occurred, under the direction
of William Kneass. Technically speaking, the 1829-1834 reduced di¬
ameter format can be considered a separate type, but as half eagles
of this era are exceedingly rare, most numismatists have been con¬
tent to consider the span 1813-1834 as a single design. The determi¬
nation of what is a design type and what isn't is a matter of per¬
sonal preference. There are many variables, such as the star count
and position differences noted, for example, among half eagles of
the 1795-1807 Heraldic Eagle reverse style.

Although mintages were fairly generous for many half eagles from
1813 through 1834, nearly all of the issues in this span are great rari¬
ties today. The type set collector will have the best luck and the best
use of his money if an issue such as 1813, 1814/3, 1818, or 1820 is select¬
ed, none of which will be inexpensive, but other issues are apt to
be much more costly. The half eagle of the 1813-1834 design type
is one of the highlights of a type set of early American gold coins.

297

EAGLE

1795-1797 Small Eagle Reverse

Composition: 0.9167 part gold, 0.0833 part copper
Diameter: 33 mm
Weight: 270 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 13,344
Proof mintage: None

Eagles or $10 pieces made their first appearance in circulation to¬
ward the end of 1795. The design of the first issue is similar to that
of the contemporary half eagle. On the obverse Miss Liberty is shown
wearing a cloth cap, facing right, with stars to the left and right. The
reverse, copied from the design of an ancient cameo, depicts an ea¬
gle perched on a palm branch holding a wreath aloft in its beak. The
inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds. There is no
indication of denomination or value on this or the subsequent eagle
type.

With a total mintage of fewer than 15,000 pieces, eagles of this de¬
sign type are rare today. However, with some searching, attractive
Very Fine to AU coins can be located. At infrequent intervals Uncir¬
culated pieces appear, usually when great collections are dispersed.
Such coins are apt to have prooflike surfaces, a situation especially
true of the first year of issue, 1795.

198

EAGLE

1797-1804 Heraldic Eagle Reverse

Composition: 0.9167 part gold, 0.0833 part copper
Diameter: 33 mm
Weight: 270 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 119,248
Proof mintage: None

Beginning with coins dated 1797, the Heraldic Eagle reverse was
mated to the obverse style used earlier. In keeping with silver and
other gold denominations of the 1800 period, the reverse depicts an
eagle with a shield on its breast, holding in its talons a bundle of
arrows and an olive branch and in its beak a ribbon inscribed E PLU-
RIBUS UNUM. A galaxy of stars and an arc of clouds is above. The
inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds. There is no
mark of denomination or value. The obverse remains the same as
the preceding, except that the star configuration varies on certain
issues. For example, the 1798/7, an overdate, exists with nine stars
left and four right and also with seven stars left and six right. No
eagles were struck after 1804, as it was felt that because of rising bul¬
lion prices the pieces would be melted or exported as soon as they
were produced.

The type set collector will find that issues of 1799, 1800, 1801, or
1803 will be the most likely candidates. Examples are typically found
in Very Fine to AU condition. Uncirculated pieces are rare. Such coins
have frosty surfaces.

199

Chapter 10

New Issues
GOLD
1834-1900

The span from 1834 through 1900 saw a proliferation of United
States gold coin denominations and types. To the previous quarter
eagle, half eagle and eagle denominations three new values were
added: the gold dollar, $3 gold, and double eagle. A pattern denomi¬
nation, the $4 gold "stella," was made in 1879 and 1880 but was never
produced for circulation (and hence is not studied in the following
pages). Some type set collectors opt to include an example of the
$4 pattern in their collections, however.

By 1834, the bullion content of American gold coins minted to the
earlier standards had risen to the point at which newly-minted pieces
could be melted down for a profit above their face value. For this
reason, gold coins did not circulate readily. Rather, they were bought
by bullion dealers and others who made a profit in their melting.
To remedy the situation. Congress passed the Act of June 28, 1834,
which reduced the authorized weight of existing denominations.
From that point forward, gold coins circulated readily.

Following the January 1848 discovery of gold in quantity on the
American River in California, the seeds were sown for the great
California Gold Rush, which saw a vast migration westward during
the 1849-1850 years. Recovered from the earth and streams were un¬
told quantities of gold, so much that gold became "common in re¬
lation to silver, thus causing a problem with silver coinage. By 1853,
the authorized weights of silver coins were reduced to prevent their
melting for profit.

Faced with the necessity of converting vast amounts of gold bul¬
lion into coins, the Treasury Department devised a new denomina¬
tion, the $20 gold double eagle, which was produced in pattern form
in 1849 and for circulation beginning in 1850. It was much more eco¬
nomical to strike one single $20 piece than two $10 pieces or four
$5 pieces to coin the same amount of bullion. Double eagles soon
became the "workhorse" coin in the banking system, and large quan-

203

CLASSIC HEAD
1834-1838

UNITED STATES COINACE DESIGNS
NEW ISSUES • COLD
1834-1900

DOLLARS

INDIAN-SMALL HEAD
1854-1856

LIBERTY HEAD
1849-1854

INDIAN-LARGE HEAD
1856-1889

QUARTER EAGLES

CLASSIC HEAD
1834-1839

CORONET

1840-1907

HALF EACLES

INDIAN HEAD
1854-1889

CORONET
TWENTY DOLLARS
1877-1907

THREE DOLLAR

CORONET-MOTTO

1866-1908

CORONET

1838-1866

DOUBLE EACLES

CORONET-MOTTO

1866-1907

CORONET-MOTTO

1866-1876

CORONET

1839-1866

EACLES

CORONET

1849-1866

BOWERS AND MERENA
"KINGSWOOD"

The years from 1834 through 1900 saw the emergence of over a doz¬
en new motifs and three new denominations in the American gold coin
series. Several of the issues shown here are scarce, particularly the gold
dollar style of 1854-1856 and the $3 denomination minted from 1854
through 1889.

204

■s Tf]S JZ}

The $3 denomination made its appearance in 1854, and was continued
through 1889. The obverse is of the Indian Princess style and is simi¬
lar to that used in gold dollars of the 1856-1889 span. Coins of this
denomination were never popular with the public, and production
quantities, except for just a few dates, were quite low.

205

tities were used in bank-to-bank transactions and, in particular, in
settlements of overseas transactions in an era in which paper mon¬
ey was viewed with distrust. The practice of exporting large num¬
bers of double eagles continued well into the 20th century. In 1933,
when President Franklin Roosevelt called American gold coins in,
foreign banking and commercial interests held on to theirs as tight¬
ly as ever. This had a beneficial effect for numismatists later when
collecting gold coins became popular. For many years, European and
South American banks were a major source for such gold coins.

Although pattern gold dollars had been made as early as 1836, it
was not until 1849 that the denomination was produced for circula¬
tion. The gold dollar proved to be fairly popular, especially in the
early days, and was continued in use through 1889. Three different
design types were made.

In 1854 still another denomination, the $3 gold piece, made its de¬
but. The $3 had its inception with the bill passed by Congress on
February 21, 1853, the main purpose of which was to reduce the
authorized weight of all silver pieces except the dollar. The reason
for including a $3 piece as part of the legislation has never been satis¬
factorily explained. Numismatists have theorized that it may have
been done as a convenience to buy 3-cent postage stamps in sheets
of 100, or to purchase silver three-cent pieces (first issued in 1851)
in the same quantity. Considering the closeness in value to the popu¬
lar $2.50 denomination, the $3 piece seems illogical. But, logic has
never prevented Congress from various coinage actions, as numis¬
matic scholars know well! James B. Longacre, chief engraver at the
Mint, designed a motif which could not be easily confused with the
portrait of Miss Liberty wearing a coronet, which was in use on the
contemporary $2.50 and $5 denominations. The result was a distinc¬
tive design featuring on the obverse an Indian princess with a feath¬
ered headdress and on the reverse a wreath consisting of corn, cot¬
ton, wheat, and tobacco. The same obverse and reverse style was
to be incorporated on the gold dollar when the design for that
denomination was revised in 1854. In 1856 the same wreath was
adapted for use on the Flying Eagle cent. The $3 piece was star-
crossed, however, and despite early expectations, the denomination
was never popular with the public. Finally it was discontinued in
1889, following insignificant mintages in the later years.

In 1834 two existing denominations, the quarter eagle and half ea¬
gle, were restyled by William Kneass, thus creating the so-called Clas¬
sic Head motif, which remained in use through 1838 (for the half
eagle) and 1839 (for the quarter eagle).

A new design, variously called the Coronet type, the Liberty Head
style, or the Braided Hair design made its appearance on the quar¬
ter eagle in 1840, the half eagle in 1839, and the eagle in 1838. This

206

This 1852 $10 piece, or eagle, is of the Coronet or Liberty Head style
and represents the general obverse motif produced from 1838 through
1907 (during which time there were two varieties of reverse styles made).

207

motif was continued until the early 20th century. Modifications were
made to the half eagle, eagle, and double eagle by adding IN GOD
WE TRUST beginning in 1866, the same year that the motto was ad¬
ded to several silver denominations.

As a study of individual mintage figures published in A Guide Book
of United States Coins and elsewhere will reveal, gold coin produc¬
tion figures varied widely during the span under consideration. In
general, gold dollars of the 1860-1889 years were made in small quan¬
tities as were $3 pieces of the same span. Among quarter eagles of
the Coronet type there are many high-mintage issues interspersed
with low mintages, with a trend toward increasing production as the
Coronet motif entered its final years.

Half eagles of the Coronet type follow a similar trend. The Coro¬
net half eagle is unique in American coinage history inasmuch as
this value was struck at all seven of the mints in operation during
the 19th and early 20th centuries: Philadelphia, Charlotte, Dahlone-
ga, New Orleans, San Francisco, Carson City, and Denver.

Eagle mintages of the Coronet type follow a similar pattern and
increase in quantity toward the end of the design, although a num¬
ber of earlier varieties have generous mintages as well. Interspersed
are numerous rarities. Double eagles were produced in vast quanti¬
ties from 1850 onward, with the first year of production, 1850,
registering the incredible total of over a million pieces, followed by
over two million in each of the next two years, the result of convert¬
ing California bullion. As noted, these were "workhorse" coins and
were extensively used in bank-to-bank transactions and overseas
financial settlements. Although the majority of double eagles of the
Coronet style were produced in large quantities, there are numer¬
ous rarities sprinkled throughout the series, with some issues be¬
ing exceedingly rare.

The formation of a type set of new issues of gold coins introduced
during the 1834-1900 span is a challenge. Happily, in grades from
Very Fine to AU the challenge is realizable, and the result is a beau¬
tiful display covering one of the most important eras in our coinage
history.

208

The rare 1883 $20 double eagle shown above is representative of the
design minted from 1877 through 1907, with the denomination on the
reverse spelled out as TWENTY DOLLARS.

209

GOLD DOLLAR
* 1849-1854 Liberty Head

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 13 mm
Weight: 25.8 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 12,565,273
Proof mintage: Fewer than 50

The gold dollar denomination made its debut in 1849. The obverse
of the style minted from then to 1854 depicts the head of Miss Lib¬
erty facing left, her hair tied at the back, and wearing a coronet in¬
scribed LIBERTY. Thirteen stars surround. The reverse depicts a
wreath open at the top enclosing the numeral 1, the value DOLLAR,
and the date. The inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA sur¬
rounds. Measuring just 13 mm in diameter, the gold dollar of the
1849-1854 type is the smallest United States coin, being even smaller
than the 14 mm silver three-cent piece. Production was continuous
from 1849 through 1854. Examples were produced primarily at the
Philadelphia Mint, but the facilities at New Orleans, Dahlonega,
Charlotte and San Francisco contributed as well. All of the Char¬
lotte and Dahlonega coins are scarce today, and some are very rare.

The type set collector will probably want to acquire a Philadelphia
Mint gold dollar in this span, for these are far more plentiful than
those of branch mints and also are better struck. Charlotte and Dah¬
lonega coins in particular are nearly always very weakly defined in
certain areas. Examples of Philadelphia Mint gold dollars are readi¬
ly available in various grades from Very Fine to AU. Uncirculated
pieces are scarce, and superb Uncirculated coins are rare.

GOLD DOLLAR
1854-1856 Indian, Small Head

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 15 mm
Weight: 25.8 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 1,633,426
Proof mintage: Fewer than 50

In 1854 James B. Longacre restyled the gold dollar to an increased
diameter. The obverse motif was changed to the head of an Indian
princess, wearing a feather headdress and a band inscribed LIBER¬
TY, facing left, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounding.
The reverse shows a wreath of corn, cotton, wheat, and tobacco, simi¬
lar to that used on the $3 of the same year (and the Flying Eagle
cent minted later, beginning in 1856). From the very outset difficul¬
ties in striking ensued. The high relief of the head of Miss Liberty
on the obverse caused the situation in which metal flowing into the
deep die recess for the obverse prevented the relief areas on the cor¬
responding part of the reverse, particularly the central two digits of
the date, from striking up properly. Also there were problems with
the striking up of the wreath and certain parts of Miss Liberty7 s head.
After a coinage in 1854 at the Philadelphia Mint, a coinage in 1855
at the Philadelphia, Charlotte, Dahlonega, and New Orleans mints,
and a coinage in 1856 at the San Francisco Mint only, the obverse
motif was modified. In the 1854-1856 span there are several scarce
issues and two rarities, the 1855-C and 1855-D.

The type collector will have no difficulty in encountering a Philadel¬
phia Mint coin of 1854 or 1855 in any desired grade from Very Fine
through AU. Uncirculated pieces are scarce, and superb Uncirculat¬
ed coins are seldom met with. Nearly all pieces are lightly struck
at the center of the date on the reverse, so this is to be expected.
Indeed, this is the reason the design was changed in 1856. The
1854-1856 dollar, usually called the Type D, is the scarcest of the gold
dollar designs and is the key to a gold dollar type set.

221

GOLD DOLLAR
1856-1889 Indian, Large Head

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 15 mm
Weight: 25.8 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 5,327,363
Proof mintage: 8,700 (estimated)

In 1856 James B. Longacre redesigned the gold dollar in an effort
to create a motif that would strike up sharply and properly. The In¬
dian princess style of Miss Liberty was continued, but in the new
version the relief is lower and the details are different. Changes were
also made in the reverse wreath. The result was a coin which in¬
deed could be struck properly, with the result that gold dollars of
the Type III design usually are well struck in most areas, including
the central two digits of the date (the area which caused a problem
on the preceding type). The Type III or Large Head motif was
produced continuously from 1856 through 1889, although during and
after the Civil War, mintages were exceedingly low for all years ex¬
cept a few. The nadir was touched in 1875 when just 400 business
strikes and 20 Proofs were struck. Gold dollars were not popular with
the public after the Civil War, and eventually the denomination was
discontinued in 1889.

The type set collector can easily locate examples of the more plen¬
tiful dates in desired grades from Very Fine to AU. Uncirculated pieces
are scarce, and superb Uncirculated are scarcer yet, although a flur¬
ry of investment and speculative activity which occurred among
jewelers and numismatists during the 1879-1889 years resulted in the
survival of more Uncirculated specimens of these dates than would
otherwise have been the case. Proofs were minted of various Philadel¬
phia Mint dates, with those struck from 1884 through 1889 being
produced in relatively large quantities. Examples are fairly scarce to¬
day, however.

212

QUARTER EAGLE
1834-1839 Classic Head

Composition: 0.8992 part gold, 0.1008 part copper
Diameter: 18.2 mm
Weight: 64.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 968,228
Proof mintage: Fewer than 50

Following the Act of June 28, 1834, which mandated a reduction
in weight of gold coins, the quarter eagle was redesigned by Chief
Engraver William Kneass. The new format, called the "Classic Head"
by collectors today, features the head of Miss Liberty facing left, her
hair secured by a band inscribed LIBERTY, stars circling her head,
and with the date below. The reverse depicts an eagle with a shield
on its breast, perched on an olive branch and holding three arrows.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA* and 2V2 D. surrounds. The motto
E PLURIBUS UNUM, used on quarter eagles since 1796, was dis¬
continued. Mintage quantities were large in the first several years
of the coinage span, with the high water mark being 1836, when
547,986 were struck. In 1838, quarter eagles were struck at Charlotte
for the first time, followed the next year by supplementary coinage
at Dahlonega and New Orleans. By far the greatest number of
1834-1839 Classic Head quarter eagles were produced at Philadelphia.

Examples of this style can be obtained readily in grades from Fine
through Extremely Fine. AU pieces are scarce, and Uncirculated
pieces are scarcer yet. Superb Uncirculated coins are very rare. Un¬
circulated pieces of the first year of issue, 1834, often display proof¬
like surfaces.

213

QUARTER EAGLE
1840-1907 Coronet

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 18 mm
Weight: 64.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 11,921,171
Proof mintage: 4,232 (estimated)

The Coronet motif, also called the Liberty Head or Braided Hair
style, by Christian Gobrecht, appeared on the quarter eagle in 1840
and was continued uninterruptedly through 1907, the longest span
in American coinage history of a design in use without major change
or alterations. The obverse depicts Miss Liberty, her hair in a bun
secured with a string of beads, wearing a coronet inscribed LIBER¬
TY, facing left, her head circled by stars, and with the date below.
The reverse depicts an eagle with & shield on its breast, perched on
an olive branch and holding three arrows. The inscription UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA, 2Vi D. surrounds. Throughout the coinage
span 1840-1907 the Philadelphia Mint produced pieces each year. In
general, early examples are fairly scarce, with the 1841 in particular
being a prime rarity. Issues produced during the last decade of the
series are those most often seen, with dates from 1902 through 1907
being the most plentiful. Additional coinage was accomplished from
time to time at Charlotte, Dahlonega, San Francisco, and New
Orleans.

The type set collector will encounter no difficulty in acquiring a
representative specimen in any grade desired from Very Fine through
AU. Uncirculated pieces are encountered with frequency, particu¬
larly those of the final years of the type. Superb Uncirculated pieces
are available but are very scarce in relation to lower grades. Proofs
were minted continuously, with the mintages crossing the 100 mark
in later years. All Proofs are rare today.

214

$3 GOLD

1854-1889 Indian Head

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 20.5 mm
Weight: 77.4 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 538,074
Proof mintage: 2,060 (estimated)

The $3 pieces were first coined in 1854 and were produced at the
Philadelphia Mint continuously through 1889. The obverse features
the head of an Indian princess, facing left, wearing a feathered head¬
dress upon which is a band inscribed LIBERTY. The inscription
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA surrounds. The reverse displays an
agricultural wreath enclosing 3 DOLLARS and the date. The obverse
portrait and the reverse wreath are similar to those found on the Type
II gold dollar minted 1854-1856, while the reverse wreath was later
used on the Flying Eagle cents of 1856-1858. The $3 design was con¬
tinued without major change from beginning to the end, except that
issues of the year 1854 alone have the word DOLLARS in smaller
letters than do the pieces from 1855 to 1889. In addition to the
Philadelphia coinage, pieces were struck from time to time at Dah-
lonega. New Orleans (only in 1854) and San Francisco. All $3 issues
are scarce. However, there will be no problem encountered in locat¬
ing one of the higher mintage dates such as 1854, 1874, or 1878.
Among coins of the 1854-1859 era, grades most often encountered
range from Very Fine to Extremely Fine. AU pieces are scarce, and
Uncirculated pieces are rare, with the possible exception of 1854,
which occurs more frequently. Superb Uncirculated pieces are quite
rare. Among later $3 pieces available grades are higher, with typical
grades being in the Extremely Fine to AU range and, in the 1880s,
AU to Uncirculated. Superb Uncirculated pieces are quite scarce.
Proofs were minted and are available in proportion to their produc¬
tion figures. All are rare.

225

HALF EAGLE
1834-1838 Classic Head

Composition: 0.8992 part gold, 0.1008 part copper
Diameter: 22.5 mm
Weight: 129 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 2,113,612
Proof mintage: Fewer than 50

Following the Act of June 28, 1834, which reduced the weight and
composition of gold coins, the half eagle was redesigned by William
Kneass, chief engraver at the Philadelphia Mint. Known as the “Clas¬
sic Head" style, the new 1834 issue is a cousin to the quarter eagle
of the same date. The obverse depicts the head of Miss Liberty fac¬
ing left, her hair secured by a band inscribed LIBERTY, with stars
circling her head, and with the date below. The reverse shows an
eagle with a shield on its breast, perched on an olive branch and
holding three arrows. The inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERI¬
CA, 5 D. surrounds. The motto E PLURIBUS UNUM, used earlier,
was discontinued. Quarter eagles of this style were produced at the
Philadelphia Mint continuously from 1834 through 1838 and at Char¬
lotte and Dahlonega in 1838 only. Most of the mintage was accom¬
plished at Philadelphia. Charlotte and Dahlonega pieces are rare.

The type set collector can readily obtain examples of Philadelphia
issues in this span in grades from Very Fine to Extremely Fine. AU
coins are scarce, Uncirculated pieces are elusive, and superb Uncir¬
culated coins are very rare. Most examples are not sharply struck
on the higher parts of the obverse.

226

HALF EAGLE
1839-1866 Coronet

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 22.5 mm (1839-1840); 21.6 mm (1840-1866)

Weight: 129.0 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 9,114,049
Proof mintage: 450 (estimated)

Christian Gobrecht's Coronet design, also called the Liberty Head
or Braided Hair type, made its appearance in the half eagle series
in 1839. The obverse depicts a female head facing left, her hair tied
in a bun secured by a string of beads, wearing a coronet inscribed
LIBERTY, stars surrounding, and with the date below. The reverse
shows an eagle with a shield on its breast, perched on an olive branch
and holding three arrows. The inscription UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, FIVE D. surrounds. Issues of 1839 and some of 1840
measure 22.5 mm and are sometimes referred to as "broad mill"
pieces, whereas later issues measure 21.6 mm. Coinage was accom¬
plished at the Philadelphia Mint on a continuous basis during the
span indicated. Additional pieces were made from time to time at
Charlotte, Dahlonega, New Orleans, and San Francisco. In general,
Charlotte and Dahlonega pieces are scarce. The prime rarity within
the span is the 1854-S, struck during the first year of operation of
the San Francisco Mint, a coin of which just 268 were made and of
which only three are known to exist today.

The type set collector will have no problem acquiring one of the
more plentiful dates in any desired grade from Very Fine through
AU, with a typical grade encountered being Very Fine to Extremely
Fine. Uncirculated pieces are scarce, and superb Uncirculated coins
are very rare. Proofs were made in limited quantities and are rarities.

217

HALF EAGLE

1866-1908 Coronet, With Motto

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 21.6 mm
Weight: 129.0 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 51,503,654
Proof mintage: 2,938

In 1866 the Coronet style was modified by adding the motto IN
GOD WE TRUST on a ribbon above the eagle on the reverse. Apart
from this, the motif with Liberty Head on the obverse and perched
eagle on the reverse is the same used in earlier years. Mintage of
the with-motto style was continuous at the Philadelphia Mint dur¬
ing the span indicated. Additional coins were made at San Francis¬
co, Carson City, New Orleans, and, in 1906 and 1907, at the new Den¬
ver Mint.

The type set collector has a wide choice of issues in this span. Coins
in grades from Very Fine to AU are readily encountered. Uncirculat¬
ed pieces are plentiful as well. Superb Uncirculated coins are apt
to be dated during the last decade of production and are considera¬
bly scarcer. Proofs were minted at Philadelphia and in each instance
are rare.

218

EAGLE

1838-1866 Coronet

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 27 mm
Weight: 258 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 5,292,499
Proof mintage: 400 (estimated)

Christian Gobrecht's Coronet style, also called the Liberty Head
or Braided Hair motif, was used on the eagle beginning in 1838, two
years earlier than on the quarter eagle and one year before the style
was used on the half eagle. The obverse depicts a female head fac¬
ing left, her hair in a bun secured by a string of beads, wearing a
coronet inscribed LIBERTY. Stars surround, and the date is below.
The reverse shows an eagle with a shield on its breast, perched on
an olive branch, holding three arrows. The inscription UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA, TEN D. surrounds. The Liberty head used
in 1838 and early 1839 is slightly differently styled than that used
later in 1839, continuing to the end of the series. The most promi¬
nent difference can be noted in the shape of the neck truncation.
Mintages were continuous at the Philadelphia Mint. In addition,
pieces were produced at New Orleans and San Francisco. A num¬
ber of scarce issues occur in the span, with 1858 in particular con¬
sidered to be rare.

For type set purposes the numismatist can readily obtain an ex¬
ample of one of the more plentiful dates in grades of Very Fine or
Extremely Fine. AU pieces are scarcer, and Uncirculated pieces are
quite scarce. Superb Uncirculated coins are seldom seen or encoun¬
tered and are apt to come on the market only when great collections
are marketed. Proofs were minted at Philadelphia and in all instances
are rare.

219

EAGLE

1866-1907 Coronet, With Motto

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 27 mm
Weight: 258 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 37,391,767
Proof mintage: 2,327

In 1866 the motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse
of the eagle and appears on a ribbon or scroll from that time through
1907. Otherwise the Liberty Head obverse and perched eagle reverse
are the same as employed earlier. Production was continuous at the
Philadelphia Mint during this span and nearly continuous at San
Francisco. Beginning in 1870, examples were struck at the Carson City
Mint. New Orleans coins were produced from 1879 through 1883 and
again in several later years. Coins were struck at Denver in 1906 and
1907.

In grades from Very Fine to AU the type set collector will have a
wide choice of specimens. Examples are not rare. Uncirculated pieces
are readily encountered of dates toward the end of the type. Superb
Uncirculated pieces are very elusive. Proofs were minted and are oc¬
casionally available; all are rare.

220

DOUBLE EAGLE
1849-1866 Coronet

Issue dates: 1S49 (pattern); 1850-1866

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper

Diameter: 34 mm

Weight: 516 grains

Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 23,526,676
Proof mintage: 375 (estimated)

Following a pattern coinage in 1849, the double eagle or $20 gold
made its debut in circulation in 1850. Designed by James B. Longacre,
the obverse features the compact head of Miss Liberty, her hair tied
in a bun, wearing a coronet inscribed LIBERTY. Stars surround, and
the date is below. The motif is similar to that used on the gold dol¬
lars of 1849-1854. The reverse is a new motif not used elsewhere on
American coinage and consists of an eagle with a squared-off shield
on its breast, holding an olive branch and arrows, with ornaments
to the left and right, stars and rays above, with the inscription UNIT¬
ED STATES OF AMERICA, TWENTY D. surrounding. Double ea¬
gles of this type were made in large quantities from 1850 onward,
although the span is sprinkled with scarce and rare issues.

The type collector will have no difficulty acquiring an example of
one of the more plentiful dates in Very Fine to Extremely Fine preser¬
vation. AU pieces are scarce. Uncirculated pieces are very scarce, and
superb Uncirculated coins are exceedingly rare, although occasion¬
ally pieces dated 1861 come on the market. Early San Francisco Mint
issues, 1854- S through 1857-S, are sometimes seen with lightly etched
surfaces. Such pieces were recovered from shipwrecks and spent a
century or more subjected to the effects of salt water. Proofs in all
instances are exceedingly rare.

222

DOUBLE EAGLE
1866-1876 Coronet, With Motto

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30 mm
Weight: 516 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 16,160,758
Proof mintage: 335

In 1866 the reverse of the Coronet or Liberty Head style was modi¬
fied by adding the motto IN GOD WE TRUST within the circle of
stars above the eagle. This motto was continued from this point for¬
ward. The type minted from 1866 through 1876 is defined by the com¬
bination of the IN GOD WE TRUST motto with the denomination
below expressed as TWENTY D. In 1877 the denomination was ex¬
pressed differently, thus isolating the earlier issues as a distinct type.
Production was continuous at the Philadelphia and San Francisco
mints. Carson City coins were produced beginning in 1870, with
1870-CC being a rarity today.

The type set collector can readily obtain examples of commoner
issues in grades from Very Fine to Extremely Fine or AU. Uncircu¬
lated pieces are quite scarce, and superb Uncirculated coins are ex¬
ceedingly rare. Proofs are very rare.

222

DOUBLE EAGLE

1877-1907 Coronet, TWENTY DOLLARS

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 30 mm
Weight: 516 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 64,137,477
Proof mintage: 2,426

The Coronet or Liberty Head obverse motif was continued during
the 1877-1907 span, as was the reverse with IN GOD WE TRUST
above the eagle. However, the denomination, formerly expressed as
TWENTY D., was changed to read TWENTY DOLLARS, thus creat¬
ing a new type. Examples were produced continuously at Philadel¬
phia and intermittently at Carson City and San Francisco. New
Orleans produced double eagles of this style in 1879, and pieces were
struck at Denver in 1906 and 1907. There are a number of rare issues
within the span, with the 1883 and 1884 Philadelphia coins being
legendary in this regard.

The type set collector will have no difficulty obtaining a represen¬
tative example in any grade from Very Fine to AU, with Extremely
Fine and AU pieces being abundant. Uncirculated pieces are scarcer
and when seen are apt to be dated during the last decade of produc¬
tion. Superb Uncirculated pieces are scarcer yet and when found
are apt to be dated 1904. Proofs in all instances are rare.

223

Chapter 11

New Issues
GOLD
1901-1933

Gold coin designs introduced during the 1901-1933 period are close¬
ly grouped around the years 1907-1908 and in each instance are relat¬
ed to noted sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The $10 eagle and
$20 double eagle of 1907 are each from his hand. After his death in
the summer of that year, Boston sculptor Bela Lyon Pratt, who stud¬
ied with Saint-Gaudens, picked up the traces and composed new
designs for the $2V2 and $5 values.

The story of Saint-Gaudens' involvement with American coinage
is a long and romantic one and is recounted in numerous places,
including the present author's book. United States Gold Coins: An Il¬
lustrated History. Saint-Gaudens, was a personal acquaintance of
President Theodore Roosevelt. One day, while at the Smithsonian
Institution, Roosevelt saw a group of Greek coins and was impressed
by their artistry and sculptured appearance. By comparison the cur¬
rent American coinage was very bland, he thought. His thinking con¬
tinued on the subject, and soon he contacted Saint-Gaudens and
asked him if he would redesign the entire American coinage, from
the cent through the double eagle. In the early years, Saint-Gaudens
had achieved international renown for many of his medallic and
sculptural works, including the figure of Diana atop Madison Square
Garden, the Shaw Memorial in Boston, the Sherman Victory Monu¬
ment in New York City's Central Park, and other efforts. Earlier, Saint-
Gaudens maintained studios in New York City, later moving to a hill¬
side location overlooking the Connecticut River Valley in Cornish,
New Hampshire, where he established a studio in a verdant setting
near his home, "Aspet." Today, the Saint-Gaudens National Histor¬
ic Site is maintained by the National Parks Service and is open to
the public.

Saint-Gaudens studied the earlier American coinage and expressed
the opinion to Roosevelt that the finest design to that point was the
flying eagle as used on the cents of 1856-1858. Sketches were pre-

227

pared for several denominations, including the cent, $10, and $20.
The reverse of the latter denomination used a modified version of
the flying eagle that Saint-Gaudens admired from earlier times.

For the double eagle, Saint-Gaudens used as a central motif the
figure of Victory, said to have been modeled by his mistress, Davida
Clark, which was used earlier on the Sherman Monument. The re¬
verse, as noted, illustrated the flying eagle design. Early versions
of the double eagle expressed the date in Roman numerals, MCMVII,
and were done in very high relief, more like a medal than a coin,
with a sculptured effect. All the while, Saint-Gaudens maintained
close contact with President Roosevelt. The Philadelphia Mint was
not consulted.

Charles E. Barber, chief engraver at the Philadelphia Mint, became
angry, for at that time the design of new coinage was the provenance
of the Mint staff. Indeed, the coins then in circulation— ranging from
the Indian cent to the Liberty Head $20— were all designed by past
or present Mint employees. When Barber learned of the high-relief
format of the new double eagle, he immediately and rightly stated
that such would not be compatible with high-speed production
presses. Angered, President Roosevelt said that this design must be
used anyway, even if only double eagle per day could be struck! He
called the interference with the Mint's coinage prerogative his "pet
crime." To satisfy Roosevelt, 11,250 examples of the MCMVII High
Relief double were struck, laboriously on a medal press, requiring
three impressions per coin. After that, Chief Engraver Barber
prevailed, the design was severely modified, and later issues were
produced with the date in Arabic numerals, such as 1907, and in shal¬
low relief. The modified Saint-Gaudens' design was used through
the end of the series in 1933.

Early double eagles lacked the motto IN GOD WE TRUST, which
had been used on the denomination since 1866, for President
Roosevelt felt that God's name appearing on circulating money was
sacrilegious. Subsequently, Congress overruled the president, and
IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse of the double eagle
part way through 1908. The motto addition was performed on the
eagle at the same time.

The eagle or $10 gold of 1907, also designed by Saint-Gaudens, fea¬
tured a head copied from a portrait bust, also of Davida Clark. The
idea of outfitting Miss Liberty, a lady, with an Indian headdress typi¬
cally worn by male Indians caused some comment at the time, but
the controversy was soon forgotten.

By the time of Saint-Gaudens' death in 1907, only the $10 and
$20 denominations had been modeled. Accordingly, President

228

Bela Lyon Pratt's innovative design for $2Vi and $5 (a $5 is shown
above) pieces, minted from 1908 through 1929, featured the motifs in¬
cuse or sunken in the coin, with the field or background, normally
the lowest part of a coin's design, being the highest part.

229

The Indian $10 motif, by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, is illustrated above
with a 1930-S issue, one of the prime rarities in the series.

230

Roosevelt's dream of having the artist redesign the entire coinage
spectrum fell short of the mark.

In 1908, Bela Lyon Pratt redesigned the gold quarter eagle and half
eagle, producing an innovative motif featuring an Indian on the ob¬
verse and a perched eagle on the reverse, with the designs and in¬
scriptions all incuse or recessed in the surface, a radical departure
from earlier United States circulating coinage. The highest areas of
the new coins were the fields, traditionally the lowest areas on oth¬
er coins. The incuse designs of Pratt were used from 1908 through
1929.

The formation of a basic type set of new gold coin designs of the
early 20th century will present no problem. Such a six-piece set
would include one example each of the Indian quarter eagle and half
eagle, a 1907-1908 Saint-Gaudens $10 without IN GOD WE TRUST
and a 1908-1933 specimen with the motto; a 1907-1908 Saint-Gaudens
$20 without the motto and a later dated specimen with IN GOD WE
TRUST. Examples are readily found in grades from Very Fine to AU.
Uncirculated pieces are scarce, and superb Uncirculated pieces are
quite scarce.

If the MCMVII High Relief double eagle is added, making a total
of seven coins in the set, then this one piece will form a special chal¬
lenge. There are hundreds of specimens in numismatic hands, but
the popularity of them is such that they are quite expensive in rela¬
tion to the other coins of the set.

232

QUARTER EAGLE
1908-1929 Indian

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 18 mm
Weight: 64.5 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 7,250,261
Proof mintage: 1,827

In 1908 numismatists were surprised by the advent of the new quar¬
ter eagle and half eagle designed by sculptor Bela Lyon Pratt, for
no advance notice had been released concerning them. A departure
from the procedure used earlier in United States coinage, the new
design features were recessed or incuse in the coins, with the field
of the pieces, normally the lowest part, being the highest part. The
obverse of the Pratt quarter eagle, known as the Indian Head type,
features an Indian chief facing left, with LIBERTY above, six stars
to the left and seven to the right, and the date below. The reverse
shows an eagle perched on a branch or log, with UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA above, E PLURIBUS UNUM to the left, IN GOD WE
TRUST to the right, and the denomination expressed as 2Vi DOL¬
LARS below. Examples were produced at the Phildelphia Mint from
1908 through 1915 and again from 1925 through 1929. Denver Mint
pieces were produced in 1911, 1914 and 1925, with the 1911-D con¬
sidered to be the rarity of the series.

The type set collector can easily find examples of the Indian Head
quarter eagle in grades from Very Fine to AU. Uncirculated pieces
are scarce, and superb Uncirculated pieces are very scarce. The scar¬
city of higher grade pieces is explained not by the mintages, which
in most instances were generous, but by the format of the coin. The
field of a typical coin, exposed to wear and other effects, acquired
marks quickly, and even storage in a mint bag was apt to reduce the
grade of a piece below the Uncirculated level.

232

HALF EAGLE
1908-1929 Indian

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 21.6 mm
Weight: 129 grains
Edge: Reeded

Business strike mintage: 14,078,066
Proof mintage: 1,077

Bela Lyon Pratt's innovative Indian Head half eagle follows the for¬
mat of the related quarter eagle and features all of the design recessed
or incuse in the coin's surface, with the field, normally the lowest
part on a coin, being the highest part. As is the case with quarter
eagles, mintmarks are raised and in relief. The obverse depicts an
Indian chief facing left, LIBERTY above, six stars to the left and sev¬
en to the right, and the date below. The reverse shows an eagle
perched on a branch or a log with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
above, E PLURIBUS UNUM to the left, IN GOD WE TRUST to the
right, and the denomination expressed as FIVE DOLLARS below.
Mintage was accomplished at Philadelphia from 1908 through 1915
and again in 1929. Denver struck half eagles of this type from 1909
through 1911 and again in 1914. San Francisco half eagles were made
from 1908 through 1916. At New Orleans the Indian quarter eagle
was struck in one year only, 1909, the last year of operation of that
minting facility.

The availability of Indian Head quarter eagles to the type set col¬
lector is similar to that of related quarter eagles. Examples in grades
from Very Fine to AU are easily obtained. Uncirculated pieces are
scarce, and superb Uncirculated coins are seldom seen. The rarity
of upper echelon grades is explained by a characteristic of the coin s
surface. The field, being the highest part, quickly acquired marks
and abrasions, even while stored in mint bags before being released
into circulation.

233

EAGLE

1907-1908 Indian, No Motto

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper

Diameter: 27 mm

Weight: 258 grains

Edge: 46 raised stars

Business strike mintage: 483,448

Proof mintage: None of regular issue

Following the coinage of two varieties of experimental pieces, with
periods before and after the legends on the reverse, business strikes
of the 1907-1908 issue were produced for circulation. The obverse
depicts Miss Liberty wearing an Indian headdress inscribed LIBER¬
TY on a band, 13 stars are in an arc above, and the date is below.
The reverse depicts a perched eagle with UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA above, the motto E PLURIBUS UNUM to the right, and
the denomination expressed as TEN DOLLARS below. As President
Roosevelt personally objected to the use of the name of the Diety
on coins, the Indian issues of 1907 and certain issues of 1908 lack
IN GOD WE TRUST. Coinage of the type was effected at Philadel¬
phia in 1907 and 1908 and also in Denver the latter year.

Specimens are readily available in grades from Extremely Fine to
AU. Uncirculated pieces are seen with some regularity, but superb
Uncirculated coins are decidedly rare.

234

EAGLE

1908-1933 Indian, With Motto

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 27 mm
Weight: 258 grains

Edge: 46 stars 1908-1911; 48 stars 1912-1933
Business strike mintage: 14,385,139
Proof mintage: 768

In 1908 Saint-Gaudens' Indian Head design was modified on the
reverse by the addition of IN GOD WE TRUST in the field at the
center right. The motto, restored by a special act of Congress, re¬
mained in effect through the end of the series in 1933. Otherwise
the Indian head obverse and perched eagle reverse motif remained
unchanged. The edges of issues 1908-1911 have 46 raised stars, while
those minted from 1912 onward have 48 raised stars, reflecting an
increased number of states in the Union. Mintage was intense and
continuous from 1908 through 1916, after which no examples were
made until 1920-S, followed by a gap until the 1926 Philadelphia is¬
sue, with the next following being 1930-S, then 1932 and 1933.

The numismatist seeking an example of the 1908-1933 type will
have no difficulty locating one of the more plentiful dates in Extreme¬
ly Fine to AU grade. Uncirculated pieces are fairly scarce, with the
exception of 1926 and in particular 1932. Superb Uncirculated pieces
dated 1926 and 1932 are rare, and superb Uncirculated pieces of other
dates are very rare. In general, much of the mintage from 1908
through 1916 was used extensively in bank to bank transactions and
overseas, with the result that most of these seen today show signs
of wear.

235

DOUBLE EAGLE
MCMVII (1907) High Relief

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper
Diameter: 34 mm
Weight: 516 grains

Edge: Lettered E PLURIBUS UNUM with stars interspersing
Business strike mintage: 11,250
Proof mintage: Fewer than 25

In 1907 fewer than two dozen examples of the new Saint-Gaudens
design were made in Extremely High Relief with concave fields; pieces
considered today to be patterns. Following that, pieces in slightly
lower relief, but still with a sculptured effect and in high relief com¬
pared earlier later issues, known today as High Relief issues, were
produced to the extent of 11,250 for circulation. After the relatively
small mintage was accomplished, the High Relief format was dis¬
continued. The obverse of this style depicts Miss Liberty striding for¬
ward with radiant sun rays behind and a distant view of the Capitol
building, with LIBERTY above and the date expressed as MCMVII
in the lower right field. The reverse shows an eagle flying left, Saint-
Gaudens' updated version of that found on Flying Eagle cents of
the 1856-1858 era, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and TWEN¬
TY DOLLARS in two lines above. Below is the sun with resplen¬
dent rays.

Although 11,250 pieces were struck for circulation, from the very
outset these coins sold at a premium and were recognized as collec¬
tors' items. As a result, most of the several hundred or more pieces
surviving today are in higher grades, primarily About Uncirculated
and Uncirculated. Truly superb Uncirculated pieces, without any
trace of rubbing on the higher obverse parts, are rare.

236

DOUBLE EAGLE
1907-1908 No Motto

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper

Diameter: 34 mm

Weight: 516 grains

Edge: Lettered E PLURIBUS UNUM

Business strike mintage: 5,294,968

Proof mintage: Fewer than 5

After the High Relief MCMVII pieces had been struck, the design
was modified under the direction of Charles E. Barber at the Philadel¬
phia Mint, and subsequent issues featured shallow relief and the
date in Arabic numerals. The first style minted, that produced at the
Philadelphia Mint in 1907 and 1908 and in Denver in 1908, lacks the
motto IN GOD WE TRUST, for President Theodore Roosevelt per¬
sonally objected to it. The general design remains the same as on
the High Relief issues and depicts Miss Liberty striding forward, with
rays and the Capitol building in the background, LIBERTY above,
and the date, now expressed in Arabic numerals, to the lower right.
The reverse is similar and depicts an eagle flying to the left over the
sun, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and TWENTY DOLLARS
in two lines above. Around the obverse border of all Saint-Gaudens
$20 issues is a circle of stars, 46 stars on those minted from 1907
through 1911 and 48 stars on those made from 1912 through 1933.

Examples of the 1907-1908 No Motto style are readily obtained in
grades from Extremely Fine to AU. Uncirculated pieces are encoun¬
tered with some frequency, but superb Uncirculated coins are de¬
cidedly scarce.

237

DOUBLE EAGLE
1908-1933 With Motto

Composition: 0.900 part gold, 0.100 part copper

Diameter: 34 mm

Weight: 516 grains

Edge: Lettered E PLURIBUS UNUM

Business strike mintage: 64,981,428

Proof mintage: 687

In 1908 the Saint-Gaudens design was modified by adding IN GOD
WE TRUST in an arc just above the sun on the reverse. Otherwise
the design is the same as the preceding. Issues minted from 1908
through 1911 have 46 stars around the obverse border, while those
minted from 1912 through 1933 have 48 stars, reflecting a larger num¬
ber of states in the Union. Production was accomplished on a fairly
continuous basis from 1908 through 1933. Despite high mintages,
certain issues of the 1920s are rare, for many were simply stored by
the Treasury Department and then melted following the 1933 gold
recall. The design of the issue features Miss Liberty on the obverse
and a flying eagle on the reverse and is similar to that of 1907-1908
except for the addition of the motto.

The type set collector will encounter no difficulty finding a speci¬
men in Extremely Fine to AU grade. Uncirculated coins are relative¬
ly plentiful, but superb Uncirculated pieces are elusive. In general,
issues from 1908 through 1921 are very rare in superb Uncirculated
condition, while certain issues of the 1920s, particularly Philadel¬
phia Mint coins from 1924 to 1928, are more readily obtained, but
still they present a challenge.

238

Bibliography

A good reference library is a wonderful key to the appreciation
of a type set collection. Each design type has its own story to tell.
The enjoyment of any coin can be enhanced by reading about its
history. The following books on specialized series and denomina¬
tions are especially helpful.

Adams, John W. (editor). Monographs on Varieties ofU.S. Large Cents 1793-1794. An an¬
thology of articles concerning the two earliest dates in the large cent series, the
romance, history, rarity, etc. A delightful volume for the specialist.

Ahwash, Kamal M., Encyclopedia of United States Liberty Seated Dimes 1837-1891. A large
and extensively illustrated volume covering the subject indicated.

Akers, David W., U.S. Gold Coins— a series of separate volumes covering gold dollars,
quarter eagles, $3 and $4 pieces, half eagles, eagles, and double eagles, with a
page or more devoted to each variety, and with data concerning the frequency
of appearance of each at auction, the availability in certain grades, etc. A very valu¬
able reference set for the advanced numismatist.

Beistle, M.L., Register of United States Half Dollar Die Varieties and Sub-Varieties. A 1929
volume, the predecessor of the later Overton work on the subject, discussing die
varieties. The text is particularly valuable for the issues 1794-1836, but useful data
on later issues can be found as well.

Bolender, M.H., U.S. Early Silver Dollars. The standard reference describing die vari¬
eties of silver dollars of the 1794-1803 years.

Bowers, Q. David, The History of United States Coinage. Illustrated by the $25 million
Garrett Collection, this large volume, written for The Johns Hopkins University,
covers all there is of United States coinage, minting, and history.

Bowers, Q. David, U.S. Gold Coins: An Illustrated History. Illustrated by the $12 million
Eliasberg Collection of gold coins, this volume covers all American gold issues
from dollars through double eagles, with the history and background of each se¬
ries and design, and with information concerning collecting over the years, vari¬
ous rarities, etc. A standard reference.

Bowers, Q. David, United States Copper Coins: An Action Guide for the Collector and In¬
vestor. A book covering copper issues including half cents, large cents, small cents,
and two cent pieces, illustrating major types and discussing rarities, the availabil¬
ity of certain issues, and other useful information.

243

Bowers, Q. David, United States Dimes, Quarters, and Half Dollars: An Action Guide for
the Collector and Investor. A detailed discussion of these series.

Bowers, Q. David, United States Three-Cent and Five-Cent Coins: An Action Guide for
the Collector and Investor. A detailed discussion of nickel and silver three-cent pieces,
nickel five-cent pieces (of all types from Shield through Jefferson issues), and half
dimes. Various types, varieties, historical items, etc. are discussed, and many col¬
lecting hints and tips are given.

Bowers & Ruddy Galleries, Inc., The United States Gold Collection. 1982 auction cata¬
logue of the Louis Eliasberg Collection offering one of each date and mintmark
issue of United States gold coins from dollars to double eagles.

Breen, Walter, Walter Breen's Encyclopedia of United States Half Cents 1793-1857. A mar¬
velous volume detailing all aspects of half cent numismatology, accompanied by
superb photographs (taken by Jack Collins) and an interesting, if often opinionat¬
ed text. A rather extensive volume which will tell you all you want to know about
half cents, and probably quite a bit you never dreamed of asking about!

Breen, Walter, United States Half Dimes, A Supplement. 1958 monograph supplement¬
ing the 1931 D.W. Valentine's book on the subject.

Browning, A.W., The Early Quarters of the United States. The classic reference describ¬
ing die varieties of early quarter dollars prior to the Liberty Seated type.

Cohen, Roger S., Jr., American Half Cents, The "Little Half Sisters.” A good general
guide to half cent die varieties of the 1793-1857 years, the "last word" on the sub¬
ject until Walter Breen's book came along in 1983.

Davis, David, and several other authors, Early United States Dimes 1796-1837. A mar¬
velously detailed guide to dimes in this date range, with descriptions concerning
known die varieties. The standard reference in the field.

Dryfhout, John H., The Work of Augustus Saint-Gaudens. Not a numismatic book but,
rather, a biography of Saint-Gaudens and a deiination of his various sculptures,
plaques, and other efforts. Excellent background information for the $10 and $20
gold coinage of 1907.

Durst, Sanford (editor), Early American Coppers. A collection of articles pertaining to
United States large cents, half cents, and related matters. Written by many authors.
A volume for the specialist.

Ehrmantraut, Jack A., Jr., An Analysis of Gem Franklin Half Dollars. A discussion per¬
taining to various Franklin half dollars 1948-1963, with comments concerning the
availability of each.

Ganz, David L., The world of Coins and Coin Collection. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 1985.

Kliman, Myron M., The Two Cent Piece and Varieties. A monograph, published in 1977,
detailing two-cent pieces from 1864 to 1873 and discussing the die varieties with¬
in the series.

Lapp, Warren A. and Herbert A. Silberman (editors). United States Large Cents,
1793-1857. An anthology containing over 100 articles by various authors, published
in The Numismatist between 1895 and 1971, pertaining to large cents and half cents.
A great volume for the specialist.

Loring, Denis (editor), Monographs on Varieties ofU.S. Large Cents 1795-1803. Many differ¬
ent articles on the subject indicated. Fascinating reading for the specialist.

Miller, Wayne, The Morgan and Peace Dollar Textbook. A detailed discussion of the mint¬
age, striking, and availability of various silver dollars 1878-1935. A very useful and
popular book.

Nagengast, Bernard, The Jefferson Nickel Analyst. A monograph covering the various
issues of Jefferson nickels from 1938 onward, with particular relation to the avail¬
ability of sharply struck examples of certain dates and mintmarks. Surprisingly,
certain common issues are great rarities so far as sharply struck pieces are
concerned.

244

Newcomb, Howard R., United States Copper Cents, 1816-1857. The standard guide to
die varieties of later large cents, 1816-1857. Little editorial or "reading" material
is included. Valuable for the painstaking, detailed listings of die varieties.

Overton, A1 C., Early Half Dollar Die Varieties 1794-1836. A detailed illustrated volume
pertaining to die varieties of the years indicated. The standard reference.

Radeker, William D., Collecting Coins by Designs: A Type Collector’s Handbook. Short es¬
says, thoughts, and ideas on collecting by design types presented in the form of
a monograph.

Reiver, Jules, Variety Identification Manual for U.S. Half Dimes 1794-1837. A key and quick
index, plus rarity ratings, to D.W. Valentine's classic half dime book.

Sheldon, Dr. William H., Penny Whimsy. The standard text on United States large cents
of the years 1793-1814. A book which goes far beyond the large cent area and dis¬
cusses many aspects such as markets, grading, psychology of collecting, etc. A
highly recommended and very basic text. A numismatic classic.

Stack, Norman, United States Type Coins. A very nice "portfolio," illustrated in color,
of various designs from the earliest years onward.

Stewart, Frank H., History of the First U.S. Mint. A view of the operations of the Philadel¬
phia Mint in the early days.

Swiatek, Anthony, The Walking Liberty Half Dollar. A 72-page monograph discussing
one of America's most popular series, half dollars of the 1916-1947 years.

Taxay, Don, U.S. Mint and Coinage. A superb book which is a "must" for every collec¬
tor of coins by design type. Detailed information concerning the operations of the
early Philadelphia Mint, combined with much valuable data pertaining to artists,
engravers, and new designs over the years.

Valentine, D.W., The United States Half Dimes, published by the American Numisma¬
tic Society, 1931, later reprinted. The basic guide to half dime die varieties. Partic¬
ularly valuable for issues 1794-1837, but useful for certain later issues as well. A
standard reference.

Van Allen, Leroy, and A. George Mallis, Morgan & Peace Silver Dollars. A large book
describing in detail the background and production of Morgan and Peace dollars,
minting and melting, and with an incredibly detailed listing of minute die varieties.

Willem, John M., The United States Trade Dollar. A detailed study of the trade dollar,
with emphasis on historical background.

White, Weimar W., The Liberty Seated Dollar 1840-1873. A monograph with a grading
commentary, investment ideas and theories, and comments by date.

Yeoman, Richard S., A Guide Book of United States Coins. The standard reference on United
States coins, and one of the ten best-selling books in general publishing history.
A wonderful overview of American coinage from the earliest years onward.

245

■A

Index

Act of June 28, 1834, 203; 213,
216

Ahr, Jack L„ 171, 172
Akers, David, 190
American Journal of Numismat¬
ics, 13

American Numismatical Manu¬
al, The, 98

Anthony, Susan B., 35, 165
Apollo 11, 178

Barber, Charles E., 118, 125,
126, 128, 129, 132, 135,
138, 228, 237
Becker, Tom, 20
Birch, Robert, 38
Bland-Allison Act, 115, 137
Bowers and Merena Galler¬
ies, 20

Breen, Walter, 24, 38
Brenner, Victor David, 17, 145,
146, 147, 148, 167, 168
Bronx Zoo, 149

Carter, Jimmy, 166
Civil War, 27, 98, 101, 104, 115,
119, 120, 212
Clark, Davida, 228
Coin & Currency Institute, 16
Coin World, 15

Davis, Jefferson, 27
DeFrancisci, Anthony, 160
DeSaussure, Henry, 185
Dickeson, Montroville W., 98
Durez Chemical Company,
147

Eckfeldt, Adam, 38, 41
Eisenhower, Dwight, 165

Flanagan, John, 157, 170, 171,
172

Forman, Harry, 152
Franklin, Benjamin, 141, 165
Fraser, James E., 149, 150
Friedberg, Robert, 16

Gardner, John, 42
Garrett Collection, 13
Gasparro, Frank, 35, 165, 167,

168, 173-175, 178-182
Gilmor, Robert, 60
Gobrecht, Christian, 75, 77,
80-86, 88-92, 99, 105-112,
127, 129-131, 133, 134, 136,
214, 217-220

Great Seal of the United
States, 35, 36, 53, 65, 69,
71, 118, 173, 187, 195
Guide Book of United States
Coins, A, 13, 15, 25, 208

Hunt brothers, 163
Huntington, Seth G., 176

Johns Hopkins University,
The, 13

Julian, Robert W., 24
K

Kennedy, John F., 165, 173
Kingswood holders, 21-23, 79,
164

Kneass, William, 66, 87, 197,
206, 213, 216
Kosoff, Abe, 35

Library of Coins albums, 16
Lincoln, Abraham, 27
Longacre, James Barton, 99,
100-104, 120-124, 206, 210,
211, 212, 215, 221-223

MacNeil, Hermon A., 141,
142, 155, 156
Macallister, James G., 35
Merena, Ray, 20
Mickley, Joseph J., 60
Mint Cabinet, 98
mintage figures (explanation
of), 25-26

Morgan, George T., 137
N

National Coin Collection, 98
Numismatic News, 15
Numismatic Scrapbook Maga¬
zine, 13, 15

Numismatist, The, 13, 15

Overton, A1 C„ 49

Penny Whimsy, 27, 35
Photograde, 45
Pope, Donna, 168
Pratt, Bela Lyon, 229, 231,
232, 233

Randall Hoard, 64
Raymond, Wayte, 11, 13, 16
Reich, John, 59, 62, 63, 66-68,
70, 72, 87, 192, 193, 196,
197

Roberts, Gilroy, 173-177
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 141,
154, 206

Roosevelt, Theodore, 27, 227,
228, 231, 237
Ruddy, James F., 45

Saint-Gaudens, Augustus,
21, 227, 230, 234-238
Schlag, Felix O., 151, 152
Scot, Robert, 39, 43-53, 61, 64,
65, 69, 71, 190, 191, 194,
195, 198, 199

Sheldon, Dr. William H., 27,
35

Sinnock, John R., 159, 169
Smithsonian Institution, 98,
227

St. Oswald, Lord, 31
Standard Catalogue of United
States Coins, 13
Star Spangled Banner, 119
Stuart, Gilbert, 33, 35

Taxay, Don, 24
Time, 15

Treasury Department, 117,
123, 152, 165, 203, 238

United States Gold Coins: An Il¬
lustrated History, 227

Voigt, Henry, 40

Washington, George, 157
Weinman, Adolph A., 14,
141, 143, 153, 158
Williams, Dennis R., 180, 181

Note: See Table of Contents for lo¬
cations of various coin types.

248

Bowers and Merena Galleries, Inc.

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