الملف الأصلي (652 × 1٬024 بكسل حجم الملف: 298 كيلوبايت، نوع MIME: image/jpeg)

ملخص

الوصف

SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann (1906–1962), head of Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA, Reich Security Central Office) Department IV B4 (Jewish affairs), who organized the deportation of Jews to the Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland during the Holocaust. Taken in or around 1942, this appears to have been Eichmann's official RSHA ID photograph. Yad Vashem describes the image as "Eichmann, RSHA (Reich Central Security Office), 1942, Collection Archive, Yad Vashem Archives." See this version with a signature; the holes from the hole punch are visible.

The image shows Eichmann in his Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) uniform, with four silver pips and a stripe on the left collar. He became Obersturmbannführer on 9 November 1941.[1]

David Cesarani writes: "The much used official photograph of the smiling young SS officer with filmstar looks who deported millions of Jews to the death camps seems to personify all the perpetrators of Nazi genocide. The ubiquity of this image is equalled by that of Eichmann at his trial in Jerusalem in 1961, sitting or standing inside a bulletproof glass booth".[2]

It is not known where the photograph was taken. After the Wannsee Conference in January 1942, Eichmann travelled extensively, setting up offices in countries from which Jews were being deported. The birth of his children mirrored this movement: his first son was born in Berlin, Germany, in 1936; his second in Vienna, Austria, in 1940; and his third in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic), in 1942, where he and his wife had rented a home since 1939 and which he regarded as his official residence. He would regularly return to Berlin.[3] (His fourth son was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1955.)

Bettina Stangneth writes that, from June 1942, when Reinhard Heydrich, head of the RSHA, was assassinated in Prague, Eichmann "began ensuring that no one took his photograph".[4] Describing the security measures Eichmann took because he "lived in constant fear of assassination", Dieter Wisliceny, another SS officer, wrote in a statement in 1946: "The same caution made him camera-shy. Whenever he needed photographs for identification papers, he had them done by the Gestapo Photographic Laboratory. I myself took two pictures of Eichmann, the first in 1937 and the second in 1944, showing Eichmann in uniform. It was taken in Hungary, and even there Eichmann made me give him the negative. The pictures used to be in my apartment in Vienna 18, Buchleitengasse 8."[5]
التاريخ The photograph was taken in 1941, according to Bettina Stangneth (an Eichmann expert); 1942, according to Yad Vashem; or 1943, according to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
المصدر Immediate source Blic.rs. Also Yad Vashem and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The latter credits DIZ Muenchen GMBH, Sueddeutscher Verlag Bilderdienst. Image ID: 00126367.
المؤلف Author and location unknown.
Bettina Stangneth's caption for the image says: "Unknown photographer, undated (1941), AKG Images, 4217270".[3] The Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (Bavarian State Library) website used to attribute the image to Heinrich Hoffmann (1885–1957) ("image: hoff-895; negative: Hoffmann 8841"), a German photographer who was known as Hitler's personal photographer. The library obtained the negative and a copy of the image as part of a collection purchased from Hoffmann's son in 1993. Following an inquiry from a Wikipedian in 2014, the library checked the negative and confirmed "with certainty" that this is not one of Hoffmann's images. His negatives were made of glass and had identifying numbers etched onto them. The library said they cannot determine the authorship of the Eichmann negative.
الترخيص
(إعادة استخدام هذا الملف)

Because this is an official image, it can be regarded as having been published in the form of an ID document at the time. It is in the public domain in the US because it was published between 1923 and 1977 without compliance with US formalities. If it was part of Eichmann's RSHA personnel file, it would have been seized by the Alien Property Custodian as enemy property. Ladislas Farago wrote in 1974 that passport-size Eichmann photographs were held by the Allies after the war, "including in the captured archives of the RSHA, the SS main office, and on file at Nuremberg, numbered No. 2259."[6] The image can also be regarded as the work of a criminal enterprise (the SS). For the Commons status of other images associated with the SS, see:

Also see "17 U.S. Code § 104A - Copyright in restored works", Legal Information Institute; "Captured German Records and the Berlin Document Center" and Eichmann file, National Archives.

References

  1. For the date, see Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945, Oxford University Press, 1990 [1987], p. 315.
  2. David Cesarani, Becoming Eichmann, Da Capo Press, 2007, p. 1.
  3. a b Bettina Stangneth, "Otto Adolf Eichmann", in Hans-Christian Jasch and Christoph Kreutzmüller (eds.), The Participants: The Men of the Wannsee Conference, Berghahn Books, 2017, pp. 52–53.
  4. Bettina Stangneth, Eichmann Before Jerusalem, Vintage, 2015, p. 39.
  5. Tuviah Friedman, The Hunter: Autobiography Of The Man Who Spent Fifteen Years Searching For Adolf Eichmann, Normanby Press, p. 262.
  6. Ladislas Farago, Aftermath: Martin Bormann and the Fourth Reich, Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, p. 291.


Public domain
تقع هذه الصُّورة (أو ملف الوسائط) في النِّطاق العامِّ فقد نَفِدت حقوق تأليفها ونشرها لأن مُؤلِّفها غير مَعرُوف.

يسري هذا في الاتحاد الأُوروبيُّ وفي البلدان حيث يُوجد بندُ حماية حقوق التَّأليف والنَّشر لمدة 70 عاماً تَبدأ بعد جعل العمل مُتاحاً للعموم مع عدم إِفصاح المُؤَلِّف عن هويته.

تنويه: عليك دائِماً أَن تَذكُر المَصدر الَّذي حََصلت مِنه على الصُّورة وأَن تَتأكد بدقةٍ مِن أَن المُؤَلِّف لم يُطالِب بحقوق التَّأليف والنَّشر.

ملحوظة: في ألمانيا تحديداً، بعض الأَعمال مَجهُولة الصَّانع المَنشُورة قبل 1 يوليو 1995 مَحميَّةٌ بحقوق التَّأليف والنَّشر لمدة 70 عاماً منذ تاريخ نشرها. انظر النَّصَّ القانونيَّ. الرَّجاء استعمال هذا القالِب فقد الحالات الَّتي لم يدَّعِ أحدٌ فيها مِلكية العمل وأَيضاً في الحالات الَّتي لم يُعلَن فيها عن المالك للعموم. إِذا كان العمل غير مَعرُوف الصَّانِع أو مُوقَّعاً باسم مُستعار (مثلاً نُشر تحت اسم مؤسسة)، فتأكَّد مِن مُرور 70 عاماً على الأَقل مُنذ تاريخ نشر العمل.
من أجل الأعمال التي وضعت في متناول العموم في المملكة المتحدة، انظر هذا القالِب.
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Public domain
Public domain
يقع ملفُ الوسائط هذا في النِّطاق العامّ داخل الولايات المُتحدة الأمريكيَّة. وهذا ينطبق على الأعمال أمريكيَّة الأصل التي نفدت مدة حقوق تأليفها ونشرها، وهذا في الغالب الأعم عائدٌ إلى نشرها للمرة الأولى مرة قبل 1 يناير، ١٩٢٩. راجع هذه الصفحة للمزيد من التوضيح.

United States
United States
قد لا تكون هذه الصورة في النِّطاق العامّ من خارج الولايات المُتحدة، وهذا ينطبق بشكلٍ خاصٍّ في البلدان والمناطق التي لا يكون حكم الفترة الأقصر فيها نافذاً على الأعمال الأمريكية، مثل كندا وجمهورية الصين (ما خلا هونغ كونغ وماكاو) وألمانيا والمكسيك وسويسرا. إنَّ اسم المُؤَلِّف وسنة النشر هما من المعلومات الأساسيَّة، ولا بدَ من ذكرهما. انظر ويكيبيديا:الملكية العامة و‌ويكيبيديا:حقوق التأليف والنشر للمزيد من التفاصيل.

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حالي03:26، 22 ديسمبر 2018تصغير للنسخة بتاريخ 03:26، 22 ديسمبر 2018652 × 1٬024 (298 كيلوبايت)Magog the OgreHigher resolution from http://ho2994.egloos.com/3399875
18:24، 18 ديسمبر 2018تصغير للنسخة بتاريخ 18:24، 18 ديسمبر 2018578 × 908 (118 كيلوبايت)SlimVirgin{{Information |Description=Official Reichssicherheitshauptamt ID photograph, taken in or around 1942, of SS Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann (1906–1962), who played a central role in the deportation of Jews during the Holocaust. Yad Vashem describes the image as "Eichmann, RSHA (Reich Central Security Office), 1942, Collection Archive, Yad Vashem Archives." See [https://web.archive.org/web/20140802101257/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/interviews/...

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