قصف هامبورغ في الحرب العالمية الثانية
تضمن قصف الحلفاء لهامبورغ خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية العديد من الهجمات على المدنيين والبنية التحتية المدنية. إنها مدينة كبيرة ومركز صناعي، ومكان أحواض بناء السفن وأحواض الغواصات. [1]
قصف هامبورغ في الحرب العالمية الثانية
| جزء من | |
|---|---|
| البلد | |
| تقع في التقسيم الإداري | |
| المكان | |
| الإحداثيات | |
| بتاريخ |
1943  |
| تاريخ البدء |
24 يوليو 1943 |
| تاريخ الانتهاء |
3 أغسطس 1943 |
| المشاركون | |
| عدد الإصابات |
125٬000 |
| عدد الوفيات |
34٬000 |
كجزء من حملة متواصلة من القصف الاستراتيجي خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، أدى الهجوم الذي وقع في الأسبوع الأخير من شهر يوليو عام 1943، والذي أطلق عليه اسم عملية عمورة، إلى إنشاء واحدة من أكبر العواصف النارية التي أثارتها القوات الجوية الملكية والقوات الجوية لجيش الولايات المتحدة في الحرب العالمية الثاني، [2] قتل ما يقدر بنحو 35000 مدني وجرح 125000 آخرين في هامبورغ، وتدمير معظم المدينة تقريبًا. [3] قبل تطور العاصفة النارية في هامبورغ، لم يكن هناك أمطار لبعض الوقت وكان كل شيء جافًا للغاية. [4] كان الطقس الدافئ بشكل غير معتاد والظروف الجيدة تعني أن القصف كان مركّزًا للغاية حول الأهداف المقصودة وخلق أيضًا دوامة وتحديث متجدد للهواء شديد الحرارة الذي أحدث إعصارًا في ارتفاع 460 مترًا من النار.
كما كانت هناك العديد من التقنيات والأجهزة الأخرى المستخدمة سابقًا مثل قصف المناطق ورابطات المسار ورادار H2S، والتي تضافرت للعمل بفعالية خاصة. تم استخدام نموذج مبكر من <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff_(radar_countermeasure)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Chaff (radar countermeasure)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="24">chaff</a>، يُسمى الكود "Window"، بنجاح لأول مرة من قِبل سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني (RAF) - السحب من شرائط القصدير التي أسقطها باثفايندرز بالإضافة إلى تيار المهاجم الأولي - من أجل تحييد الرادار الألماني تمامًا. ألحقت الغارات أضرارا بالغة بإنتاج الأسلحة الألمانية في هامبورغ.
تسمية
عدليأتي اسم عمورة من واحدة من مدينتي سدوم وعمورة الكنعانيين اللتين تم تسجيل تدميرهما في الكتاب المقدس: «ثم أمط الرب الكبريت والنار على سدوم وعمورة، من الرب من السماء». - سفر التكوين 19:24
مهمات مهمة
عدلمعركة هامبورغ
عدلكانت معركة هامبورغ، التي أطلق عليها اسم عملية عمورة، حملة من الغارات الجوية التي بدأت في 24 يوليو 1943 واستمرت لمدة 8 أيام و 7 ليال. كان في ذلك الوقت أعنف هجوم في تاريخ الحرب الجوية، وكان يطلق عليه فيما بعد هيروشيما ألمانيا من قبل المسؤولين البريطانيين. [5]
حتى تحول محور قيادة سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني إلى هامبورغ، كان تركيزهم على منطقة الرور الصناعية التي كانت هدفًا لحملة استمرت خمسة أشهر.
تم تنفيذ العملية من قِبل RAF Bomber Command (بما في ذلك سلاح الجو الملكي الكندي والقوات الجوية الملكية الأسترالية والأسراب البولندية) والقوات الجوية الثامنة للقوات الجوية الأمريكية. نفذ البريطانيون غارات ليلية وغارات سلاح الجو الأمريكي.
تضمن الهجوم الأولي على هامبورغ مقدمتين جديدتين للتخطيط البريطاني: استخدموا «نافذة»، والمعروفة أيضًا باسم القشر، للتشويش على الرادار الألماني، بينما أبلغت طائرة باثفايندر فورس، ا��تي أبقت عادةً على صمت الراديو، عن الرياح التي واجهتها، وتمت معالجة هذه المعلومات ونقلها إلى ملاحيين قوة المهاجمات.
الجدول الزمني
عدل| Date | Target/Type | Roundel and notes |
|---|---|---|
| night of 10/11 September 1939 | leaflets | 10 RAF aircraft.[6] |
| night 17/18 May 1940 | oil installations | 48 Hampdens attacked Hamburg oil installations.[7] |
| night 27/28 May 1940 | oil refineries | Hampdens attacked oil refineries near Hamburg. |
| night 30/31 May1940 | oil refineries | Hamburg oil refineries were bombed. |
| June–October 1940 | Hamburg, Wilhelmshafen and Münster were frequent targets during the Battle of Britain (June–October 1940) but lack of bombing accuracy meant that little damage was done,[7] (See Butt Report (August 1941)). | |
| night 20/21 October 1940 | Hamburg bombed by Wellingtons which started 12 fires with little loss of life. | |
| night 24/25 October 1940 | Hamburg bombed by Wellingtons which started 13 fires with little loss of life. | |
| nights of 15/16 November and 16/17 November 1940 | over 200 aircraft. On the first night damage was caused to the Blohm & Voss shipyard and over 60 fires were started. On the second night only 60 aircraft found their target and damage was far less.[ا][6] | |
| night of 12/13 March 1941 | Hamburg, Bremen, and Berlin bombed by a total of 257[8] | |
| The night of 13/14 March 1941 | 51 people were killed, the highest number in a single raid to date | |
| April 1941 | During this month Hamburg was a main target. | |
| May 1941 | Hamburg was bombed several times during the month. Raids now usually contained about 100 bombers.[8] | |
| The night of 11/12 May 1941 | 92 aircraft. | |
| The night of 27/28 June 1941 | a raid on Bremen but most bombed Hamburg – an error of 50 miles. 11 out of 35 bombers were shot down by night fighters. | |
| night of 14/15 January 1942 | 95 aircraft. Only 48 aircraft claimed to have bombed Hamburg. Altona station was hit and 12 fires, 7 of them large ones, were started. Six people killed and 22 injured. No aircraft reported lost.[8] | |
| night of 15/16 January 1942 | 96 aircraft. 52 bombers claimed to have bombed Hamburg successfully. 36 fires started 3 of which were large, 3 people killed and 25 injured. 11 Bombers lost. | |
| night of 17/18 January 1942 | Bremen was the main target for 83 aircraft, but Hamburg was bombed as a secondary target causing 11 fires and casualties of 5 dead and 12 injured in Hamburg. Four bombers lost. | |
| night of 16/17 February 1942 | one or two bombers.[6] | |
| night of 8/9 April 1942 | largest raid to date on a single target. Carried out by 272 aircraft. Raid was considered a failure. 17 people were killed and 119 injured. 5 planes lost.[8] | |
| The night of 17/18 April 1942 | 173 aircraft. 75 fires, 33 classed as large were started. Twenty-three people were killed and 66 injured. Eight aircraft lost. | |
| The night of 3/4 May 1942 | 81 aircraft, dispatched on the 100th anniversary of a great fire in Hamburg. 53 aircraft were estimated to have hit the target. 113 fires started, of which 57 were large. 77 were killed, 243 injured and 1,624 bombed out. 5 aircraft were lost.[6] | |
| night of 26/27 July 1942 | 403 aircraft. Widespread damage was caused, mostly in housing and semi-commercial districts rather than in the docks and industrial areas. At least 800 fires started, 523 of which were large. 823 houses were destroyed and more than 5,000 damaged. More than 14,000 people were bombed out. 337 people were killed and 1,027 injured. 29 aircraft were lost, 7.2% of the force.[8] | |
| night of 28/29 July 1942 | 256 aircraft. Due to bad weather only 68 bombed in the target area. Fifty-six fires, 15 of them large, were started. Thirteen people were killed and 48 injured. Bomber losses were high, 15.3% for the main group bombing that night. | |
| day of 3 August 1942 | 10 aircraft.[8] | |
| day of 18 August 1942 | nuisance raid | single Mosquito. |
| day of 19 September 1942 | nuisance raid | 2 Mosquitoes.[6] |
| night of 13/14 October 1942 | light secondary target raid. 2 large fires were started. 8 people were killed and 43 injured.[6] | |
| night of 9/10 November 1942 | 213 aircraft. There were 26 fires started of which 3 were large. 3 people killed and 16 injured. 15 aircraft lost, 7.0% of the force.[6] | |
| night of 30/31 January 1943 | 148 aircraft. It was the first H2S radar-assisted attack of the war. H2S use was not successful and the bombs were scattered. However 119 fires were started of which 71 were large. 58 people were killed and 164 injured. 5 aircraft were lost, 3.4% of the force.[6] | |
| night of 3/4 February 1943 | 263 aircraft. Bad weather affected the bombers with many turning back early. Damage was light for what was planned to be a large raid. 16 bombers were lost, 6.1% of the force, many to nightfighters.[6] | |
| The night of 3/4 March 1943 | 417 aircraft. The Pathfinders marked the wrong target, mistaking a mud bank for the docks with their H2S radar, so most of the bombs landed 13 miles downstream from the centre of Hamburg, around the small town of Wedel. Those bombs which landed on Hamburg did considerable damage starting 100 fires, killing 27 people and injuring 95. The damage to Wedel was extensive. 10 aircraft lost, 2.4% of the force.[6] | |
| 13/14 April 1943 | nuisance raid | 2 Mosquitoes.[6] |
| 25 June 1943 | Blohm & Voss | Mission Number 67: 275 B-17 are to attack submarine pens and industrial areas of Hamburg and Bremen, but the primary targets are obscured by cloud so the bombers hit 167 bomb "targets of opportunity in NW Germany".[9] The 384th Bombardment Group of the USAAF are involved in the attack of an initial 19 aircraft, 11 aborted the mission and only 5 joined the combat wing. |
| night of 26/27 June 1943 | nuisance raid | 4 Mosquitoes.[8] |
| night of 28/29 June 1943 | nuisance raid | 4 Mosquitoes. |
| night of 3/4 July 1943 | nuisance raid | 4 Mosquitoes.[8] |
| night of 5/6 July 1943 | nuisance raid | 4 Mosquitoes. |
| night of 24/25 July 1943 | large raid | 791 Halifaxes and Lancasters marked the opening of the "Battle of Hamburg" or so called "Operation Gomorrah raid". A countermeasure against the radar-directed German nightfighters in the form of "Window" was used for the first time. In the clear weather visual and H2S marking was accurate and on the town centre. 728 aircraft dropped their bombs in 50 minutes. Less than half the force bombed within 3 miles of the centre with a bomb creepback of six miles. Damage was caused in the central and north-western districts, particularly in Altona, Eimsbüttel and Hoheluft. The Rathaus (Town Hall), the St. Nikolai church, the main police station, the main telephone exchange and the Hagenbeck Zoo were among the well-known landmarks to be hit. About 1,500 people were killed which was the largest outside the range of the "Oboe" radio navigation system which helped to concentrate the bombing pattern. Thanks to the use of Window only 12 aircraft were lost, 1.5% of the force.[10] |
| 25 July 1943 16:40 | Blohm & Voss | Mission Number 76. It is planned that 123 B-17 will bomb the diesel engine works at Hamburg but due to cloud cover, 100 planes from the 91st, 351st, 381st (= 1st combat wing), 303rd, 379th, 384th bomb group (= 41st combat wing) bomb the shipyards in a 15-minute period starting at 16:30. 15 B-17's are lost, and American casualties are 1 killed five wounded and 150 missing.[11][10] |
| 26 July 1943 | Blohm & Voss | Mission Number 77. 121 B-17's dispatched against Hanover (54) and the U-boat yards at Hamburg between 11:59 and 12:00 (71).[10] |
| The night of 26/27 July 1943 | nuisance raid | 6 Mosquitoes attacked Hamburg.[10] |
| night of 27/28 July 1943 | Large raid | 787 Halifaxes and Lancasters guided in by Pathfinders using H2S bombed about 2 miles east of city centre. Due to the unseasonally dry conditions, a firestorm was created in the built-up working-class districts of Hammerbrook, Hamm, Borgfelde and Rothenburgsort. The bombing was more concentrated than the RAF was usually able to manage at this stage of the war. In just over half an hour it is estimated that 550–600 bomb loads fell into an area measuring only 2 miles by 1 mile and this gradually spread the fire eastwards. The firestorm lasted for about three hours, consuming approximately 16,000 multi-storyed apartment buildings and killing an estimated 40,000 people, most of them by carbon monoxide poisoning when all the air was drawn out of their basement shelters. Fearing further raids, two-thirds of Hamburg's population, approximately 1,200,000 people, fled the city in the aftermath.[10] |
| night of 28/29 July 1943 | nuisance raid | 4 Mosquitoes. |
| night of 29/30 July 1943 | Large raid | 777 aircraft guided in by pathfinders marking using H2S. The plan was to bomb the untouched northern suburbs. But a mistake in mapping led to the bombing of an area just north of the area devastated by the firestorm three nights before. The residential areas of Wandsbek and Barmbek districts and parts of the Uhlenhorst and Winterhude were severely damaged and widespread fires but no firestorm. Twenty-eight aircraft 3.6% of the force was lost.[10] |
| night of 2/3 August 1943 | 740 aircraft dispatched on a raid to Hamburg but bad weather stopped all but a few bombers reaching Hamburg; many bombed secondary targets instead. 30 aircraft, 4.1% of the force was lost.[10] | |
| night of 22/23 August 1943 | nuisance raid | 6 Mosquitoes.[6] |
| night of 5/6 November 1943 | Hamburg and other cities raided by a total of 26 Mosquitoes.[6] | |
| night of 1/2 January 1944 | diversionary raid (Berlin) | 15 Mosquitoes attacked Hamburg.[6] |
| night of 11/12 March 1944 | nuisance raid | 20 Mosquitoes.[6] |
| night of 6/7 April 1944 | 35 Mosquitoes.[8] | |
| night of 26/27 April 1944 | diversionary raid | 16 Mosquitoes. |
| night of 28/29 April 1944 | 26 Mosquitoes. | |
| 18 June 1944 | oil refineries | Mission 421: B-17s bombed Hamburg-Ebano (18), Hamburg-Eurotank (54), Hamburg-قائمة أكبر الشركات في ألمانيا عام 1938 (38), and Hamburg-Schindler (36).[12] a Battle of the Ruhr mission (including the 92 BG ) |
| 20 June 1944 | oil refineries | Mission 425: B-17s bombed oil refineries at Hamburg/Deut.Petr.AG (53), Harburg/Ebano (60),Hamburg/Eurotank (107), Hamburg/قائمة أكبر الشركات في ألمانيا عام 1938 (50), Harburg/Rhenania (53), Hamburg/Schliemanns (54), and Hamburg/Schindler (26). |
| night of 22/23 June 1944 | diversionary raid | 29 Mosquitoes.[6] |
| night of 22/23 July 1944 | diversionary raid | 26 Mosquitoes.[8] |
| night of 26/27 July 1944 | diversionary raid | 30 Mosquitoes. |
| night of 29/29 July 1944 | 307 aircraft. The raid was not a success, the bombing was scattered and German sources estimated that only 120 bombers landed their load on the city. 22 aircraft were lost mainly to night fighters. | |
| 4 August 1944 | oil refineries | Mission 514: 181 B-17s bombed Hamburg refineries.[12] |
| 6 August 1944 | oil refineries | Mission 524: Hamburg oil refineries bombed at Hamburg/Deutsche (54), Hamburg/Eband [ك] (33), Hamburg/Rhenania (61), Hamburg/قائمة أكبر الشركات في ألمانيا عام 1938 (62), Hamburg/Schlieman (32), and Hamburg/Schulau (72 B-17s). Rhenania-Ossag was a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. |
| night of 26/27 August 1944 | diversionary nuisance raid | 13 Mosquitoes.[8] |
| night of 29/30 August 1944 | diversionary nuisance raid | Hamburg was one of five cities bombed by a total of 53 Mosquitoes. |
| night of 6/7 September 1944 | nuisance raid | 32 Mosquitoes.[8] |
| night of 26/27 September 1944 | diversionary nuisance raid | 6 Mosquitoes. |
| night of 30/1 October 1944 | 46 Mosquitoes.[8] | |
| 6 October 1944 | oil refinery (Harburg/Rhenania) | Mission 667: 121 of 406 dispatched B-24s bombed the Harburg/Rhenania oil refinery.[12] |
| night of 12/13 October 1944 | 52 Mosquitoes. | |
| 25 October 1944 | oil refineries | Mission 688: 455 B-17s dispatched to hit the Harburg (221, including those of the 447th BG) and Rhenania oil refineries (214) at Hamburg. 297 B-17s dispatched to hit the primary hit secondaries, Harburg (179) and Rhenania oil refineries (106) at Hamburg; cloud cover limited accuracy, devastation of Harburg city[10] |
| 30 October 1944 | oil refineries | Mission 693: 357 B-24s are dispatched to hit the Harburg oil refinery (72) and Rhenania oil refinery (67) at Hamburg, 28 bomb Hamburg targets of opportunity. |
| 4 November 1944 | oil refinery | Mission 700: 257 B-17s are dispatched to hit the Harburg oil plant at Hamburg (238), 186 of 193 B-17s hit the Rhenania oil plant at Hamburg.[11] |
| 5 November 1944 | ordnance depots | US Ninth (Tactical) Air Force : send 160 B-26s and A-20s to attack ammunition, ordnance, and supply depots in Hamburg. |
| 6 November 1944 | oil refineries | Mission 704: 291 B-17s are dispatched to hit the Harburg (142) and Rhenania (138) oil refineries at Hamburg. |
| night of 11/12 November 1944 | oil refineries | 237 Lancasters and 8 Mosquitoes of No 5 Group are dispatched to hit the Rhenania-Ossag oil refinery Harburg, which had been attacked several times by American day bombers.[6] |
| 21 November 1944 | oil refineries | Mission 720: 366 B-24s are sent to hit the Dpag (178) and Rhenania (171) oil plants at Hamburg.(cloud cover limited accuracy, devastigation of Harburg city)[10] |
| night of 30/1 December 1944 | diversionary raid | 53 Mosquitoes.[8] |
| night of 11/12 December 1944 | 28 Mosquitoes. | |
| night of 27/28 December 1944 | nuisance raid | 7 Mosquitoes hit Hamburg-Wandsbek and -Barmbek at 3 am.[10] |
| 31 December 1944 | Blohm & Voss | Mission 772: 526 B-17s are dispatched to hit oil industry targets at Hamburg (68), the Wilhelmsburg refinery at Harburg (92), the Grassbrook refinery at Hamburg (71) and the industrial area at Hamburg (72).[11] |
| night of 16/17 January 1945 | diversionary nuisance raid | 9 Mosquitoes.[6] |
| 24 February 1945 | Blohm & Voss | The 384 BG bombed the Hamburg submarine yards. |
| 24 February 1945 | oil refineries | Mission 845: 362 B-17s are sent to hit the Albrecht 278 and Harburg 70 oil refineries at Hamburg.[9] |
| 5 March 1945 | oil refinery | Mission 865: 120 of 126 B-24s hit the Harburg oil refinery at Hamburg without loss.[11] |
| 8/9 March 1945 | Blohm & Voss | 312 aircraft, including those of the No. 466 Squadron RAAF, bombed Blohm & Voss to destroy the type XXI U-boats (cloud cover limited accuracy).[8] |
| 10 March 1945 | Blohm & Voss | The No. 466 Squadron RAAF bombed Blohm & Voss. |
| 11 March 1945 | oil refinery | Mission 881: 469 of 485 B-17s bomb the Wilhelmsburg oil refinery at Hamburg; one other hits a target of opportunity; one B-17 is lost and 41 damaged; 3 airmen are wounded and 10 are missing in action. |
| 20 March 1945 | shipyards, docs and oil installations | Mission 898: 451 bombers and 355 fighters are dispatched to bomb the shipyard and dock area at Hamburg and an oil refinery. All the targets were bombed including the Blohm & Voss U-boat yard. |
| night of 21/22 March 1945 | oil refinery (Erdölwerke) | 159 aircraft put the refinery out of action for the rest of the war. |
| 30 March 1945 | oil depot | Mission 918: 530 B-17s are sent to bomb 2 U-boat yards oil depot at Hamburg. 64 bomb the yards and 169 the depot. 263 bomb the port area at Hamburg (the secondary target) and one bombs Bremen (a target of opportunity). Bombing is both visual and using H2X radar. |
| night of 30/31 March 1945 | raid by 43 Mosquitoes. | |
| day of 31 March 1945 | Blohm & Voss | 469 aircraft to destroy the Type XXI U-boats under construction. Cloud cover prevented serious damage to the target, but there was considerable damage to houses, factories, energy supplies and communications over a wide area of southern Hamburg. 11 aircraft lost mainly to German day fighters. |
| night of 2/3 April 1945 | nuisance raid | 1 Mosquito.[8] |
| 8 April 1945 | U-boat yard | A DISNEY mission: 22 of 24 B-17s bomb the Finkenwarder U-boat yard at Hamburg without loss.[9] |
| night of 8/9 April 1945 | shipyard | 440 aircraft—partial cloud caused the raid to become dispersed. There was some damage to the yards but it was not clear whether the damage was American or British or both. |
| day of 9 April 1945 | oil storage | 57 Lancasters of No. 5 Group RAF attacked oil-storage tanks (40 aircraft) and U-boat shelters (17 aircraft of سرب سلاح الجو الملكي رقم 617 with Grand Slams and Tallboy bombs). Both attacks were successful. 2 Lancasters were lost from the raid on the oil tanks. |
| night of 9/10 April 1945 | diversionary raid | 24 Mosquitoes. |
| The night of 13/14 April 1945 | diversionary raid | 87 Mosquitoes. |
.png){kind=link}
Notes
عدل- ^ These two nights of bombing were only 24 hours after a very large raid by the German Luftwaffe on كوفنتري on the night of 14/15 November 1940. However the raid must have been planned more than 24 hours in advance, so although these raids are often stated to be revenge attacks, it is unlikely that they were planned to be so.
- ^ Levine 1992.
- ^ Dyson 2006.
- ^ Frankland & Webster 1961.
- ^ RAF staff 2005a.
- ^ NA staff 2009.
- ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز ح ط ي يا يب يج يد يه يو يز يح RAF staff 2005.
- ^ ا ب RAF staff 2005
- ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز ح ط ي يا يب يج يد يه يو RAF staff 2005.
- ^ ا ب ج McKillop 2004.
- ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز ح ط ي Brunswig 1978.
- ^ ا ب ج د McKillop 2004.
- ^ ا ب ج McKillop 2004
.svg){kind=link}
_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg){kind=link}
